Human Physiology

Question 1

Outline the role of peristalsis in the digestive process

Question 2

List the name, substrate and product of four pancreatic enzymes that hydrolyze food in the small intestine

Question 2

List the name and substrate of the three major classes of enzymes secreted by the pancreas

Question 3

List the name, substrate and product of six enzymes produced by gland cells in the small intestine wall

Question 4

Describe why enzymes produced by gland cells in the small intestine wall often remain immobilized in the cell membrane

Question 5

List three adaptations that increase the surface area for absorption on the small intestine

Question 6

Draw the villi as viewed in cross section

Question 7

Label the following on a diagram of a villi: capillary, epithelial cell, lacteal, and goblet cell

Question 8

State the function of the following villi structures: capillary, epithelial cell, lacteal, and goblet cell

Question 9

Define “absorption”

Question 10

List materials absorbed by the villi cells of the small intestine

Question 11

List four methods of membrane transport required to absorb nutrients

Question 12

Describe the absorption of triglycerides

Question 12

Describe the absorption of glucose

Question 13

Describe the structure of starch

Question 14

Outline the source, function and specificity of amylase

Question 15

Outline the digestion of maltose, maltotriose and dextrins into glucose

Question 16

Describe absorption of glucose by villus epithelial cells

Question 17

State the role of the digestive system

Question 17

Explain the use of dialysis tubing as a model for the small intestine

Question 17

Describe transport of glucose into and through villi capillaries

Question 18

Draw a diagram of the human digestive system

Question 19

Outline the function of the following digestive system structures: mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, pancreas, liver, gall bladder, and large intestine

Answer 19

Mouth:

Esophagus:

Stomach:

Small intestine:

Pancreas:

Liver:

Gall bladder:

Large intestine:

Question 20

Outline the function of the four layers of tissue found in the wall of the small intestine

Question 21

Explain the use of models in physiology research

Question 21

Label the four layers of tissue found in the wall of the small intestine as viewed with a microscope or in a micrograph

Question 22

State two examples of model systems used to study digestion

Question 23

State limitations of using model systems in physiology research

Question 24

State the function of arteries

Question 25

Outline the role of elastic and muscle tissue in arteries

Question 25

Describe the structure and function of the three layers of artery wall tissue

Question 25

Describe the structure and function of capillaries

Question 25

Describe the mechanism used to maintain blood flow in arteries between heartbeats

Question 26

State the reason for toughness of artery walls

Question 26

Define systolic and diastolic blood pressure

Question 27

Define “vasoconstriction” and “vasodilation”

Answer 27

Vasoconstriction:

Vasodilation:

Question 28

State the function of veins

Answer 28

Veins collect blood at low pressure from the tissues of the body and return it to the right atria of the heart.

Question 28

Describe the cause and effect of diffusion of blood plasma into and out of a capillary network

Question 29

Draw a diagram to illustrate the double circulation system in mammals

Question 30

Outline the roles of gravity and skeletal muscle pressure in maintaining flow of blood through a vein

Question 31

Outline the structure and function of a pocket valve

Question 32

Compare the circulation of blood in fish to that of mammals

Question 32

Explain the flow of blood through the pulmonary and systemic circulations

Question 33

Outline the role of cells in the sinoatrial node

Question 34

Explain why the mammalian heart must function as a double pump

Question 35

Define “myogenic contraction”

Question 35

Describe the propagation of the electrical signal from the sinoatrial node through the atria and ventricles

Question 36

State the reason why the sinoatrial node is often called the pacemaker

Question 37

Outline the structures and functions of nervous tissue that can regulate heart rate

Question 38

Describe factors that will increase heart rate

Question 38

Describe factors that will decrease heart rate

Question 39

Outline conditions that will lead to epinephrine secretion

Question 40

Explain the effect of epinephrine on heart rate

Question 40

Describe the cause and consequence of atherosclerosis

Question 40

Outline William Harvey’s role in discovery of blood circulation

Question 41

Outline the effect of a coronary occlusion on heart function

Question 42

Explain the pressure changes in the left atrium, left ventricle and aorta during the cardiac cycle

Question 43

Explain the relationship between atrial and ventricular pressure and the opening and closing of heart valves

Question 43

Explain the atrial, ventricular and arterial pressure changes as illustrated on a graph of pressure changes during the cardiac cycle

Question 44

Identify the time of opening and closing of heart valves on a graph o f pressure changes during the cardiac cycle

Question 45

Compare the diameter, relative wall thickness, lumen diameter, number of wall layers, abundance of muscle and elastic fibres and presence of valves in arteries, capillaries and veins

Question 46

Given a micrograph, identify a blood vessel as an artery, capillary or vein

Question 47

Label a diagram of the heart with the following structure names: superior vena cava, inferior vena cava, pulmonary semilunar valve, aorta, pulmonary artery, pulmonary veins, aortic semilunar valve, left atrioventricular valve, left ventricle, septum, right ventricle, left atrium, right atrium and right atrioventricular valve

Question 48

Describe how Harvey was able to disprove Galen’s theory

Question 49

Outline Galen’s description of blood flow in the body

Question 50

Define “pathogen”

Question 51

State that skin and mucous membranes form the first line of defense against pathogens

Question 52

Outline the role of skin, sebaceous glands and mucous membranes in the defense against pathogens

Question 53

Describe the blood clotting cascade, including the role of platelets, clotting factors, thrombin, fibrinogen and fibrin

Question 53

State two benefits of blood clotting when skin is cut

Question 54

Outline two roles of platelets in the blood clotting cascade.

