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Genetics Flashcards

Genes, Chromosomes, Meiosis, Inheritance, Genetic modification and biotechnology

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Define “gene”

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2
Q

Define “gene locus”

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3
Q

Define “allele”

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4
Q

List two examples of genes with multiple alleles

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5
Q

State a similarity between alleles of the same gene

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6
Q

State the difference between alleles of the same gene

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7
Q

State the source of new alleles of a gene

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8
Q

Describe a base substitution mutation

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9
Q

Define “genome”

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10
Q

State the size in base pairs of the human genome

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11
Q

Define “sequence” in relation to genes and/or genomes

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12
Q

State the aim of the Human Genome Project

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13
Q

Outline two outcomes of the Human Genome Project

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14
Q

State the cause of sickle cell anemia, including the name of differences in the Hb alleles

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15
Q

State the difference in amino acid sequences in transcription of normal and mutated Hb mRNA

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16
Q

Outline the consequences of the Hb mutation on the impacted individual.

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17
Q

State the number of genes in the human genome

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18
Q

Describe the relationship between the number of genes in a species and the species complexity in structure, physiology and behavior

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18
Q

Explain why cytochrome oxidase 1 is often used to assess the differences in the base sequences of a gene between two species

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19
Q

Determine a DNA sequence from an electropherogram

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19
Q

Outline information that can be determined given gene sequence alignment data

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20
Q

Outline the technological improvements that have sped the DNA sequencing process

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21
Q

Describe the structure and function of nucleoid DNA

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22
Q

Define the term “naked” in relation to prokaryotic DNA

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23
Q

Compare the genetic material of prokaryotes and eukaryotes

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24
Q

Describe the structure and function of plasmid DNA

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25
Q

Describe the structure of eukaryotic DNA and associated histone proteins during interphase (chromatin)

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26
Q

Explain why chromatin DNA in interphase is said to look like “beads on a string”

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27
Q

List three ways in which the types of chromosomes within a single cell are different

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28
Q

State the number of nuclear chromosome types in a human cell

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29
Q

Define “homologous chromosome”

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30
Q

State a similarity and a difference found between pairs of homologous chromosomes

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Similarity:

Difference:

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31
Q

Define “diploid”

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32
Q

State the human cell diploid number

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46

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33
Q

State an advantage of being diploid

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33
Q

Outline the formation of a diploid cell from two haploid gametes

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34
Q

Define “haploid”

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35
Q

State the human cell haploid number

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23

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36
Q

List example haploid cells

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37
Q

State that chromosome number and type is a distinguishing characteristic of a species

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38
Q

List mechanisms by which a species chromosome number can change

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39
Q

Describe the process of creating a karyogram

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40
Q

List the characteristics by which chromosomes are arranged on the karyogram

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41
Q

Outline the structure and function of the two human sex chromosomes

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42
Q

Outline sex determination by sex chromosomes

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43
Q

Outline conclusions drawn from the images produced using Cairn’s autoradiography technique

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43
Q

Describe Cairn’s technique for producing images of DNA molecules from E. coli

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43
Q

Describe the relationship between the genome size of a species and the species complexity in structure, physiology and behavior

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44
Q

Explain why the typical number of chromosomes in a species is always an even number

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44
Q

State the minimum chromosome number in eukaryotes

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45
Q

Explain why the chromosome number of a species does not indicate the number of genes in the species

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46
Q

Distinguish between a karyogram and a karyotype

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46
Q

Explain the relationship between the number of human and chimpanzee chromosomes

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47
Q

Deduce the sex of an individual given a karyogram

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48
Q

Describe the use of a karyogram to diagnose Down syndrome

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49
Q

Outline the advancement in knowledge gained from the development of autoradiography techniques

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50
Q

Compare sexual and asexual life cycles

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51
Q

Compare divisions of meiosis I and meiosis II

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52
Q

Explain why meiosis must occur as part of a sexual life cycle

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53
Q

State that DNA is replicated in interphase before meiosis

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54
Q

Given a diploid number (for example 2n=4), outline the movement and structure of DNA through the stages of meiosis

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54
Q

​List three events that occur in prophase 1 of meiosis

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55
Q

Define “bivalent” and “synapsis”

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Bivalent:

Synapsis:

56
Q

Outline the process and result of crossing over

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Process:

Result:

57
Q

Describe the attachment of spindle microtubules to chromosomes during meiosis I

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57
Q

Describe random orientation of chromosomes during meiosis I

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58
Q

Explain why meiosis I is a reductive division

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59
Q

State the the number of chromosome combinations possible due to random orientation is 2^n

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59
Q

State that cells are haploid at the end of meiosis I

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60
Q

​Explain how meiosis leads to genetic variation in gametes

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61
Q

Outline the role of fertilization as a source of genetic variation

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62
Q

Describe the cause and symptoms of Down syndrome

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63
Q

Define “non-disjunction”

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64
Q

State the result of nondisjunction

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65
Q

Explain the relationship between parental age and chances of non-disjunction

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66
Q

Describe the two procedures for obtaining fetal cells for production of a karyotype

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67
Q

Outline the events of prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase in meiosis I and meiosis II

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68
Q

Draw diagrams of cells in prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase in meiosis I and meiosis II

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69
Q

Describe Mendel’s pea plant experiments

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70
Q

Discuss difficulties in microscopic examination of dividing cells

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71
Q

Describe the discovery of meiosis

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72
Q

Define “gamete” and “zygote”

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73
Q

State two similarities and two differences between male and female gametes

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73
Q

State the outcome of allele segregation during meiosis

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74
Q

Outline the possible combination of alleles in a diploid zygote for a gene with two alleles

