Option: Human Physiology

Question 1

Define “essential” as related to dietary nutrients

Answer 1

Dietary nutrients that cannot be synthesized by the body; therefore they have to be included in the diet

Question 2

State the difference between a vitamin and a mineral

Question 2

Define “non-essential” as related to dietary nutrients

Answer 2

Dietary nutrients that can be synthesized by the body

Question 2

List two example essential minerals

Question 3

Define “vitamin”

Answer 3

Chemically diverse carbon compounds that cannot be synthesized by the body

Question 3

Given a molecular diagram of a vitamin, determine if it is hydrophobic or hydrophilic

Question 4

Compare the properties of water soluble and fat soluble vitamins

Question 5

List two example water soluble vitamins and two example fat soluble vitamins

Question 6

Outline the concept of “conditionally essential” using amino acid examples

Question 7

Outline two causes of malnutrition

Answer 7

Deficiency:

Excess of nutrients in diet:

Question 7

Outline the effect of protein deficiency malnutrition on children and adults

Question 8

Describe how hormones and the appetite control center regulate a desire to eat

Question 9

Define “hypertension”

Question 10

Outline the reasons for the relationship between weight gain and hypertension

Question 11

Outline the causes of the two type of diabetes mellitus

Question 12

List risk factors associated with type II diabetes

Question 12

State symptoms of type II diabetes

Question 12

Explain loss of muscle mass during starvation

Question 13

List cardiovascular effects of type II diabetes

Question 13

State the cause of starvation

Question 14

State the function of ascorbic acid, Vitamin C

Question 14

Outline the genetic cause of phenylketonuria (PKU)

Question 15

Outline the cause, symptoms and treatment of scurvy

Answer 15

Cause:

Symptoms:

Treatment:

Question 15

Analyze a cladogram based on the mutations in the GLO gene, used in Vitamin C synthesis

Question 16

List consequences of phenylketonuria if untreated

Question 16

State how phenylketonuria is treated

Question 17

Explain the relationship between vitamin D, calcium, osteomalacia and skin cancer

Question 18

List symptoms associated with anorexia nervosa

Question 19

Outline factors that indicate that dietary cholesterol may not be the exclusive cause of the correlation between blood plasma cholesterol levels and risk of coronary heart disease

Question 20

Outline the effect of anorexia nervosa on heart muscle tissue

Question 21

Calculate the energy content of a food sample using calorimetry data

Question 22

Explain how a calorimeter can be used to determine the energy content in food

Question 23

Describe when the secretion of digestive juices must be controlled

Question 23

Based on cladistics, explain why some animals are poor models for the study of scurvy

Question 24

State to mechanisms by which secretion of gastric juices is controlled

Question 25

Define “alimentary canal”

Question 26

Contrast endocrine glands with exocrine glands

Answer 26

Endocrine:

Exocrine:

Question 27

Discuss the relationship between the structures of an exocrine gland cell and the function of the cell

Question 27

Label a diagram of an exocrine gland with the following terms: secretory cells, lumen, duct, secretory vesicles, basement membrane and acinus

Question 28

State the name and location of three exocrine glands associated with the alimentary canal

Question 29

Using a flow chart or concept map, diagram the interactions between nervous and hormonal mechanisms that regulated the secretion of gastric juices

Question 30

State the composition of saliva, gastric juice and pancreatic juice

Answer 30

Saliva:

Gastric juice:

Pancreatic juice:

Question 31

Outline three roles of acid in the stomach

Question 32

Outline the role of the following structures of villi epithelial cells: tight junctions, microvilli, mitochondria, pinocytic vesicles, proteins imbedded on the apical surface and proteins imbedded on the basal surface

Question 33

List benefits of fibre in a healthy diet

Question 34

State the relationship between food fibre contents and rate of transit through the large intestine

Question 35

Define “dietary fibre”

Question 36

State two examples of dietary fibre

Question 37

List materials that are egested from the body

Question 37

Define “egestion”

Question 38

State the role stomach mucus

Question 39

State the cause of ulcer and acid reflux

Question 40

Outline the role of the H+, K+ -ATPase protein pump in the production of an acidic stomach

Question 41

Outline the cause and consequences of cholera infection

Question 41

Outline the use, function and effect of proton pump inhibitors to treat gastric disease

Answer 41

Use:

Function:

Effect:

Question 42

Explain the effect of cholera toxin on intestinal cells

Question 43

Define “stomach ulcer”

