Genetics and Evolution

Question 1

Identify tetrad, bivalent, sister chromatids and non-sister chromatids in diagrams of replicated chromosomes

Question 2

Define “chiasmata”

Question 2

State that crossing over occurs during prophase I

Question 3

State two consequences of chiasmata formation between non-sister chromatids

Question 4

Draw a diagram to illustrate the formation of new allele combinations as a results of crossing over

Question 5

Contrast meiosis I with meiosis II

Question 5

Explain how crossing over between linked genes can lead to genetic recombinants

Question 6

Describe random orientation and independent assortment

Question 7

Compare meiosis II with mitosis

Question 7

Given a parent cell genotype, determine the allele combinations that are possible in the gametes due to independent assortment and random orientation

Question 8

Draw a diagram to illustrate the process and result of crossing over

Question 9

Describe the experiment of Bateson and Punnett that lead to results that did not support Mendel’s law of independent assortment

Question 10

Define “autosome” and “sex chromosome”

Question 10

Describe the trends and discrepancies that led Morgan to propose the idea of linked genes

Question 11

State the difference between independent assortment of genes and segregation of alleles

Question 12

Describe segregation of alleles and independent assortment of unlinked genes in meiosis

Question 13

Describe what makes genes “linked”

Question 14

State an example of a continuous variation

Question 15

Contrast discrete with continuous variation

Question 16

State an example of a discrete variation

Question 17

Explain polygenetic inheritance using an example of a two gene cross with codominant alleles

Question 18

Outline the use of Pascal’s triangle to determine phenotype frequencies that results from polygenic crosses

Question 19

State that a normal distribution of variation is often the result of polygenic inheritance

Question 20

State example human characteristics that are associated with polygenic inheritance

Question 21

Calculate the chi square value to determine the significance of differences between the observed and expected results of a genetic cross

Question 21

State the two possible hypotheses of a statistical test

Question 22

Determine the degrees of freedom and critical value for the chi-square test

Question 23

Draw a conclusion of significance by comparing the calculated and critical chi-square values

Question 24

Determine possible allele combinations in gametes for crosses involving two genes

Question 25

Use correct notation to depict a dihybrid cross between two unlinked genes

Question 26

Construct a Punnett square to show the possible genotype and phenotype outcomes in a dihybrid cross

Question 27

Describe how Morgan discovered relationship between eye color and sex in Drosophila

Question 28

Outline two example environmental factors that can influence phenotypes

Question 29

Determine the predicted genotype and phenotype ratios of F1 and F2 offspring of dihybrid crosses

Question 30

Define “gene pool”

Answer 30

All the genes, and their different alleles, present in an interbreeding population

Question 31

Given data, calculate allele frequencies of genes in a gene pool

Question 31

Given data, calculate genotype frequencies for genes in a gene pool

Question 32

Define “evolution”

Question 33

Outline five factors that can cause evolutionary change

Question 34

Compare allopatric and sympatric speciation

Answer 34

Allopatric speciation:

Sympatric speciation:

Question 35

Define “reproductive isolation”

Question 36

Explain temporal, behavioral and geographic isolation as mechanisms of speciation

Question 37

Describe an example of temporal, behavioral and geographic reproductive isolation

Question 38

Define “speciation”

Question 39

Outline a limitation of the idea of evolution through gradualism

Question 40

Define “gradualism”

Question 41

Identify gradualism from graphs of morphology changes over time

Question 42

Define “punctuated equilibrium”

Question 43

Outline a possible cause of rapid speciation events

Question 44

Identify punctuated equilibrium from graphs of morphology changes over time

Question 45

Define “stabilizing”, “disruptive” and “directional” selection

Answer 45

Stabilizing:

Disruptive:

Directional:

Question 46

Use graphs to illustrate or identify stabilizing, disruptive and directional selection

Question 46

Outline how polyploidy has led to many species of Allium

Question 46

List example species in the genus Allium (by common name)

Question 47

Compare allele frequencies of two populations

Question 48

Describe how variations in the allele frequencies of a gene may be evidence of speciation

Question 49

Define “polyploidy”

Question 50

Outline causes of polyploidy

Question 51

Explain how polyploidy can lead to speciation