Genetics Flashcards
Genes, Chromosomes, Meiosis, Inheritance, Genetic modification and biotechnology (157 cards)
1
Q
Define “gene”
A
2
Q
Define “gene locus”
A
3
Q
Define “allele”
A
4
Q
List two examples of genes with multiple alleles
A
5
Q
State a similarity between alleles of the same gene
A
6
Q
State the difference between alleles of the same gene
A
7
Q
State the source of new alleles of a gene
A
8
Q
Describe a base substitution mutation
A
9
Q
Define “genome”
A
10
Q
State the size in base pairs of the human genome
A
11
Q
Define “sequence” in relation to genes and/or genomes
A
12
Q
State the aim of the Human Genome Project
A
13
Q
Outline two outcomes of the Human Genome Project
A
14
Q
State the cause of sickle cell anemia, including the name of differences in the Hb alleles
A
15
Q
State the difference in amino acid sequences in transcription of normal and mutated Hb mRNA
A
16
Q
Outline the consequences of the Hb mutation on the impacted individual.
A
17
Q
State the number of genes in the human genome
A
18
Q
Describe the relationship between the number of genes in a species and the species complexity in structure, physiology and behavior
A
18
Q
Explain why cytochrome oxidase 1 is often used to assess the differences in the base sequences of a gene between two species
A
19
Q
Determine a DNA sequence from an electropherogram
A
19
Q
Outline information that can be determined given gene sequence alignment data
A
20
Q
Outline the technological improvements that have sped the DNA sequencing process
A
21
Q
Describe the structure and function of nucleoid DNA
A
22
Q
Define the term “naked” in relation to prokaryotic DNA
A
23
Compare the genetic material of prokaryotes and eukaryotes
24
Describe the structure and function of plasmid DNA
25
Describe the structure of eukaryotic DNA and associated histone proteins during interphase (chromatin)
26
Explain why chromatin DNA in interphase is said to look like "beads on a string"
27
List three ways in which the types of chromosomes within a single cell are different
28
State the number of nuclear chromosome types in a human cell
29
Define "homologous chromosome"
30
State a similarity and a difference found between pairs of homologous chromosomes
Similarity:
Difference:
31
Define "diploid"
32
State the human cell diploid number
46
33
State an advantage of being diploid
33
Outline the formation of a diploid cell from two haploid gametes
34
Define "haploid"
35
State the human cell haploid number
23
36
List example haploid cells
37
State that chromosome number and type is a distinguishing characteristic of a species
38
List mechanisms by which a species chromosome number can change
39
Describe the process of creating a karyogram
40
List the characteristics by which chromosomes are arranged on the karyogram
41
Outline the structure and function of the two human sex chromosomes
42
Outline sex determination by sex chromosomes
43
Outline conclusions drawn from the images produced using Cairn’s autoradiography technique
43
Describe Cairn’s technique for producing images of DNA molecules from E. coli
43
Describe the relationship between the genome size of a species and the species complexity in structure, physiology and behavior
44
Explain why the typical number of chromosomes in a species is always an even number
44
State the minimum chromosome number in eukaryotes
45
Explain why the chromosome number of a species does not indicate the number of genes in the species
46
Distinguish between a karyogram and a karyotype
46
Explain the relationship between the number of human and chimpanzee chromosomes
47
Deduce the sex of an individual given a karyogram
48
Describe the use of a karyogram to diagnose Down syndrome
49
Outline the advancement in knowledge gained from the development of autoradiography techniques
50
Compare sexual and asexual life cycles
51
Compare divisions of meiosis I and meiosis II
52
Explain why meiosis must occur as part of a sexual life cycle
53
State that DNA is replicated in interphase before meiosis
54
Given a diploid number (for example 2n=4), outline the movement and structure of DNA through the stages of meiosis
54
List three events that occur in prophase 1 of meiosis
55
Define "bivalent" and "synapsis"
Bivalent:
Synapsis:
56
Outline the process and result of crossing over
Process:
Result:
57
Describe the attachment of spindle microtubules to chromosomes during meiosis I
57
Describe random orientation of chromosomes during meiosis I
58
Explain why meiosis I is a reductive division
59
State the the number of chromosome combinations possible due to random orientation is 2^n
59
State that cells are haploid at the end of meiosis I
60
Explain how meiosis leads to genetic variation in gametes
61
Outline the role of fertilization as a source of genetic variation
62
Describe the cause and symptoms of Down syndrome
63
Define "non-disjunction"
64
State the result of nondisjunction
65
Explain the relationship between parental age and chances of non-disjunction
66
Describe the two procedures for obtaining fetal cells for production of a karyotype
67
Outline the events of prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase in meiosis I and meiosis II
68
Draw diagrams of cells in prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase in meiosis I and meiosis II
69
Describe Mendel’s pea plant experiments
70
Discuss difficulties in microscopic examination of dividing cells
71
Describe the discovery of meiosis
72
Define "gamete" and "zygote"
73
State two similarities and two differences between male and female gametes