Question 44

Outline evidence that suggest Helicobacter pylori infection has a role in stomach ulcer and stomach cancer

Question 45

List three features that can be used to identify exocrine gland cells as viewed in electron micrographs

Question 45

Describe how William Beaumont was able to determine the role of the stomach in chemical digestion of food

Question 45

List four features that can be used to identify villus epithelium cell as viewed in electron micrographs

Question 46

Explain the role of the liver in the detoxification of alcohol (including role of ethanol dehydrogenase)

Question 47

Define “detoxification” as related to liver function

Question 48

Outline the role of the liver in the detoxification of ammonia (and formation of urea)

Question 49

State the length of a typical red blood cell life span

Question 49

Explain how the structure of Kupffer cells fits their endosymbiosis function

Question 50

Create a flowchart to illustrate the steps and products of the splitting of hemoglobin

Question 51

Explain how and why iron is transported to the bone marrow bound to transferrin

Question 52

List three anatomical structures that have transferrin receptors on their cell membranes

Question 53

Outline the storage of iron in the liver and spleen (including the role of ferritin)

Question 54

Explain the synthesis of VLDL cholesterol by hepatocytes for transport of triglycerides

Question 55

Describe how the amount of saturated fat in a diet affects the amount of VLDL cholesterol synthesis by the liver

Question 56

Outline the roles of hepatocytes in the conversion of excess cholesterol into a component of bile

Question 57

Define and list examples of “plasma proteins”

Question 58

Explain why hepatocytes have a lot of RER and Golgi

Question 59

Outline the role of the liver in protein metabolism (and resulting nitrogenous waste formation)

Question 60

Explain the storage and release of glucose (including the role of glycogen, insulin and glucagon)

Question 61

Outline the function and source of bilirubin

Question 62

List four example nutrients that can be stored by the liver

Question 63

Explain the role of hepatocytes and glucuronic acid in the conversion of bilirubin

Question 64

List components of bile

Question 65

Outline the role of bile ducts and gall bladder in the transport and storage of bile

Question 66

Describe when, where and why bile is secreted during digestion

Question 67

Describe the use of UV light as a treatment for jaundice

Question 68

Define and list causes and symptoms of jaundice

Question 69

Draw and label a diagram of the liver, including the left and right lobes, hepatic portal vein, hepatic artery and the hepatic vein

Question 70

Compare liver blood supplies in terms of blood source (arrives from…), blood destination (flows towards…), and relative oxygen concentration

Question 71

Explain the structure of lipoproteins, including the types of molecules found in the hydrophobic core and hydrophilic surface

Question 71

Draw a labeled diagram of a sinusoid, inclusive of: bile canal cells, bile duct, hepatocytes, Kupffer cells, arterioles and venules

Question 72

Compare sinusoids to capillaries

Answer 72

Sinusoids:

Capillaries:

Question 73

Outline the relationship between liver lobes, lobules and sinusoids

Question 73

Compare and define LDL, HDL, IDL, VLDL and chylomicrons

Question 74

Compare cardiac muscle tissue to skeletal muscle tissue

Question 75

Contrast cardiac muscle tissue to skeletal muscle tissue

Question 76

Describe how the Y-shape, intercalated discs and gap junctions of cardiac muscle cells allow for propagation of the stimulus to contract

Question 77

Explain the events of the cardiac cycle, including atrial and ventricular systole and diastole and the movement of the signal to contract through the heart

Question 78

Outline the role of the atrioventricular node in the cardiac cycle

Question 79

Describe the motion of the signal to contract from the AV node through the ventricles

Question 79

Outline the causes of the delayed initiation of contraction of ventricles

Question 80

State the function of a delayed contraction of the ventricle

Question 81

List features of Purkinje fibers that facilitate rapid conduction of the contraction signal through the ventricle

Question 82

State that the contraction of the ventricle begins at the heart apex

Question 83

State the cause of each of the two sounds of the heartbeat

Question 83

State the cause and effect of ventricular fibrillation

Question 84

State the purpose of an artificial pacemaker device

Answer 84

Regulates irregular heart rates

Question 85

State the purpose of a defibrillator

Question 85

Describe the relationship between atherosclerosis and thrombosis

Question 86

Describe the relationship between atherosclerosis and hypertension

Question 87

List consequences of hypertension

Question 87

Outline factors that are correlated with a greater incidence of thrombosis and hypertension

