Option: Human Physiology Flashcards
Human nutrition, Digestion, Functions of the liver, The heart, Hormones and metabolism, Transport of respiratory gases
Define “essential” as related to dietary nutrients
Dietary nutrients that cannot be synthesized by the body; therefore they have to be included in the diet
State the difference between a vitamin and a mineral
Define “non-essential” as related to dietary nutrients
Dietary nutrients that can be synthesized by the body
List two example essential minerals
Define “vitamin”
Chemically diverse carbon compounds that cannot be synthesized by the body
Given a molecular diagram of a vitamin, determine if it is hydrophobic or hydrophilic
Compare the properties of water soluble and fat soluble vitamins
List two example water soluble vitamins and two example fat soluble vitamins
Outline the concept of “conditionally essential” using amino acid examples
Outline two causes of malnutrition
Deficiency:
Excess of nutrients in diet:
Outline the effect of protein deficiency malnutrition on children and adults
Describe how hormones and the appetite control center regulate a desire to eat
Define “hypertension”
Outline the reasons for the relationship between weight gain and hypertension
Outline the causes of the two type of diabetes mellitus
List risk factors associated with type II diabetes
State symptoms of type II diabetes
Explain loss of muscle mass during starvation
List cardiovascular effects of type II diabetes
State the cause of starvation
State the function of ascorbic acid, Vitamin C
Outline the genetic cause of phenylketonuria (PKU)
Outline the cause, symptoms and treatment of scurvy
Cause:
Symptoms:
Treatment:
Analyze a cladogram based on the mutations in the GLO gene, used in Vitamin C synthesis
List consequences of phenylketonuria if untreated
State how phenylketonuria is treated
Explain the relationship between vitamin D, calcium, osteomalacia and skin cancer
List symptoms associated with anorexia nervosa
Outline factors that indicate that dietary cholesterol may not be the exclusive cause of the correlation between blood plasma cholesterol levels and risk of coronary heart disease
Outline the effect of anorexia nervosa on heart muscle tissue
Calculate the energy content of a food sample using calorimetry data
Explain how a calorimeter can be used to determine the energy content in food
Describe when the secretion of digestive juices must be controlled
Based on cladistics, explain why some animals are poor models for the study of scurvy
State to mechanisms by which secretion of gastric juices is controlled
Define “alimentary canal”
Contrast endocrine glands with exocrine glands
Endocrine:
Exocrine:
Discuss the relationship between the structures of an exocrine gland cell and the function of the cell
Label a diagram of an exocrine gland with the following terms: secretory cells, lumen, duct, secretory vesicles, basement membrane and acinus
State the name and location of three exocrine glands associated with the alimentary canal
Using a flow chart or concept map, diagram the interactions between nervous and hormonal mechanisms that regulated the secretion of gastric juices
State the composition of saliva, gastric juice and pancreatic juice
Saliva:
Gastric juice:
Pancreatic juice:
Outline three roles of acid in the stomach
Outline the role of the following structures of villi epithelial cells: tight junctions, microvilli, mitochondria, pinocytic vesicles, proteins imbedded on the apical surface and proteins imbedded on the basal surface
List benefits of fibre in a healthy diet
State the relationship between food fibre contents and rate of transit through the large intestine
Define “dietary fibre”
State two examples of dietary fibre
List materials that are egested from the body
Define “egestion”
State the role stomach mucus
State the cause of ulcer and acid reflux
Outline the role of the H+, K+ -ATPase protein pump in the production of an acidic stomach
Outline the cause and consequences of cholera infection
Outline the use, function and effect of proton pump inhibitors to treat gastric disease
Use:
Function:
Effect:
Explain the effect of cholera toxin on intestinal cells
Define “stomach ulcer”
Outline evidence that suggest Helicobacter pylori infection has a role in stomach ulcer and stomach cancer
List three features that can be used to identify exocrine gland cells as viewed in electron micrographs
Describe how William Beaumont was able to determine the role of the stomach in chemical digestion of food
List four features that can be used to identify villus epithelium cell as viewed in electron micrographs
Explain the role of the liver in the detoxification of alcohol (including role of ethanol dehydrogenase)
Define “detoxification” as related to liver function
Outline the role of the liver in the detoxification of ammonia (and formation of urea)
State the length of a typical red blood cell life span
Explain how the structure of Kupffer cells fits their endosymbiosis function
Create a flowchart to illustrate the steps and products of the splitting of hemoglobin
Explain how and why iron is transported to the bone marrow bound to transferrin
List three anatomical structures that have transferrin receptors on their cell membranes
Outline the storage of iron in the liver and spleen (including the role of ferritin)
Explain the synthesis of VLDL cholesterol by hepatocytes for transport of triglycerides
Describe how the amount of saturated fat in a diet affects the amount of VLDL cholesterol synthesis by the liver
Outline the roles of hepatocytes in the conversion of excess cholesterol into a component of bile
Define and list examples of “plasma proteins”
Explain why hepatocytes have a lot of RER and Golgi
Outline the role of the liver in protein metabolism (and resulting nitrogenous waste formation)
Explain the storage and release of glucose (including the role of glycogen, insulin and glucagon)
Outline the function and source of bilirubin
List four example nutrients that can be stored by the liver
Explain the role of hepatocytes and glucuronic acid in the conversion of bilirubin
List components of bile
Outline the role of bile ducts and gall bladder in the transport and storage of bile
Describe when, where and why bile is secreted during digestion
Describe the use of UV light as a treatment for jaundice
Define and list causes and symptoms of jaundice