73
State the outcome of allele segregation during meiosis
74
Outline the possible combination of alleles in a diploid zygote for a gene with two alleles
75
Define "dominant allele" and "recessive allele"
Dominant:
Recessive:
76
Outline the possible combination of alleles in a diploid zygote for a gene with three alleles
77
State an example of a dominant and recessive allele found in pea plants
78
Define "codominant alleles"
79
State the usual cause of one allele being dominant over another
80
Using the correct notation, outline an example of codominant alleles
81
Define "carrier" as related to genetic diseases
82
Explain why genetic diseases usually appear unexpectedly in a population
83
Describe why it is not possible to be a carrier of a disease caused by a dominant allele
84
Outline inheritance patterns of genetic diseases caused by dominant alleles
85
Explain sickle cell anemia as an example of a genetic disease caused by codominant alleles
86
Define "sex linkage"
87
Outline Thomas Morgan’s elucidation of sex linked genes with Drosophila
88
Use correct notation for sex linked genes
89
Describe the pattern of inheritance for sex linked genes
90
Construct Punnett grids for sex linked crosses to predict the offspring genotype and phenotype ratios
91
List five example genetic diseases
92
Explain why most genetic diseases are rare in a population
93
State two factors that can increase the mutation rate
Exposure to radiation,
94
Describe ABO blood groups as an example of complete dominance and codominance
94
Outline the differences in glycoproteins present in people with different blood types
95
Describe the cause and effect of red-green color blindness
96
Explain inheritance patterns of red-green color blindness
97
Describe the cause and effect of hemophilia
97
Explain inheritance patterns of hemophilia
97
Outline the inheritance pattern of cystic fibrosis
98
Describe the relationship between the genetic cause of cystic fibrosis and the symptoms of the disease
99
Outline the inheritance pattern of Huntington’s disease
100
List effects of Huntington’s disease on an affected individual
101
Outline the effects of radiation exposure after nuclear exposure at Hiroshima and Chernobyl
102
Determine possible alleles present in gametes given parent genotypes
103
Define "monohybrid", "true breeding", "hybrid", F1 and "F2"
Monohybrid:
True breeding:
Hybrid:
F1:
F2:
104
Construct Punnett grids for single gene crosses to predict the offspring genotype and phenotype ratios
105
Explain the reason why the outcomes of genetic crosses do not usually correspond exactly with the predicted outcomes
106
Describe the role of statistical tests in deciding whether an actual result is a close fit to a predicted result
106
Outline the conventions for constructing pedigree charts
107
Deduce inheritance patterns given a pedigree chart
108
Outline why Mendel’s success is attributed to his use of pea plants
109
List three biological research methods pioneered by Mendel
110
Match restriction enzyme names to the bacteria in which they are naturally found
111
Describe the role of restriction enzymes in nature and in biotechnology applications
112
Contrast sticky vs. blunt ends
113
Identify a restriction site as either leaving sticky or blunt ends
114
Determine the number and size of DNA fragments after being exposed to restriction enzymes (both linear and plasmid DNA)
115
Outline the process of DNA profiling
115
Describe the selectivity of the PCR
116
Explain the function and purpose of DNA electrophoresis
117
Describe how and why DNA fragments separate during electrophoresis
118
Outline the functions of the buffer, marker and loading dye in DNA electrophoresis.
Buffer:
Marker:
Loading dye:
118
State the function of the PCR
119
Contrast sexual and asexual reproduction
120
Outline how the universality of the genetic code allows for gene transfer between species
121
Define "clone" and "cloning"
122
Outline example of cloning animal embryos via natural and artificial embryo splitting.
122
Describe different ways in which natural clones can arise
123
Outline two examples of natural cloning in plants
123
Describe the process of reproductive cloning via embryo splitting
124
Outline the production of Dolly the sheep using somatic cell nuclear transfer
124
Describe a technique for genetic modification including plasmids, restriction enzymes, reverse transcriptase and ligase
125
Describe the process of reproductive cloning via somatic cell nuclear transfer
126
List example sources of DNA that can be used in DNA profiling
127
Outline why plasmids with genes coding for antibiotic resistance are chosen as vectors in gene transfer between species
128
Outline potential environmental, health and agricultural benefits and risks associated with genetic modification of crops
128
Assess the risks and benefits of an example of a genetically modified crop (i.e. golden rice)
Blindness:
129
Outline the formation and use of Bt crops in agriculture
129
Compare therapeutic cloning to reproductive cloning
130
Outline the production of embryos via somatic cell nuclear transfer
131
List manipulated, responding and controlled variables in an experiment of rooting stem-cuttings
Manipulated:
Responding:
Controlled:
131
Outline preparation of a plant for rooting of a stem cutting
132
Analyze a DNA profile to determine relatedness or forensic guilt
133
Assess the impact of Bt corn on monarch butterflies
134
State two ways in which the risk of scientific research can be assessed
