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Animal Physiology Flashcards

Antibody production and vaccination, Movement, The kidney and osmoregulation, Sexual reproduction

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Define “antigen”

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2
Q

List example antigen molecules

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2
Q

Describe activation of B cell lymphocytes by the helper T cells

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3
Q

Explain the “challenge and response” mechanism of specific immunity

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3
Q

Describe activation of helper T lymphocytes by the macrophage

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3
Q

Describe clonal selection of plasma B cells

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4
Q

Outline the structure and function of plasma B cells

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5
Q

Outline four modes of antibody action

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6
Q

Define “immunity”

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7
Q

State two mechanisms of immunity

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8
Q

Explain the differences between the primary and secondary immune responses

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9
Q

Explain the principle of vaccination

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10
Q

Outline mechanisms that prevent some pathogens from crossing species

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11
Q

Define “zoonosis”

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12
Q

List three examples of zoonotic diseases

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13
Q

List allergic symptoms caused by histamines

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14
Q

State the source and function of histamine proteins

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15
Q

State the function of an anti-histamine

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16
Q

Explain the production of hybridoma cells

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17
Q

Define “monoclonal antibody”

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18
Q

Describe the production of monoclonal antibodies in hybridoma cells

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19
Q

Outline the use of monoclonal antibodies in diagnosis and treatment

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20
Q

Outline the difference between the ABO blood antigens

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21
Q

State the four human ABO blood types.

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22
Q

Describe the consequence of mismatched blood transfusions, including agglutination and hemolysis

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23
Q

Describe the global initiative used to eradicate smallpox

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24
Q

Define “epidemiology”

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24
Q

Describe a pregnancy test strip works, including the role of free and immobilized monoclonal antibodies

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25
Q

Outline the role of an epidemiologist in vaccination programs

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26
Q

Describe how Jenner tested his smallpox vaccine

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27
Q

List reasons when Jenner’s test would not be approved today

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28
Q

State the function of bones and exoskeletons

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29
Q

Determine the class of motion of a lever

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29
Q

Contrast bones with exoskeletons

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30
Q

State an example of an antagonistic pair of muscles

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30
Q

Identify the fulcrum, effort force and resultant force in the motion of the spine and the grasshopper leg

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31
Q

Define “antagonistic pairs” in relation to muscle movement

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32
Q

Compare the motion of hinge joints with the motion of a ball and socket joint

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33
Q

Outline motion of the human knee, shoulder and hip in terms of flexion, extension, rotation, abduction and adduction

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33
Q

List three types of muscle tissue found in the human body

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34
Q

Label a diagram of a muscle fibre cell, including the sacrolemma, nuclei, sacroplasmic reticulum and mitochondria

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35
Q

Outline the relationship between muscles, muscle fibre cells and myofibrils

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36
Q

Outline the relationship between myofibrils and sacromeres

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37
Q

Describe a structure of a sarcomere., including the Zline, thin actin filaments, thick myosin filaments, light band and dark band

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38
Q

Explain the sliding-filament mechanism of muscle contraction, including the role of myosin heads, cross bridges and ATP

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39
Q

Explain the exposure of myosin head binding sites on actin, including the role of the sarcoplasmic reticulum, calcium, troponin and tropomyosin

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40
Q

List the events that occur during cross-bridge cycles

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41
Q

Describe the role of ATP in muscle contraction

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42
Q

Label the tibia, femur, tarsus, flexor muscle and extensor muscle on a diagram of a grasshopper hind limb

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43
Q

Describe the contraction of muscles and movement of hindlimb structures that produces a grasshopper jump

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44
Q

Label a diagram of the human elbow inclusive of: humerus, triceps, biceps, joint capsule, synovial fluid, radius, cartilage and ulna

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45
Q

Draw a diagram of the structure of a sarcomere

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45
Q

State the function of structures found in the human elbow, including: humerus, triceps, biceps, joint capsule, synovial fluid, radius, cartilage and ulna