Draw and label a diagram of the liver, including the left and right lobes, hepatic portal vein, hepatic artery and the hepatic vein
Compare liver blood supplies in terms of blood source (arrives from…), blood destination (flows towards…), and relative oxygen concentration
Explain the structure of lipoproteins, including the types of molecules found in the hydrophobic core and hydrophilic surface
Draw a labeled diagram of a sinusoid, inclusive of: bile canal cells, bile duct, hepatocytes, Kupffer cells, arterioles and venules
Compare sinusoids to capillaries
Sinusoids:
Capillaries:
Outline the relationship between liver lobes, lobules and sinusoids
Compare and define LDL, HDL, IDL, VLDL and chylomicrons
Compare cardiac muscle tissue to skeletal muscle tissue
Contrast cardiac muscle tissue to skeletal muscle tissue
Describe how the Y-shape, intercalated discs and gap junctions of cardiac muscle cells allow for propagation of the stimulus to contract
Explain the events of the cardiac cycle, including atrial and ventricular systole and diastole and the movement of the signal to contract through the heart
Outline the role of the atrioventricular node in the cardiac cycle
Describe the motion of the signal to contract from the AV node through the ventricles
Outline the causes of the delayed initiation of contraction of ventricles
State the function of a delayed contraction of the ventricle
List features of Purkinje fibers that facilitate rapid conduction of the contraction signal through the ventricle
State that the contraction of the ventricle begins at the heart apex
State the cause of each of the two sounds of the heartbeat
State the cause and effect of ventricular fibrillation
State the purpose of an artificial pacemaker device
Regulates irregular heart rates
State the purpose of a defibrillator
Describe the relationship between atherosclerosis and thrombosis
Describe the relationship between atherosclerosis and hypertension
List consequences of hypertension
Outline factors that are correlated with a greater incidence of thrombosis and hypertension
List variables that can influence heart rate
Outline methods for detecting heart rate
Label the P, Q, R, S and T waves on an ECG trace
Describe how sound is used to measure blood pressure
State the cause of systolic and diastolic pressure
State the function of an electrocardiogram
State the cause of the P wave, the QRS wave and the T wave
State an application of the use of ECG technology
List epidemiological factors that can predispose ethnic groups to coronary heart disease
List variables that lead to the development of the stethoscope
State the function of the stethoscope
State the function of endocrine glands
State the function of hormones
Describe the mechanism of steroid hormone action
List locations at which a steroid hormone binds its receptor
List two example steroid hormones
List the two most common second messengers
Outline one example of a steroid hormone promoting transcription of specific genes
List two example protein hormones
State the location at which a protein hormone binds its receptor
The plasma membrane of the target cell
Define “second messenger system”
Describe the mechanism of epinephrine action
Draw a diagram to illustrate the relationship between the hypothalamus and pituitary
Describe how releasing factors regulate anterior pituitary action
Describe how neurosecretory cells carry hormones to the posterior pituitary
Outline the role of the hypothalamus as a link between nervous and endocrine systems
Outline how negative feedback is involved in the secretion of ADH from the posterior pituitary
List the source, target and function of oxytocin and prolactin as related to milk secretion
OXYTOCIN
Source:
Target:
Function:
PROLACTIN
Source:
Target:
Function:
Outline consequences of iodine deficiency
List hormones secreted by the anterior and posterior pituitary
State that growth hormone is a peptide hormone
Evaluate the use of growth hormones by athletes
Outline the mechanism of action of growth hormone
State the goal of the ICCIDD
Work to eliminate the harm done by iodine deficiency
Define “partial pressure”
Define “affinity”
State the relative partial pressures of oxygen in the atmosphere at sea level, in the alveoli, in alveoli blood capillaries, and in respiring tissue
Describe the saturation of hemoglobin at different oxygen partial pressures
Draw the oxygen dissociation curve to show affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen at different partial pressures of oxygen
State the three ways carbon dioxide is carried in the blood
State which form of carbon dioxide transport accounts for the highest amount of carbon dioxide transported
Outline the reaction that transforms carbon dioxide into hydrogencarbonate ion, including the role of carbonic anhydrase
Explain the mechanism and benefit of the Bohr shift
Describe the relationship between carbon dioxide concentration and blood pH
Outline the location and role of chemoreceptors that help regulate the ventilation rate
List the neural structures that control the rate of ventilation
The respiratory control centre in the medulla oblongata
Outline the feedback loop that regulates the rate of ventilation, including the role of stretch receptors
State the effect of exercise on CO2 production
State the reason why it is adaptive for fetal hemoglobin to have a higher oxygen affinity than adult hemoglobin
Outline the relationship between CO2 production and blood pH
Explain how and why hyperventilation occurs in response to exercise
Compare the oxygen dissociation curves of adult and fetal hemoglobin
State the effect of altitude on the atmospheric partial pressure of oxygen
Outline human physiological responses to high altitude
State the range of normal human blood pH
Describe the relationship between carbon dioxide concentration and blood pH
Outline physiological responses that maintain blood pH
Outline the causes of emphysema
State the symptoms of emphysema
Outline reasons why gas exchange and ventilation are less effective in people with emphysema
List treatment options for people with emphysema
Contrast myoglobin and hemoglobin
Myoglobin:
Hemoglobin:
Compare the oxygen dissociation curves of hemoglobin and myoglobin
Label the following structures on a micrograph of lung tissue: type 1 pneumocyte, type 2 pneumocyte, capillary endothelium, basement membrane and blood cells
Describe how scientific evidence about the effects of smoking lead to a change in public perception of smoking