Question 55

State the white blood cells are the second line of defence against pathogens

Question 56

Define “specific immune response”

Question 56

Outline the function of phagocytic white blood cells in defense against pathogens

Question 57

Contrast antigen and antibody

Answer 57

Antigen:

Antibody:

Question 58

Describe the structure and function of antibodies

Question 59

State the function of plasma cells and memory cells.

Question 60

Explain why antibiotics are ineffective against viruses

Question 61

Define “antibiotic”

Question 62

Outline the mechanisms by which antibiotics kill bacteria

Question 63

Explain why antibiotics are ineffective against viruses

Question 64

List five measures that can be taken to avoid the development of antibiotic resistance

Question 65

Explain why multiple drug antibiotic resistance is especially dangerous

Question 66

Define “gas exchange” and “ventilation”

Question 66

State an example of a multidrug resistant bacteria

Question 67

State the function of the coronary arteries

Question 67

Define “coronary thrombosis”

Question 68

Describe the consequences of the HIV on the immune system

Question 68

List sources of arterial damage that increase the risk of coronary thrombosis

Question 69

List sources of arterial damage that increase the risk of coronary thrombosis

Question 70

Outline the relationship between HIV and AIDS

Question 71

List ways the HIV virus is spread

Question 72

Explain methods and results of Florey and Chain’s experiments

Question 73

Compare allowable research risks of the past with those of the present.

Question 73

State the location of gas exchange in humans

Answer 73

Alveoli

Question 73

Outline the mechanism of gas exchange in humans

Question 73

Draw a diagram showing the structure of an alveolus and an adjacent capillary

Question 73

Describe how the structure of the alveoli increases surface area for gas exchange

Question 74

Outline the structure of type 1 pneumocytes

Question 75

Outline the structure and function of type II pneumocytes

Question 76

Describe two functions of the fluid secreted by type II pneumocytes

Question 77

Outline the flow of air into the lungs

Question 78

State the role of cartilage in the trachea and bronchi

Question 79

State the role of smooth muscle fibres in the bronchioles

Question 80

Outline the pressure and volume changes that occur during inspiration and expiration

Question 80

State the relationship between gas pressure and volume

Question 81

Explain the contraction and relaxation of muscles through the use of antagonistic muscle pairs

Question 82

Outline the direction of movement of the diaphragm and rib-cage during inspiration and expiration

Question 83

Outline the causes of lung cancer

Question 83

Describe the antagonistic muscle contraction and relaxation required to move the rib-cage and diaphragm during inhalation and expiration

Question 84

List symptoms of lung cancer.

Question 85

Outline the causes of emphysema

Question 86

State the symptoms of emphysema

Question 87

Outline reasons why gas exchange and ventilation are less effective in people with emphysema

Question 88

List treatment options for people with emphysema

Question 88

Identify the manipulated and responding variables in a test of the effect of exercise on ventilation

Question 89

Define epidemiology

Question 90

Outline techniques for measuring ventilation rate or lung tidal volume

Question 91

State the function of the nervous system

Question 91

Outline how epidemiological studies contributed to understanding the association between smoking and lung cancer

Question 91

Annotate a neuron drawing with the name and function of the following cell parts: dendrites, axon and cell bod

Question 92

Outline the structure and function of myelin

Question 92

State the role of Schwann cells in formation of myelin

Question 92

Draw the structure of a neuron

Question 93

Outline the mechanism and benefit of saltatory conduction

Question 93

Compare the speed of nerve impulse conduction myelinated and non-myelinated neurons

Question 94

Define “action potential”, “depolarization” and “repolarization”

Answer 94

Action potential:

Depolarization:

Repolarization:

Question 94

Define “resting potential”

Question 95

Explain three mechanisms that together create the resting potential in a neuron

Question 95

State the voltage of the resting potential

Question 96

Outline the mechanism of neuron depolarization

Question 97

Outline the mechanism of neuron repolarization

Question 98

Define “nerve impulse”

Question 99

Describe how nerve impulses are propagated along the neuron axon

Question 100

Outline the cause and consequence of the refractory period after depolarization

Question 101

Explain how the movement of sodium ions propagates an action potential along an axon

Question 101

Define “synapse”, “synaptic cleft” and “effector”

