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Biology > Ecology > Flashcards

Ecology Flashcards

Species, communities and ecosystems, Energy flow, Carbon cycling, Climate change

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Describe limitations of the biological species concept

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2
Q

Define “population”

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2
Q

Define species according to the biological species concept

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3
Q

Outline how reproductive isolation can lead to speciation

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4
Q

Define “autotroph” and “heterotroph”

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Autotroph:

Heterotroph:

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5
Q

Describe the feeding behaviors of consumers

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6
Q

List three example consumer organisms.

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7
Q

Describe the feeding behaviors of detritivores

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8
Q

List two example detritivore organisms

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9
Q

Give an example of a community of organisms

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9
Q

Describe the feeding behaviors of saprotrophs

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10
Q

List two example saprotroph organisms

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11
Q

Define “species”, “population” and “community”

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12
Q

List the common nutrients needed by organisms

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12
Q

Define “abiotic” and “ecosystem”

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Abiotic:

Ecosystem:

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13
Q

Define “nutrient”

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14
Q

Outline how nutrients enter living systems

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14
Q

State that chemical elements can be recycled but energy can not

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15
Q

Outline the generalized flow of nutrients between the abiotic and biotic components of an ecosystem

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16
Q

Give an example of an unsustainable practice

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16
Q

Define “sustainability”

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17
Q

Outline three requirements of a sustainable ecosystem

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18
Q

Use a dichotomous key to identify the mode of nutrition of an organism

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19
Q

Outline why sampling must be random

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19
Q

Explain methods of random sampling, including the use of a quadrat

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20
Q

State the null and alternative hypothesis of the chi-square test of association

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21
Q

Use a contingency table to complete a chi-square test of association

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22
Q

Calculate a chi-square statistic based on observed and expected values

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23
Q

State the null and alternative hypothesis of statistical tests

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24
Q

Determine if the null hypothesis is supported or rejected given a critical value and a calculated statistic

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25
Q

State the minimum acceptable significance level (p value) in published research

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26
Q

Explain the meaning of a “statistically significant” result, including the probability of chance having a role in the result

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27
Q

Define “mesocosm”

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28
Q

List three example mesocosms

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29
Q

Outline requirements of setting up a mesocosm

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30
Q

State the trend found in the nutritional patterns of plants and algae

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31
Q

Describe the discrepancy in the nutritional pattern of parasitic plants and algae

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32
Q

State how energy in carbon compounds enters most biological communities

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33
Q

List three groups of autotrophs

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34
Q

Outline how light energy is converted to chemical energy

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35
Q

Define “food chain” and “food web”

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36
Q

List three reasons why living organisms need energy for cell activities

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36
Q

Outline the reason why respiration releases heat

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36
Q

State the meaning of the arrow in a food web or chain

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36
Q

State the function of ATP

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36
Q

Draw a food chain, labeling the producer, primary consumer, secondary consumer and tertiary consumer

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37
Q

Outline how ATP is formed, referencing exothermic and endothermic reactions

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38
Q

Draw a flow chart to illustrate the energy conversions performed by living organisms

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39
Q

State the reason why heat created by living organisms is eventually lost from the ecosystem

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39
Q

Define “biomass”

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40
Q

Define “trophic level”

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41
Q

State the unit used for communicating the energy in each trophic level of a food chain

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42
Q

Outline three reasons why the amount of energy decreases at higher trophic levels

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43
Q

State the average amount of energy passed through each trophic level of a food chain

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44
Q

State the role of photosynthesis in the carbon cycle

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44
Q

Draw a pyramid of energy given data for an ecosystem

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45
Q

Describe the shape and units of a pyramid of energy

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46
Q

Explain why there is a limited number of organisms in a food chain

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47
Q

State that in diffusion, molecules move from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration

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47
Q

Outline the process that converts CO2 to hydrogen carbonate ion in water, leading to a reduction of the pH in the water

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48
Q

​State that carbon dioxide is a waste product of aerobic cellular respiration

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49
Q

State that carbon dioxide diffuses out of cells into the atmosphere or water

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49
Q

​Outline the role of methanogenic archaea in the transformation of organic material into methane

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50
Q

​State that methane is oxidized to carbon dioxide in the atmosphere

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51
Q

Define “peat”

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52
Q

Outline formation of peat

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53
Q

Outline formation of coal

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54
Q

Outline formation of oil and natural gas

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55
Q

Define “combustion”

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56
Q

State the products of a combustion reaction

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57
Q

State sources of fuel for a combustion reaction

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58
Q

State that hard shells, such as in mollusk and coral, are made of calcium carbonate

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59
Q

List seven flux processes in the carbon cycle

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59
Q

State the unit of measure for carbon flux values

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60
Q

Sketch a graph of the annual fluctuation in atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration

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61
Q

Explain the annual fluctuation in atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration in the northern hemisphere

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62
Q

Draw a diagram of the aquatic carbon cycle

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63
Q

Draw a diagram of the terrestrial carbon cycle

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64
Q

Explain why accurate measurements of CO2 and methane in the atmosphere are important

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65
Q

Define “pool” and “flux”

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66
Q

Outline how data on concentration of atmospheric CO2 and methane are collected

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67
Q

State the sources of CO2 and water vapor in the atmosphere

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68
Q

State how long water, methane and CO2 remain in the atmosphere, on average

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68
Q

State the sources of methane and NO gases in the atmosphere

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68
Q

Outline the mechanism by which greenhouse gases trap heat in the atmosphere

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69
Q

State two factors that determine the warming impact of a greenhouse gas

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70
Q

State two variables that determine the concentration of a gas in the atmosphere

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71
Q

Compare the impact of atmospheric methane to CO2

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72
Q

State how long water, methane and CO2 remain in the atmosphere, on average

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73
Q

State that the Earth absorbs short-wave energy from the sun and re-emits longer wavelengths

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74
Q

​Compare wavelengths of UV, visible and infrared radiation

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75
Q

Explain the greenhouse effect, with reference to short wave radiation from the sun, long wave radiation from the Earth and the effects of ozone and greenhouse gases

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76
Q

Explain why water vapor, CO2, methane and NO are greenhouse gases

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77
Q

Explain why atmospheric CO2 concentration would logically impact global temperatures

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78
Q

Outline the effect of global temperature on climate, specifically location and frequency of of rain and frequency of severe storms

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79
Q

Outline the impact of the industrial revolution on atmospheric CO2 concentration

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79
Q

State the atmospheric CO2 concentration prior to the industrial revolution

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79
Q

Explain why industrial revolution would increase atmospheric CO2 concentrations

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79
Q

​Describe the correlation between atmospheric CO2 concentrations since the industrial revolution and global temperatures

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80
Q

Explain how historical temperature data has been collected

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81
Q

Using ice core data, outline the correlation between atmospheric CO2 concentration and global temperatures

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82
Q

Outline three reasons why there is vigorous debate around the claim that human activities are causing climate change

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82
Q

Outline the effect of atmospheric CO2 concentration on ocean pH

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83
Q

Describe the impact of lower ocean pH on animals that make skeletons from calcium carbonate

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84
Q

Outline ways by which claims can be evaluated for truth

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Biology (12 decks)

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