Metabolism, Cell Respiration and Photosynthesis Flashcards
Metabolism, Cell respiration, Photosynthesis
Contrast metabolic chain reaction pathways with cyclical reaction pathways
Define “activation energy”
Explain the role of enzymes in lowering the activation energy of a reaction
Contrast competitive and noncompetitive enzyme inhibition
Define “enzyme inhibitor”
Outline one example of a competitive enzyme inhibitor and one example of a noncompetitive enzyme inhibitor
Describe allosteric regulation of enzyme activity
Outline the mechanism and benefit of end-product inhibition
Illustrate end-product inhibition of the threonine to isoleucine metabolic pathway
State the consequence of an increase in isoleucine concentration
Outline the reasons for development of new anti-malarial drugs
Explain the use of databases in identification of potential new anti-malarial drugs
Explain why the rate of reaction with increasing substrate concentration is lower with a non-competitive inhibitor compared to a competitive inhibitor
State two methods for determining the rate of enzyme controlled reactions
State the unit for enzyme reaction rate
Given data, calculate and graph the rate of an enzyme catalyzed reaction
Outline the use and benefits of the bioinformatics technique of chemogenomics in development of new pharmaceutical drugs
Outline oxidation and reduction reactions in terms of movement of electrons, hydrogen or oxygen atoms
Define “electron carrier”
State the name of the electron carrier molecule used in cellular respiration
Define “phosphorylation”
State the consequence of a molecule being phosphorylated
State the formula for the glycolysis reaction
Outline the glycolysis reaction, including phosphorylation, lysis and energy harvest
State that glycolysis occurs in both anaerobic and aerobic respiration
State that glycolysis is an example of a metabolic pathway
Define “decarboxylation” and “oxidation”
Summarize the reactant and products of the link reaction
State that NADH and FADH2 are electron carriers formed during the Krebs cycle
Outline the events of the Krebs cycle, referencing the formation of NADH and FADH2, formation of ATP and decarboxylation of acetyl groups
State that NAD+ is reduced to become NADH in the link reaction and Krebs cycle
State that FAD is reduced to become FADH2 in the Krebs cycle
State that NADH and FADH2 carry electrons to the electron transport chain on the mitochondrial inner membrane
State that at the electron transport chain, FADH2 and NADH given electrons to electron carrier proteins
State that the movement of electrons through electron carrier proteins in the electron transport chain is used to pump protons (H+) across the inner mitochondrial membrane into the intermembrane space
Define “oxidative phosphorylation” and “chemiosmosis”
State that that formation of water in the matrix at the end of the electron transport chain helps to maintain the hydrogen gradient between the intermembrane space and the matrix
State that oxygen is the final electron acceptor in aerobic cellular respiration
Outline how mitochondria structure could evolve through natural selection
State evidence that suggests mitochondria were once free living prokaryotes
State that electron tomography enables scientists to view the dynamic nature of mitochondrial membranes
State that decarboxylation of glucose occurs in the linking reaction and Krebs cycle of aerobic respiration
Draw and label a diagram of the mitochondria
State the function of the following mitochondrial structures: outer membrane, inner membrane, cristae, intermembrane space, matrix, ribosome and mtDNA
State that Peter Mitchell’s proposal of the chemiosmotic hypothesis in 1961 lead to a major shift in our understanding of cellular processes
State the location of the light dependent reactions of photosynthesis
State that the light dependent reactions of photosynthesis include:
- Photoactivation
- Photolysis
- Electron transport
- Chemiosmosis
- ATP synthesis
- Reduction of NADP to NADPH + H+
Photoactivation:
Photolysis:
Electron transport:
Chemiosmosis:
ATP synthesis:
Reduction of NADP to NADPH + H+:
State that the light dependent reactions convert light energy into chemical energy in the form of ATP and NADH
State the location of the light independent reactions of photosynthesis
Define “photosystem” and “reaction center”
State that the light independent reactions of photosynthesis include:
- Carbon fixation
- Carboxylation of RuBP
- Production of triophosphate
- ATP and NADPH as energy sources
- ATP used to regenerate RuBP
- ATP used to produce carbohydrates
Carbon fixation:
Carboxylation of RuBP:
Production of triophosphate:
ATP and NADPH as energy sources:
ATP used to regenerate RuBP:
ATP used to produce carbohydrates:
State that the light dependent reactions of photosynthesis begin at Photosystem II
State that to replace the electrons lost during photoactivation, the reaction center chlorophyll takes electrons by splitting water
Outline process of photoactivation of the reaction center chlorophyll
State that in photoactivation at Photosystem II, the reaction center chlorophyll is oxidized and the plastoquinone (Pq) is reduced
Draw a cross section of the thylakoid membrane to show the path of transfer of excited electrons, inclusive of Photosystem II, ATP synthase, an electron transport chain (with Pq first) and Photosystem II
State that electrons pass from plastoquinone (Pq) through a chain of electron carrier molecules
State that the energy released by the movement of electrons is used to pump protons across the thylakoid membrane, from the stroma into the thylakoid lumen
State that the result of the electron transport chain is a proton gradient, with a high concentration of protons in the thylakoid lumen
State that NADPH is an electron carrier molecule
State that in chemiosmosis, ATP is generated as protons move down their concentration gradient through ATP synthase
State that photoactivation of the reaction center chlorophyll in photosystem I excites electrons which pass through a different electron transport chain
State that the electrons of Photosystem I are used to reduce NADP+ to form NADPH
State that the electrons from the Photosystem II electron transport chain are used to replace the electrons lost during photoactivation of Photosystem I
Define “carbon fixation” and “carboxylation”
State that carbon fixation occurs in the chloroplast stroma
State that the 5-carbon molecule ribulose bisphosphate (RuBP) is carboxylated by CO2, forming 2 3-carbon molecules called glycerate-3-phosphate (G3P)
State that the enzyme that catalyzes the carboxylation of RuBP is called ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase (rubisco)
State that ATP (from the light dependent reaction) provides the energy for NADPH (from the light dependent reaction) to reduce G3P, forming a three carbon carbohydrate, triose phosphate
State that six turns of the Calvin Cycle are needs to produce one molecule of glucose
State that in the Calvin Cycle, triose phosphate is used to regenerate RuBP and create glucose
State that ATP is used to regenerate RuBP from triose phosphate
Outline how chloroplast structure could evolve through natural selection
State evidence that suggests chloroplast were once free living prokaryotes
Outline Calvin’s “lollipop” experiment, including the role of:
- Radioactive carbon-14
- Green algae
- Air with CO2
- Light
- Varying the time of light exposure
- Heated alcohol
- Chromatography
- Autoradiography
Draw and label a diagram of the chloroplast
State the function of the following chloroplast structures: double membrane, thylakoids, pigment molecules, thylakoid lumen, and stroma
State that the discovery of the radioactive 14C isotope allowed Calvin to determine the pathway of the light independent reactions of photosynthesis
