Genetics Flashcards
Genes, Chromosomes, Meiosis, Inheritance, Genetic modification and biotechnology
Define “gene”
Define “gene locus”
Define “allele”
List two examples of genes with multiple alleles
State a similarity between alleles of the same gene
State the difference between alleles of the same gene
State the source of new alleles of a gene
Describe a base substitution mutation
Define “genome”
State the size in base pairs of the human genome
Define “sequence” in relation to genes and/or genomes
State the aim of the Human Genome Project
Outline two outcomes of the Human Genome Project
State the cause of sickle cell anemia, including the name of differences in the Hb alleles
State the difference in amino acid sequences in transcription of normal and mutated Hb mRNA
Outline the consequences of the Hb mutation on the impacted individual.
State the number of genes in the human genome
Describe the relationship between the number of genes in a species and the species complexity in structure, physiology and behavior
Explain why cytochrome oxidase 1 is often used to assess the differences in the base sequences of a gene between two species
Determine a DNA sequence from an electropherogram
Outline information that can be determined given gene sequence alignment data
Outline the technological improvements that have sped the DNA sequencing process
Describe the structure and function of nucleoid DNA
Define the term “naked” in relation to prokaryotic DNA
Compare the genetic material of prokaryotes and eukaryotes
Describe the structure and function of plasmid DNA
Describe the structure of eukaryotic DNA and associated histone proteins during interphase (chromatin)
Explain why chromatin DNA in interphase is said to look like “beads on a string”
List three ways in which the types of chromosomes within a single cell are different
State the number of nuclear chromosome types in a human cell
Define “homologous chromosome”
State a similarity and a difference found between pairs of homologous chromosomes
Similarity:
Difference:
Define “diploid”
State the human cell diploid number
46
State an advantage of being diploid
Outline the formation of a diploid cell from two haploid gametes
Define “haploid”
State the human cell haploid number
23
List example haploid cells
State that chromosome number and type is a distinguishing characteristic of a species
List mechanisms by which a species chromosome number can change
Describe the process of creating a karyogram
List the characteristics by which chromosomes are arranged on the karyogram
Outline the structure and function of the two human sex chromosomes
Outline sex determination by sex chromosomes
Outline conclusions drawn from the images produced using Cairn’s autoradiography technique
Describe Cairn’s technique for producing images of DNA molecules from E. coli
Describe the relationship between the genome size of a species and the species complexity in structure, physiology and behavior
Explain why the typical number of chromosomes in a species is always an even number
State the minimum chromosome number in eukaryotes
Explain why the chromosome number of a species does not indicate the number of genes in the species
Distinguish between a karyogram and a karyotype
Explain the relationship between the number of human and chimpanzee chromosomes
Deduce the sex of an individual given a karyogram
Describe the use of a karyogram to diagnose Down syndrome
Outline the advancement in knowledge gained from the development of autoradiography techniques
Compare sexual and asexual life cycles
Compare divisions of meiosis I and meiosis II
Explain why meiosis must occur as part of a sexual life cycle
State that DNA is replicated in interphase before meiosis
Given a diploid number (for example 2n=4), outline the movement and structure of DNA through the stages of meiosis
List three events that occur in prophase 1 of meiosis
Define “bivalent” and “synapsis”
Bivalent:
Synapsis:
Outline the process and result of crossing over
Process:
Result:
Describe the attachment of spindle microtubules to chromosomes during meiosis I
Describe random orientation of chromosomes during meiosis I
Explain why meiosis I is a reductive division
State the the number of chromosome combinations possible due to random orientation is 2^n
State that cells are haploid at the end of meiosis I
Explain how meiosis leads to genetic variation in gametes
Outline the role of fertilization as a source of genetic variation
Describe the cause and symptoms of Down syndrome
Define “non-disjunction”
State the result of nondisjunction
Explain the relationship between parental age and chances of non-disjunction
Describe the two procedures for obtaining fetal cells for production of a karyotype
Outline the events of prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase in meiosis I and meiosis II
Draw diagrams of cells in prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase in meiosis I and meiosis II
Describe Mendel’s pea plant experiments
Discuss difficulties in microscopic examination of dividing cells
Describe the discovery of meiosis
Define “gamete” and “zygote”
State two similarities and two differences between male and female gametes