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46
Q

Label a sarcomere diagram, including Z lines, actin filaments, myosin filaments with heads and the resultant light and dark bands

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47
Q

Compare a relaxed sarcomere to a contracted sarcomere, referring to Z line distance and size of light bands

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48
Q

Describe the use of fluorescence to study muscle contraction

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48
Q

Determine of a sarcomere is contracted or relaxed given an electron micrograph image

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49
Q

Explain the bioluminescence observed in muscle contraction studies using calcium sensitive aequorin

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50
Q

Explain the bioluminescence observed in muscle contraction studies using fluorescently tagged myosin molecules

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51
Q

List three example osmoregulator animals and three example osmoconformer animals

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Osmoregulators:

Osmoconformers:

51
Q

Define “osmoregulator” and “osmoconformer”

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Osmoregulator:

Osmoconformer:

52
Q

Define “osmoregulation”

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53
Q

State the nitrogenous waste products found in insects and mammals

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54
Q

Outline the structure and function of the Malpighian tubule system

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55
Q

State the functions of the kidney

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55
Q

List 4 substances that are found in higher concentration in the renal artery than in the renal vein

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56
Q

Distinguish between osmoregulation and excretion

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57
Q

Compare the relative glucose, oxygen and carbon dioxide concentrations between the renal artery and the renal vein

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58
Q

State that plasma proteins are not filtered by the kidney so should be present in the same concentration in the renal artery and renal vein

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59
Q

Outline the cause and effect of high blood pressure in the kidney glomerulus

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59
Q

Define “filtrate” and “ultrafiltration”

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Filtrate:

Ultrafiltration:

60
Q

Outline the role of fenestration, the basement membrane and podocytes in ultrafiltration

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60
Q

List solutes found in glomerular filtrate

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61
Q

Explain why plasma proteins and blood cells are not part of glomerular filtrate

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62
Q

On a glomerulus diagram, label the basement membrane, fenestrations, podocyte foot processes, podocytes

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63
Q

Describe the relationship between the glomerulus and Bowman’s capsule

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64
Q

List substances in the glomerular filtrate that are reabsorbed in the proximal convoluted tubule

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65
Q

Explain why cells lining the lumen of the proximal convoluted tubule have microvilli and many mitochondria

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66
Q

Outline the mechanism of selective reabsorption of sodium ions, chloride ions, glucose and water

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67
Q

State the overall function of the loop of Henle

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68
Q

Outline the role of interstitial fluid in osmoregulation

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69
Q

Describe the structure and function of the descending limb of the loop of Henle

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70
Q

Describe the structure and function of the ascending limb of the loop of Henle

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71
Q

Describe why the loop of Henle is a countercurrent multiplier system

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72
Q

Outline the relationship between habitat and length of the loop of Henle

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73
Q

Outline the relationship between habitat and relative medullary thickness

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74
Q

Outline the tonicity of filtrate entering the distal convoluted tubule from the loop of Henle

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75
Q

Outline the of low blood solute concentration on the volume of urine produced, solute concentration in the urine, permeability of the distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct to water and volume of water reabsorbed

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76
Q

Outline the of high blood solute concentration on the volume of urine produced, solute concentration in the urine, permeability of the distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct to water and volume of water reabsorbed

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77
Q

Outline the source and function of ADH in osmoregulation

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78
Q

Outline the production and effect of ammonia in animals

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78
Q

State the nitrogenous waste products released by: aquatic organisms, terrestrial organisms, marine mammals, amphibians, birds and insects.

