Animal Physiology Flashcards
Antibody production and vaccination, Movement, The kidney and osmoregulation, Sexual reproduction
Define “antigen”
List example antigen molecules
Describe activation of B cell lymphocytes by the helper T cells
Explain the “challenge and response” mechanism of specific immunity
Describe activation of helper T lymphocytes by the macrophage
Describe clonal selection of plasma B cells
Outline the structure and function of plasma B cells
Outline four modes of antibody action
Define “immunity”
State two mechanisms of immunity
Explain the differences between the primary and secondary immune responses
Explain the principle of vaccination
Outline mechanisms that prevent some pathogens from crossing species
Define “zoonosis”
List three examples of zoonotic diseases
List allergic symptoms caused by histamines
State the source and function of histamine proteins
State the function of an anti-histamine
Explain the production of hybridoma cells
Define “monoclonal antibody”
Describe the production of monoclonal antibodies in hybridoma cells
Outline the use of monoclonal antibodies in diagnosis and treatment
Outline the difference between the ABO blood antigens
State the four human ABO blood types.
Describe the consequence of mismatched blood transfusions, including agglutination and hemolysis
Describe the global initiative used to eradicate smallpox
Define “epidemiology”
Describe a pregnancy test strip works, including the role of free and immobilized monoclonal antibodies
Outline the role of an epidemiologist in vaccination programs
Describe how Jenner tested his smallpox vaccine
List reasons when Jenner’s test would not be approved today
State the function of bones and exoskeletons
Determine the class of motion of a lever
Contrast bones with exoskeletons
State an example of an antagonistic pair of muscles
Identify the fulcrum, effort force and resultant force in the motion of the spine and the grasshopper leg
Define “antagonistic pairs” in relation to muscle movement
Compare the motion of hinge joints with the motion of a ball and socket joint
Outline motion of the human knee, shoulder and hip in terms of flexion, extension, rotation, abduction and adduction
List three types of muscle tissue found in the human body
Label a diagram of a muscle fibre cell, including the sacrolemma, nuclei, sacroplasmic reticulum and mitochondria
Outline the relationship between muscles, muscle fibre cells and myofibrils
Outline the relationship between myofibrils and sacromeres
Describe a structure of a sarcomere., including the Zline, thin actin filaments, thick myosin filaments, light band and dark band
Explain the sliding-filament mechanism of muscle contraction, including the role of myosin heads, cross bridges and ATP
Explain the exposure of myosin head binding sites on actin, including the role of the sarcoplasmic reticulum, calcium, troponin and tropomyosin
List the events that occur during cross-bridge cycles
Describe the role of ATP in muscle contraction
Label the tibia, femur, tarsus, flexor muscle and extensor muscle on a diagram of a grasshopper hind limb
Describe the contraction of muscles and movement of hindlimb structures that produces a grasshopper jump
Label a diagram of the human elbow inclusive of: humerus, triceps, biceps, joint capsule, synovial fluid, radius, cartilage and ulna
Draw a diagram of the structure of a sarcomere
State the function of structures found in the human elbow, including: humerus, triceps, biceps, joint capsule, synovial fluid, radius, cartilage and ulna
Label a sarcomere diagram, including Z lines, actin filaments, myosin filaments with heads and the resultant light and dark bands
Compare a relaxed sarcomere to a contracted sarcomere, referring to Z line distance and size of light bands
Describe the use of fluorescence to study muscle contraction
Determine of a sarcomere is contracted or relaxed given an electron micrograph image
Explain the bioluminescence observed in muscle contraction studies using calcium sensitive aequorin
Explain the bioluminescence observed in muscle contraction studies using fluorescently tagged myosin molecules
List three example osmoregulator animals and three example osmoconformer animals
Osmoregulators:
Osmoconformers:
Define “osmoregulator” and “osmoconformer”
Osmoregulator:
Osmoconformer:
Define “osmoregulation”
State the nitrogenous waste products found in insects and mammals
Outline the structure and function of the Malpighian tubule system
State the functions of the kidney
List 4 substances that are found in higher concentration in the renal artery than in the renal vein
Distinguish between osmoregulation and excretion
Compare the relative glucose, oxygen and carbon dioxide concentrations between the renal artery and the renal vein
State that plasma proteins are not filtered by the kidney so should be present in the same concentration in the renal artery and renal vein
Outline the cause and effect of high blood pressure in the kidney glomerulus
Define “filtrate” and “ultrafiltration”
Filtrate:
Ultrafiltration:
Outline the role of fenestration, the basement membrane and podocytes in ultrafiltration
List solutes found in glomerular filtrate
Explain why plasma proteins and blood cells are not part of glomerular filtrate
On a glomerulus diagram, label the basement membrane, fenestrations, podocyte foot processes, podocytes
Describe the relationship between the glomerulus and Bowman’s capsule
List substances in the glomerular filtrate that are reabsorbed in the proximal convoluted tubule
Explain why cells lining the lumen of the proximal convoluted tubule have microvilli and many mitochondria
Outline the mechanism of selective reabsorption of sodium ions, chloride ions, glucose and water
State the overall function of the loop of Henle
Outline the role of interstitial fluid in osmoregulation
Describe the structure and function of the descending limb of the loop of Henle
Describe the structure and function of the ascending limb of the loop of Henle
Describe why the loop of Henle is a countercurrent multiplier system
Outline the relationship between habitat and length of the loop of Henle
Outline the relationship between habitat and relative medullary thickness
Outline the tonicity of filtrate entering the distal convoluted tubule from the loop of Henle
Outline the of low blood solute concentration on the volume of urine produced, solute concentration in the urine, permeability of the distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct to water and volume of water reabsorbed
Outline the of high blood solute concentration on the volume of urine produced, solute concentration in the urine, permeability of the distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct to water and volume of water reabsorbed
Outline the source and function of ADH in osmoregulation
Outline the production and effect of ammonia in animals
State the nitrogenous waste products released by: aquatic organisms, terrestrial organisms, marine mammals, amphibians, birds and insects.
