Human Physiology Flashcards
Structure of the digestive system, The blood system, Defence against infectious diseases, Gas exchange, Neurons and synapses, Hormones, homeostasis and reproduction
Outline the role of peristalsis in the digestive process
List the name, substrate and product of four pancreatic enzymes that hydrolyze food in the small intestine
List the name and substrate of the three major classes of enzymes secreted by the pancreas
List the name, substrate and product of six enzymes produced by gland cells in the small intestine wall
Describe why enzymes produced by gland cells in the small intestine wall often remain immobilized in the cell membrane
List three adaptations that increase the surface area for absorption on the small intestine
Draw the villi as viewed in cross section
Label the following on a diagram of a villi: capillary, epithelial cell, lacteal, and goblet cell
State the function of the following villi structures: capillary, epithelial cell, lacteal, and goblet cell
Define “absorption”
List materials absorbed by the villi cells of the small intestine
List four methods of membrane transport required to absorb nutrients
Describe the absorption of triglycerides
Describe the absorption of glucose
Describe the structure of starch
Outline the source, function and specificity of amylase
Outline the digestion of maltose, maltotriose and dextrins into glucose
Describe absorption of glucose by villus epithelial cells
State the role of the digestive system
Explain the use of dialysis tubing as a model for the small intestine
Describe transport of glucose into and through villi capillaries
Draw a diagram of the human digestive system
Outline the function of the following digestive system structures: mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, pancreas, liver, gall bladder, and large intestine
Mouth:
Esophagus:
Stomach:
Small intestine:
Pancreas:
Liver:
Gall bladder:
Large intestine:
Outline the function of the four layers of tissue found in the wall of the small intestine
Explain the use of models in physiology research
Label the four layers of tissue found in the wall of the small intestine as viewed with a microscope or in a micrograph
State two examples of model systems used to study digestion
State limitations of using model systems in physiology research
State the function of arteries
Outline the role of elastic and muscle tissue in arteries
Describe the structure and function of the three layers of artery wall tissue
Describe the structure and function of capillaries
Describe the mechanism used to maintain blood flow in arteries between heartbeats
State the reason for toughness of artery walls
Define systolic and diastolic blood pressure
Define “vasoconstriction” and “vasodilation”
Vasoconstriction:
Vasodilation:
State the function of veins
Veins collect blood at low pressure from the tissues of the body and return it to the right atria of the heart.
Describe the cause and effect of diffusion of blood plasma into and out of a capillary network
Draw a diagram to illustrate the double circulation system in mammals
Outline the roles of gravity and skeletal muscle pressure in maintaining flow of blood through a vein
Outline the structure and function of a pocket valve
Compare the circulation of blood in fish to that of mammals
Explain the flow of blood through the pulmonary and systemic circulations
Outline the role of cells in the sinoatrial node
Explain why the mammalian heart must function as a double pump
Define “myogenic contraction”
Describe the propagation of the electrical signal from the sinoatrial node through the atria and ventricles
State the reason why the sinoatrial node is often called the pacemaker
Outline the structures and functions of nervous tissue that can regulate heart rate
Describe factors that will increase heart rate
Describe factors that will decrease heart rate
Outline conditions that will lead to epinephrine secretion
Explain the effect of epinephrine on heart rate
Describe the cause and consequence of atherosclerosis
Outline William Harvey’s role in discovery of blood circulation
Outline the effect of a coronary occlusion on heart function
Explain the pressure changes in the left atrium, left ventricle and aorta during the cardiac cycle
Explain the relationship between atrial and ventricular pressure and the opening and closing of heart valves
Explain the atrial, ventricular and arterial pressure changes as illustrated on a graph of pressure changes during the cardiac cycle
Identify the time of opening and closing of heart valves on a graph o f pressure changes during the cardiac cycle
Compare the diameter, relative wall thickness, lumen diameter, number of wall layers, abundance of muscle and elastic fibres and presence of valves in arteries, capillaries and veins
Given a micrograph, identify a blood vessel as an artery, capillary or vein
Label a diagram of the heart with the following structure names: superior vena cava, inferior vena cava, pulmonary semilunar valve, aorta, pulmonary artery, pulmonary veins, aortic semilunar valve, left atrioventricular valve, left ventricle, septum, right ventricle, left atrium, right atrium and right atrioventricular valve
Describe how Harvey was able to disprove Galen’s theory
Outline Galen’s description of blood flow in the body
Define “pathogen”
State that skin and mucous membranes form the first line of defense against pathogens
Outline the role of skin, sebaceous glands and mucous membranes in the defense against pathogens
Describe the blood clotting cascade, including the role of platelets, clotting factors, thrombin, fibrinogen and fibrin
State two benefits of blood clotting when skin is cut
Outline two roles of platelets in the blood clotting cascade.