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Aquatic organisms:

Terrestrial organisms:

Marine mammals:

Amphibians:

Birds:

Insects:

79
Q

Compare urea and uric acid

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Urea:

Uric acid:

80
Q

Outline the causes and consequences of dehydration

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81
Q

Outline the causes and consequences of overhydration

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82
Q

Outline the process of hemodialysis

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83
Q

List two common causes of kidney failure

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84
Q

Outline the process of kidney transplant

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85
Q

Define “urinalysis”

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86
Q

Outline the treatment of kidney stones by ultrasound

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87
Q

Outline the microscopic examination of urine for detection of infection, kidney stones or kidney tumors

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88
Q

Outline the use of a urine test strip in detection of diabetes, kidney damage and drug use

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89
Q

Draw a diagram of a human kidney

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90
Q

Label the renal artery, renal vein, cortex, medulla, renal pelvis and ureter on a diagram of the human kidney

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91
Q

Define “nephron”

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92
Q

Annotate a diagram of the nephron with the following structures and associated functions: Bowman’s capsule, proximal convoluted tubule, Loop of Henle,. distal convoluted tubule, collecting duct, afferent arteriole, glomerulus, efferent arteriole, peritubular capillaries, vasa recta and venules

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93
Q
A
94
Q

Define “oogenesis” and “spermatogenesis”

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Oogenesis:

Spermatogenesis:

95
Q

Outline the processes involved in spermatogenesis within the testes, including mitosis, cell growth, the two divisions of meiosis and cell differentiation

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96
Q

Outline the processes involved in oogenesis within the ovary, including mitosis, cell growth, the two divisions of meiosis, the unequal division of cytoplasm and the degeneration of polar body

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97
Q

Compare the processes of spermatogenesis and oogenesis, including the number of gametes, size of games, the timing of formation and release of gametes

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98
Q

Define “polyspermy” and explain why it is detrimental to an organism

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99
Q

Outline the process of fertilization

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100
Q

Describe mechanisms that prevent polyspermy

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101
Q

Compare internal and external fertilization

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102
Q

Define “zygote”, “blastocyst” and “fetus”

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Zygote:

Blastocyst:

Fetus:

103
Q

Outline embryonic development from zygote to blastocyst

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104
Q

List the source, target and function of HCG

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104
Q

Draw a diagram of a blastocyst, labeling the inner cell mass

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105
Q

Describe the structure of the placenta, including the fetal villus, fetal capillary, maternal blood pool and chorion)

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105
Q

List the direction and mechanism of transport between maternal and fetal blood for CO2, O2, glucose, urea, antibodies and water in the placenta

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106
Q

Explain the benefits of having a high chorion surface area and a selectively permeable placental barrier

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107
Q

List the source, target and function of estrogen and progesterone as related to pregnancy

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108
Q

List the source, target and function of estrogen and oxytocin as related to the birth process

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109
Q

Analyze a graph to determine the relationship between gestation time and animal mass

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110
Q

Label the following on a diagram of a seminiferous tubule: interstitial cells, basement membrane, germinal epithelium cells, primary spermatocyte, secondary spermatocyte, Sertoli cells, spermatids, spermatozoa and spermatogonium

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110
Q

Contrast altricial and precocial development mechanisms

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111
Q

Label the following on a diagram of a ovary: basement membrane, primary follicles, primary oocytes, developing follicles, secondary follicles, secondary oocycle, mature follicle, developing corpus luteum, corpus luteum, and degenerating corpus luteum.

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112
Q

Label the following on a diagram of a mature sperm: head, acrosome, plasma membrane, haploid nucleus, midpiece, helical mitochondria, microtubules, protein fibres in tail and tail

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113
Q

State the function of each of the following sperm structures: head, acrosome, plasma membrane, haploid nucleus, midpiece, helical mitochondria, microtubules, protein fibres in tail and tail

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114
Q

Label the following on a diagram of a mature egg: haploid nucleus, centrioles, polar body, plasma membrane, corona radiata, zona pellucida, cortical granules and cytoplasm

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115
Q

State the function of each of the following egg structures: haploid nucleus, centrioles, polar body, plasma membrane, corona radiata, zona pellucida, cortical granules and cytoplasm

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116
Q

Outline how the female contraceptive pill prevents pregnancy

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117
Q

Describe problems attributed to estrogen pollution in water

A

Biology (12 decks)

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