Question 102

Explain movement of sodium ions in a local current

Question 103

Describe that cause of and effect of membrane potential reaching the threshold potential

Question 104

State the role of neurotransmitters

Question 105

Outline the mechanism of synaptic transmission, including the role of depolarization, calcium ions, diffusion, exocytosis, neurotransmitters, receptors, sodium ions, sodium channels, threshold potential and action potential

Question 106

Outline the role of positive feedback and sodium ions in the reaching of threshold potential

Question 107

​Explain why some synaptic transmissions will not lead to an action potential in a postsynaptic cell

Question 108

Outline the secretion, action, reabsorption and formation of acetylcholine

Answer 108

Secretion:

Action:

Reabsorption:

Question 109

Outline the mechanism of action of neonicotinoids use as insecticides

Question 110

Define “cholinergic synapse”

Question 111

Compare the proportion of cholinergic synapses in insects and humans

Answer 111

Insects:

Humans:

Question 112

State why neonicotinoids insecticides are not highly toxic to humans

Question 113

​Outline the use of oscilloscopes in measuring membrane potential

Question 114

Annotate an oscilloscope trace to show the resting potential, action potential (depolarization and repolarization), threshold potential and refractory period

Question 115

​Describe the effects of cooperative and collaboration between groups of scientists

Question 116

State an example of how people from multiple scientific disciplines are collaborating to understand learning and/or memory

Question 117

Compare the growth and fixed mindsets effect on learning

Question 118

Explain the basic biology of learning

Question 119

Draw and explain the Ebbinghaus forgetting curve

Question 120

Outline the impact of repetition and review on learning

Question 121

State the impact of multitasking on memory consolidation

Question 122

Explain the control of blood glucose concentration, including the roles of glucagon, insulin and the alpha and beta cells in the pancreatic islets

Question 123

Describe the structure and function of thyroxin

Question 124

Outline thyroxin’s role in body temperature regulation

Question 125

List symptoms of thyroxin deficiency

Question 126

State that leptin is a protein hormone

Question 127

Outline the mechanism of action of leptin

Question 128

Describe the role and discovery of the ob allele in obese mice

Question 129

Define “circadian rhythm”

Question 129

Describe the secretion and action of melatonin

Question 130

Outline the mechanism that regulates melatonin secretion in response to the day-night cycle

Question 131

Describe the mechanism by which the SRY gene regulates embryonic gonad development.

Question 132

Outline role of testosterone in prenatal development of male genitalia

Question 133

State testosterone’s role in stimulating the primary sexual characteristic of males

Question 134

List secondary sexual characteristics triggered by testosterone at puberty

Question 135

State the sources of estrogen and progesterone used in embryonic development

Question 136

Describe prenatal development of female reproductive organs

Question 137

List secondary sexual characteristics triggered by estrogen and progesterone at puberty

Question 137

Outline events occurring during the follicular and luteal phases of the menstrual cycle

Question 138

State the source and location of action of hormones in the menstrual cycle, including FSH (follicle stimulating hormone), LH (luteinising hormone), estrogen and progesterone

Question 139

Outline the role of hormones in the menstrual cycle, including FSH (follicle stimulating hormone), LH (luteinising hormone), estrogen and progesterone

Question 140

Describe the negative feedback loops that regulates secretion of FSH

Question 141

Describe the positive feedback loop that regulates secretion of estrogen

Question 142

Annotate a graph showing hormone levels in the menstrual cycle, illustrating the relationship between changes in hormone levels and follicular development, ovulation, changes to the corpus luteum, menstruation and the thickening of the endometrium

Question 143

Distinguish between causes of type I and type II diabetes

Question 144

Distinguish between treatment of type I and type II diabetes

Question 145

Explain the double blind study that tested the effect of leptin treatment on human obesity

Question 146

Outline role of leptin resistance in human obesity

Question 147

State symptoms of jet lag

Question 148

Outline the biological cause of jet lag

Question 149

Describe use of melatonin in treatment for jet lag.

Question 149

Define “in vitro fertilization”

Question 150

Outline the process of in vitro fertilisation including down-regulation, superovulation, harvesting, fertilization and implantation

Question 151

Outline Harvey’s methods of studying reproduction

Question 152

State Harvey’s discovery about reproduction

Question 152

Label a diagram of the male reproductive system, including the bladder, sperm duct, penis (with foreskin and erectile tissue), urethra, testis, scrotum, epididymis, prostate gland and seminal vesicle

Question 153

Outline the function of the following male reproductive structures: testis, scrotum, epididymis, sperm duct, seminal vesicle, prostate gland, urethra and penis

Question 154

Label a diagram of the female reproductive system, including the ovary, uterus, bladder, urethra, vulva, vagina, cervix and oviduct

Question 155

Outline the function of the following female reproductive structures: ovary, oviduct, uterus, cervix, vagina, and vulva

Question 156

Describe what Harvey was and was not able to observe in his reproduction research given the tools available at the time