State the white blood cells are the second line of defence against pathogens
Define “specific immune response”
Outline the function of phagocytic white blood cells in defense against pathogens
Contrast antigen and antibody
Antigen:
Antibody:
Describe the structure and function of antibodies
State the function of plasma cells and memory cells.
Explain why antibiotics are ineffective against viruses
Define “antibiotic”
Outline the mechanisms by which antibiotics kill bacteria
Explain why antibiotics are ineffective against viruses
List five measures that can be taken to avoid the development of antibiotic resistance
Explain why multiple drug antibiotic resistance is especially dangerous
Define “gas exchange” and “ventilation”
State an example of a multidrug resistant bacteria
State the function of the coronary arteries
Define “coronary thrombosis”
Describe the consequences of the HIV on the immune system
List sources of arterial damage that increase the risk of coronary thrombosis
List sources of arterial damage that increase the risk of coronary thrombosis
Outline the relationship between HIV and AIDS
List ways the HIV virus is spread
Explain methods and results of Florey and Chain’s experiments
Compare allowable research risks of the past with those of the present.
State the location of gas exchange in humans
Alveoli
Outline the mechanism of gas exchange in humans
Draw a diagram showing the structure of an alveolus and an adjacent capillary
Describe how the structure of the alveoli increases surface area for gas exchange
Outline the structure of type 1 pneumocytes
Outline the structure and function of type II pneumocytes
Describe two functions of the fluid secreted by type II pneumocytes
Outline the flow of air into the lungs
State the role of cartilage in the trachea and bronchi
State the role of smooth muscle fibres in the bronchioles
Outline the pressure and volume changes that occur during inspiration and expiration
State the relationship between gas pressure and volume
Explain the contraction and relaxation of muscles through the use of antagonistic muscle pairs
Outline the direction of movement of the diaphragm and rib-cage during inspiration and expiration
Outline the causes of lung cancer
Describe the antagonistic muscle contraction and relaxation required to move the rib-cage and diaphragm during inhalation and expiration
List symptoms of lung cancer.
Outline the causes of emphysema
State the symptoms of emphysema
Outline reasons why gas exchange and ventilation are less effective in people with emphysema
List treatment options for people with emphysema
Identify the manipulated and responding variables in a test of the effect of exercise on ventilation
Define epidemiology
Outline techniques for measuring ventilation rate or lung tidal volume
State the function of the nervous system
Outline how epidemiological studies contributed to understanding the association between smoking and lung cancer
Annotate a neuron drawing with the name and function of the following cell parts: dendrites, axon and cell bod
Outline the structure and function of myelin
State the role of Schwann cells in formation of myelin
Draw the structure of a neuron
Outline the mechanism and benefit of saltatory conduction
Compare the speed of nerve impulse conduction myelinated and non-myelinated neurons
Define “action potential”, “depolarization” and “repolarization”
Action potential:
Depolarization:
Repolarization:
Define “resting potential”
Explain three mechanisms that together create the resting potential in a neuron
State the voltage of the resting potential
Outline the mechanism of neuron depolarization
Outline the mechanism of neuron repolarization
Define “nerve impulse”
Describe how nerve impulses are propagated along the neuron axon
Outline the cause and consequence of the refractory period after depolarization
Explain how the movement of sodium ions propagates an action potential along an axon
Define “synapse”, “synaptic cleft” and “effector”
Explain movement of sodium ions in a local current
Describe that cause of and effect of membrane potential reaching the threshold potential
State the role of neurotransmitters
Outline the mechanism of synaptic transmission, including the role of depolarization, calcium ions, diffusion, exocytosis, neurotransmitters, receptors, sodium ions, sodium channels, threshold potential and action potential
Outline the role of positive feedback and sodium ions in the reaching of threshold potential