Question 88

List variables that can influence heart rate

Question 89

Outline methods for detecting heart rate

Question 90

Label the P, Q, R, S and T waves on an ECG trace

Question 90

Describe how sound is used to measure blood pressure

Question 91

State the cause of systolic and diastolic pressure

Question 92

State the function of an electrocardiogram

Question 93

State the cause of the P wave, the QRS wave and the T wave

Question 94

State an application of the use of ECG technology

Question 95

List epidemiological factors that can predispose ethnic groups to coronary heart disease

Question 96

List variables that lead to the development of the stethoscope

Question 97

State the function of the stethoscope

Question 98

State the function of endocrine glands

Question 99

State the function of hormones

Question 100

Describe the mechanism of steroid hormone action

Question 101

List locations at which a steroid hormone binds its receptor

Question 101

List two example steroid hormones

Question 102

List the two most common second messengers

Question 102

Outline one example of a steroid hormone promoting transcription of specific genes

Question 102

List two example protein hormones

Question 103

State the location at which a protein hormone binds its receptor

Answer 103

The plasma membrane of the target cell

Question 104

Define “second messenger system”

Question 105

Describe the mechanism of epinephrine action

Question 106

Draw a diagram to illustrate the relationship between the hypothalamus and pituitary

Question 107

Describe how releasing factors regulate anterior pituitary action

Question 108

Describe how neurosecretory cells carry hormones to the posterior pituitary

Question 109

Outline the role of the hypothalamus as a link between nervous and endocrine systems

Question 110

Outline how negative feedback is involved in the secretion of ADH from the posterior pituitary

Question 111

List the source, target and function of oxytocin and prolactin as related to milk secretion

Answer 111

OXYTOCIN
Source:

Target:

Function:

PROLACTIN
Source:

Target:

Function:

Question 111

Outline consequences of iodine deficiency

Question 112

List hormones secreted by the anterior and posterior pituitary

Question 113

State that growth hormone is a peptide hormone

Question 114

Evaluate the use of growth hormones by athletes

Question 115

Outline the mechanism of action of growth hormone

Question 116

State the goal of the ICCIDD

Answer 116

Work to eliminate the harm done by iodine deficiency

Question 117

Define “partial pressure”

Question 118

Define “affinity”

Question 118

State the relative partial pressures of oxygen in the atmosphere at sea level, in the alveoli, in alveoli blood capillaries, and in respiring tissue

Question 119

Describe the saturation of hemoglobin at different oxygen partial pressures

Question 119

Draw the oxygen dissociation curve to show affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen at different partial pressures of oxygen

Question 120

State the three ways carbon dioxide is carried in the blood

Question 121

State which form of carbon dioxide transport accounts for the highest amount of carbon dioxide transported

Question 122

Outline the reaction that transforms carbon dioxide into hydrogencarbonate ion, including the role of carbonic anhydrase

Question 123

Explain the mechanism and benefit of the Bohr shift

Question 124

​Describe the relationship between carbon dioxide concentration and blood pH

Question 124

Outline the location and role of chemoreceptors that help regulate the ventilation rate

Question 125

List the neural structures that control the rate of ventilation

Answer 125

The respiratory control centre in the medulla oblongata

Question 125

Outline the feedback loop that regulates the rate of ventilation, including the role of stretch receptors

Question 126

State the effect of exercise on CO2 production

Question 127

State the reason why it is adaptive for fetal hemoglobin to have a higher oxygen affinity than adult hemoglobin

Question 127

Outline the relationship between CO2 production and blood pH

Question 128

Explain how and why hyperventilation occurs in response to exercise

Question 129

Compare the oxygen dissociation curves of adult and fetal hemoglobin

Question 130

State the effect of altitude on the atmospheric partial pressure of oxygen

Question 131

Outline human physiological responses to high altitude

Question 132

State the range of normal human blood pH

Question 133

Describe the relationship between carbon dioxide concentration and blood pH

Question 134

Outline physiological responses that maintain blood pH

Question 135

Outline the causes of emphysema

Question 136

State the symptoms of emphysema

Question 137

Outline reasons why gas exchange and ventilation are less effective in people with emphysema

Question 138

List treatment options for people with emphysema

Question 139

Contrast myoglobin and hemoglobin

Answer 139

Myoglobin:

Hemoglobin:

Question 140

Compare the oxygen dissociation curves of hemoglobin and myoglobin

Question 140

Label the following structures on a micrograph of lung tissue: type 1 pneumocyte, type 2 pneumocyte, capillary endothelium, basement membrane and blood cells

Question 141

Describe how scientific evidence about the effects of smoking lead to a change in public perception of smoking