Aquatic organisms:
Terrestrial organisms:
Marine mammals:
Amphibians:
Birds:
Insects:
Compare urea and uric acid
Urea:
Uric acid:
Outline the causes and consequences of dehydration
Outline the causes and consequences of overhydration
Outline the process of hemodialysis
List two common causes of kidney failure
Outline the process of kidney transplant
Define “urinalysis”
Outline the treatment of kidney stones by ultrasound
Outline the microscopic examination of urine for detection of infection, kidney stones or kidney tumors
Outline the use of a urine test strip in detection of diabetes, kidney damage and drug use
Draw a diagram of a human kidney
Label the renal artery, renal vein, cortex, medulla, renal pelvis and ureter on a diagram of the human kidney
Define “nephron”
Annotate a diagram of the nephron with the following structures and associated functions: Bowman’s capsule, proximal convoluted tubule, Loop of Henle,. distal convoluted tubule, collecting duct, afferent arteriole, glomerulus, efferent arteriole, peritubular capillaries, vasa recta and venules
Define “oogenesis” and “spermatogenesis”
Oogenesis:
Spermatogenesis:
Outline the processes involved in spermatogenesis within the testes, including mitosis, cell growth, the two divisions of meiosis and cell differentiation
Outline the processes involved in oogenesis within the ovary, including mitosis, cell growth, the two divisions of meiosis, the unequal division of cytoplasm and the degeneration of polar body
Compare the processes of spermatogenesis and oogenesis, including the number of gametes, size of games, the timing of formation and release of gametes
Define “polyspermy” and explain why it is detrimental to an organism
Outline the process of fertilization
Describe mechanisms that prevent polyspermy
Compare internal and external fertilization
Define “zygote”, “blastocyst” and “fetus”
Zygote:
Blastocyst:
Fetus:
Outline embryonic development from zygote to blastocyst
List the source, target and function of HCG
Draw a diagram of a blastocyst, labeling the inner cell mass
Describe the structure of the placenta, including the fetal villus, fetal capillary, maternal blood pool and chorion)
List the direction and mechanism of transport between maternal and fetal blood for CO2, O2, glucose, urea, antibodies and water in the placenta
Explain the benefits of having a high chorion surface area and a selectively permeable placental barrier
List the source, target and function of estrogen and progesterone as related to pregnancy
List the source, target and function of estrogen and oxytocin as related to the birth process
Analyze a graph to determine the relationship between gestation time and animal mass
Label the following on a diagram of a seminiferous tubule: interstitial cells, basement membrane, germinal epithelium cells, primary spermatocyte, secondary spermatocyte, Sertoli cells, spermatids, spermatozoa and spermatogonium
Contrast altricial and precocial development mechanisms
Label the following on a diagram of a ovary: basement membrane, primary follicles, primary oocytes, developing follicles, secondary follicles, secondary oocycle, mature follicle, developing corpus luteum, corpus luteum, and degenerating corpus luteum.
Label the following on a diagram of a mature sperm: head, acrosome, plasma membrane, haploid nucleus, midpiece, helical mitochondria, microtubules, protein fibres in tail and tail
State the function of each of the following sperm structures: head, acrosome, plasma membrane, haploid nucleus, midpiece, helical mitochondria, microtubules, protein fibres in tail and tail
Label the following on a diagram of a mature egg: haploid nucleus, centrioles, polar body, plasma membrane, corona radiata, zona pellucida, cortical granules and cytoplasm
State the function of each of the following egg structures: haploid nucleus, centrioles, polar body, plasma membrane, corona radiata, zona pellucida, cortical granules and cytoplasm
Outline how the female contraceptive pill prevents pregnancy
Describe problems attributed to estrogen pollution in water