State the outcome of allele segregation during meiosis
Outline the possible combination of alleles in a diploid zygote for a gene with two alleles
Define “dominant allele” and “recessive allele”
Dominant:
Recessive:
Outline the possible combination of alleles in a diploid zygote for a gene with three alleles
State an example of a dominant and recessive allele found in pea plants
Define “codominant alleles”
State the usual cause of one allele being dominant over another
Using the correct notation, outline an example of codominant alleles
Define “carrier” as related to genetic diseases
Explain why genetic diseases usually appear unexpectedly in a population
Describe why it is not possible to be a carrier of a disease caused by a dominant allele
Outline inheritance patterns of genetic diseases caused by dominant alleles
Explain sickle cell anemia as an example of a genetic disease caused by codominant alleles
Define “sex linkage”
Outline Thomas Morgan’s elucidation of sex linked genes with Drosophila
Use correct notation for sex linked genes
Describe the pattern of inheritance for sex linked genes
Construct Punnett grids for sex linked crosses to predict the offspring genotype and phenotype ratios
List five example genetic diseases
Explain why most genetic diseases are rare in a population
State two factors that can increase the mutation rate
Exposure to radiation,
Describe ABO blood groups as an example of complete dominance and codominance
Outline the differences in glycoproteins present in people with different blood types
Describe the cause and effect of red-green color blindness
Explain inheritance patterns of red-green color blindness
Describe the cause and effect of hemophilia
Explain inheritance patterns of hemophilia
Outline the inheritance pattern of cystic fibrosis
Describe the relationship between the genetic cause of cystic fibrosis and the symptoms of the disease
Outline the inheritance pattern of Huntington’s disease
List effects of Huntington’s disease on an affected individual
Outline the effects of radiation exposure after nuclear exposure at Hiroshima and Chernobyl
Determine possible alleles present in gametes given parent genotypes
Define “monohybrid”, “true breeding”, “hybrid”, F1 and “F2”
Monohybrid:
True breeding:
Hybrid:
F1:
F2:
Construct Punnett grids for single gene crosses to predict the offspring genotype and phenotype ratios
Explain the reason why the outcomes of genetic crosses do not usually correspond exactly with the predicted outcomes
Describe the role of statistical tests in deciding whether an actual result is a close fit to a predicted result
Outline the conventions for constructing pedigree charts
Deduce inheritance patterns given a pedigree chart
Outline why Mendel’s success is attributed to his use of pea plants
List three biological research methods pioneered by Mendel
Match restriction enzyme names to the bacteria in which they are naturally found
Describe the role of restriction enzymes in nature and in biotechnology applications
Contrast sticky vs. blunt ends
Identify a restriction site as either leaving sticky or blunt ends
Determine the number and size of DNA fragments after being exposed to restriction enzymes (both linear and plasmid DNA)
Outline the process of DNA profiling
Describe the selectivity of the PCR
Explain the function and purpose of DNA electrophoresis
Describe how and why DNA fragments separate during electrophoresis
Outline the functions of the buffer, marker and loading dye in DNA electrophoresis.
Buffer:
Marker:
Loading dye:
State the function of the PCR
Contrast sexual and asexual reproduction
Outline how the universality of the genetic code allows for gene transfer between species
Define “clone” and “cloning”
Outline example of cloning animal embryos via natural and artificial embryo splitting.
Describe different ways in which natural clones can arise
Outline two examples of natural cloning in plants
Describe the process of reproductive cloning via embryo splitting
Outline the production of Dolly the sheep using somatic cell nuclear transfer
Describe a technique for genetic modification including plasmids, restriction enzymes, reverse transcriptase and ligase
Describe the process of reproductive cloning via somatic cell nuclear transfer
List example sources of DNA that can be used in DNA profiling
Outline why plasmids with genes coding for antibiotic resistance are chosen as vectors in gene transfer between species
Outline potential environmental, health and agricultural benefits and risks associated with genetic modification of crops
Assess the risks and benefits of an example of a genetically modified crop (i.e. golden rice)
Blindness:
Outline the formation and use of Bt crops in agriculture
Compare therapeutic cloning to reproductive cloning
Outline the production of embryos via somatic cell nuclear transfer
List manipulated, responding and controlled variables in an experiment of rooting stem-cuttings
Manipulated:
Responding:
Controlled:
Outline preparation of a plant for rooting of a stem cutting
Analyze a DNA profile to determine relatedness or forensic guilt
Assess the impact of Bt corn on monarch butterflies
State two ways in which the risk of scientific research can be assessed