Explain why some synaptic transmissions will not lead to an action potential in a postsynaptic cell
Outline the secretion, action, reabsorption and formation of acetylcholine
Secretion:
Action:
Reabsorption:
Outline the mechanism of action of neonicotinoids use as insecticides
Define “cholinergic synapse”
Compare the proportion of cholinergic synapses in insects and humans
Insects:
Humans:
State why neonicotinoids insecticides are not highly toxic to humans
Outline the use of oscilloscopes in measuring membrane potential
Annotate an oscilloscope trace to show the resting potential, action potential (depolarization and repolarization), threshold potential and refractory period
Describe the effects of cooperative and collaboration between groups of scientists
State an example of how people from multiple scientific disciplines are collaborating to understand learning and/or memory
Compare the growth and fixed mindsets effect on learning
Explain the basic biology of learning
Draw and explain the Ebbinghaus forgetting curve
Outline the impact of repetition and review on learning
State the impact of multitasking on memory consolidation
Explain the control of blood glucose concentration, including the roles of glucagon, insulin and the alpha and beta cells in the pancreatic islets
Describe the structure and function of thyroxin
Outline thyroxin’s role in body temperature regulation
List symptoms of thyroxin deficiency
State that leptin is a protein hormone
Outline the mechanism of action of leptin
Describe the role and discovery of the ob allele in obese mice
Define “circadian rhythm”
Describe the secretion and action of melatonin
Outline the mechanism that regulates melatonin secretion in response to the day-night cycle
Describe the mechanism by which the SRY gene regulates embryonic gonad development.
Outline role of testosterone in prenatal development of male genitalia
State testosterone’s role in stimulating the primary sexual characteristic of males
List secondary sexual characteristics triggered by testosterone at puberty
State the sources of estrogen and progesterone used in embryonic development
Describe prenatal development of female reproductive organs
List secondary sexual characteristics triggered by estrogen and progesterone at puberty
Outline events occurring during the follicular and luteal phases of the menstrual cycle
State the source and location of action of hormones in the menstrual cycle, including FSH (follicle stimulating hormone), LH (luteinising hormone), estrogen and progesterone
Outline the role of hormones in the menstrual cycle, including FSH (follicle stimulating hormone), LH (luteinising hormone), estrogen and progesterone
Describe the negative feedback loops that regulates secretion of FSH
Describe the positive feedback loop that regulates secretion of estrogen
Annotate a graph showing hormone levels in the menstrual cycle, illustrating the relationship between changes in hormone levels and follicular development, ovulation, changes to the corpus luteum, menstruation and the thickening of the endometrium
Distinguish between causes of type I and type II diabetes
Distinguish between treatment of type I and type II diabetes
Explain the double blind study that tested the effect of leptin treatment on human obesity
Outline role of leptin resistance in human obesity
State symptoms of jet lag
Outline the biological cause of jet lag
Describe use of melatonin in treatment for jet lag.
Define “in vitro fertilization”
Outline the process of in vitro fertilisation including down-regulation, superovulation, harvesting, fertilization and implantation
Outline Harvey’s methods of studying reproduction
State Harvey’s discovery about reproduction
Label a diagram of the male reproductive system, including the bladder, sperm duct, penis (with foreskin and erectile tissue), urethra, testis, scrotum, epididymis, prostate gland and seminal vesicle
Outline the function of the following male reproductive structures: testis, scrotum, epididymis, sperm duct, seminal vesicle, prostate gland, urethra and penis
Label a diagram of the female reproductive system, including the ovary, uterus, bladder, urethra, vulva, vagina, cervix and oviduct
Outline the function of the following female reproductive structures: ovary, oviduct, uterus, cervix, vagina, and vulva
Describe what Harvey was and was not able to observe in his reproduction research given the tools available at the time