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75
Q

Define “dominant allele” and “recessive allele”

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Dominant:

Recessive:

76
Q

Outline the possible combination of alleles in a diploid zygote for a gene with three alleles

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77
Q

State an example of a dominant and recessive allele found in pea plants

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78
Q

Define “codominant alleles”

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79
Q

State the usual cause of one allele being dominant over another

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80
Q

Using the correct notation, outline an example of codominant alleles

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81
Q

Define “carrier” as related to genetic diseases

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82
Q

Explain why genetic diseases usually appear unexpectedly in a population

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83
Q

Describe why it is not possible to be a carrier of a disease caused by a dominant allele

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84
Q

Outline inheritance patterns of genetic diseases caused by dominant alleles

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85
Q

Explain sickle cell anemia as an example of a genetic disease caused by codominant alleles

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86
Q

Define “sex linkage”

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87
Q

Outline Thomas Morgan’s elucidation of sex linked genes with Drosophila

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88
Q

Use correct notation for sex linked genes

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89
Q

Describe the pattern of inheritance for sex linked genes

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90
Q

Construct Punnett grids for sex linked crosses to predict the offspring genotype and phenotype ratios

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91
Q

List five example genetic diseases

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92
Q

Explain why most genetic diseases are rare in a population

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93
Q

State two factors that can increase the mutation rate

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Exposure to radiation,

94
Q

Describe ABO blood groups as an example of complete dominance and codominance

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94
Q

Outline the differences in glycoproteins present in people with different blood types

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95
Q

Describe the cause and effect of red-green color blindness

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96
Q

Explain inheritance patterns of red-green color blindness

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97
Q

Describe the cause and effect of hemophilia

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97
Q

Explain inheritance patterns of hemophilia

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97
Q

Outline the inheritance pattern of cystic fibrosis

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98
Q

Describe the relationship between the genetic cause of cystic fibrosis and the symptoms of the disease

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99
Q

Outline the inheritance pattern of Huntington’s disease

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100
Q

List effects of Huntington’s disease on an affected individual

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101
Q

Outline the effects of radiation exposure after nuclear exposure at Hiroshima and Chernobyl

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102
Q

Determine possible alleles present in gametes given parent genotypes

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103
Q

Define “monohybrid”, “true breeding”, “hybrid”, F1 and “F2”

A

Monohybrid:

True breeding:

Hybrid:

F1:

F2:

104
Q

Construct Punnett grids for single gene crosses to predict the offspring genotype and phenotype ratios

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105
Q

Explain the reason why the outcomes of genetic crosses do not usually correspond exactly with the predicted outcomes

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106
Q

Describe the role of statistical tests in deciding whether an actual result is a close fit to a predicted result

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106
Q

Outline the conventions for constructing pedigree charts

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107
Q

Deduce inheritance patterns given a pedigree chart

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108
Q

Outline why Mendel’s success is attributed to his use of pea plants

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109
Q

List three biological research methods pioneered by Mendel

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110
Q

Match restriction enzyme names to the bacteria in which they are naturally found

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111
Q

Describe the role of restriction enzymes in nature and in biotechnology applications

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112
Q

Contrast sticky vs. blunt ends

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113
Q

Identify a restriction site as either leaving sticky or blunt ends

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114
Q

Determine the number and size of DNA fragments after being exposed to restriction enzymes (both linear and plasmid DNA)

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115
Q

Outline the process of DNA profiling

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115
Q

Describe the selectivity of the PCR

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116
Q

Explain the function and purpose of DNA electrophoresis

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117
Q

Describe how and why DNA fragments separate during electrophoresis

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118
Q

Outline the functions of the buffer, marker and loading dye in DNA electrophoresis.

A

Buffer:

Marker:

Loading dye:

118
Q

State the function of the PCR

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119
Q

Contrast sexual and asexual reproduction

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120
Q

Outline how the universality of the genetic code allows for gene transfer between species

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121
Q

Define “clone” and “cloning”

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122
Q

Outline example of cloning animal embryos via natural and artificial embryo splitting.​

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122
Q

Describe different ways in which natural clones can arise

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123
Q

Outline two examples of natural cloning in plants

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123
Q

Describe the process of reproductive cloning via embryo splitting

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124
Q

​Outline the production of Dolly the sheep using somatic cell nuclear transfer

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124
Q

Describe a technique for genetic modification including plasmids, restriction enzymes, reverse transcriptase and ligase

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125
Q

Describe the process of reproductive cloning via somatic cell nuclear transfer

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126
Q

List example sources of DNA that can be used in DNA profiling

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127
Q

Outline why plasmids with genes coding for antibiotic resistance are chosen as vectors in gene transfer between species

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128
Q

Outline potential environmental, health and agricultural benefits and risks associated with genetic modification of crops

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128
Q

Assess the risks and benefits of an example of a genetically modified crop (i.e. golden rice)

A

Blindness:

129
Q

Outline the formation and use of Bt crops in agriculture

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129
Q

Compare therapeutic cloning to reproductive cloning

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130
Q

Outline the production of embryos via somatic cell nuclear transfer

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131
Q

List manipulated, responding and controlled variables in an experiment of rooting stem-cuttings

A

Manipulated:

Responding:

Controlled:

131
Q

Outline preparation of a plant for rooting of a stem cutting

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132
Q

Analyze a DNA profile to determine relatedness or forensic guilt

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133
Q

Assess the impact of Bt corn on monarch butterflies

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134
Q

State two ways in which the risk of scientific research can be assessed

A

Biology (12 decks)

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