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Livestock, Health & Welfare > Pigs > Flashcards

Pigs Flashcards

1
Q

What finishing weights are you aiming for in these stages of pig farming?
Weaner
Grower
Finisher

A

Weaner: 7kg
Grower: 30kg
Finisher: 130kg

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2
Q

What kind of soil do pigs need for outdoor farms?

Why are the majority (60%) of herds indoor housed?

A 
Free-draining land
(Clay-based soils turn into mud)
Need large areas of free-draining land
Lots of workers
Bad or very hot weather is challenging
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3
Q

What is a gilt?

A

A female pig that has not yet given birth

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4
Q

What are sows vaccinated for that gilts are not?

What is it commonly called?

A

Mycoplasma hypopneumoniae

Enzootic pneumonia

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5
Q

What are the main 4 diseases pigs are vaccinated against?

A
  1. Erysipelas
  2. PCV2
  3. E. coli
  4. PRRS
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6
Q

What coccidiostat is used in pigs?

A

Toltrazuril

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7
Q

What hormone is administered for milk let-down and uterus contraction in pigs?

A

Oxytocin

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8
Q

What hormone is used for induction of farrowing in pigs?

A

PGF2-alpha

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9
Q

What are two important considerations when giving synthetic progestagens to synchronise oestrus?

A

Dosing must be accurate (under-dosing is catastrophic)

Ovaries must be active

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10
Q

Why is suckling so important in sows for milk let-down?

A

Suckling has a huge positive feedback for prolactin secretion

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11
Q

What is the difference between the use of sow stalls in the UK and the Netherlands?

A

UK: ILLEGAL (only up to 24 hours post-service)
Netherlands: LEGAL
(up to 4 weeks post-farrowing)

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12
Q

What is length of standing heat directly proportional to?

A

Number of follicles (fertility)

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13
Q

What are the two events where a sow is at most risk of endometritis? Why?

A

Post-farrowing
AI
Due to cervix being open (bacteria able to enter)

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14
Q

What is carbetocin caveat?

A

Oxytocin/carbetocin overdose
Causes myometrial contraction OVER the piglets
Oxytocin lasts for 1/2 hour, carbetocin lasts for HOURS
Dead piglets!

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15
Q

What is MMA syndrome?

What is the origin?

A

Mastitis, metritis, agalactia

Managemental

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16
Q

What is “savaging” in sows post-farrowing?

Why does it occur?

A 
Overconditioned sow 
Narrowing of pelvic canal
Pain during dystocia
Associates piglets with pain from piglets
Will attack piglets
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17
Q

What is a “stillborn” piglet?

A

Fresh death

Death within 24 hours before farrowing

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18
Q

When do the majority of piglet deaths occur post-farrowing?

A

<72 hours

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19
Q

What is the purpose of a heat lamp (for piglets)?

A

Piglets move away from the sow when not suckling

In order to decrease overlays/lay-ons

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20
Q

What is the purpose of iron injections in piglets?

A

Supplement iron in indoor pigs as would naturally receive it from snuffling in the soil

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21
Q

What is the main cause of mortality in piglets with viral scour?

A

Dehydration and secondary bacterial infection

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22
Q

Which two coronaviruses cause viral piglet scour?

What do you do if you suspect one of these?

A 
Porcine epidemic diarrhoea (PED)
Transmissible Gastroenteritis (TGE)
They are notifiable "light" (the pig industry requests notification)
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23
Q

What pathogen causes a scour sometimes accompanied by vomiting?

A

PED/TGE

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24
Q

What pathogen causes a pasty yellow scour?

A

Coccidiosis (isospora suis)

25
Q

Which pathogen causes sudden death due to acute haemorrhagic enteritis?

A

Clostridium perfringens Type C

26
Q

Which three bacterial pathogens are most commonly associated with Bacterial Meningitis in piglets?

A

E. coli
Streptococcus suis
Haemophilus parasuis

27
Q

What is congenital tremor type A2?

A

Intention tremor that occurs sporadically

28
Q

What legislation do you need in order to keep pet pigs?

A

Site needs to be registered with Defra -CPHH number needed

29
Q

What is the gold standard of pig restraint?

What should you ensure whilst using it?

A

Snitch

Ensure it is behind the canine teeth on upper jaw only (as will pull back)

30
Q

How much of their bodyweight do pigs drink daily?

A

10%

31
Q

What is the function of wallowing?

A

Covering in mud to cool down as cannot sweat

Mud is better than water as protects from UV and sunburn

32
Q

What 3 factors predisposes pet pigs to stomach ulcers?

A

Low level stress
Intermittent feeding
Large numbers of stones

33
Q

What are Kune-Kunes and Vietnamese Pot Bellied boars prone to?
How do you prevent it?

A

Scrotal hernias

Castration

34
Q

What nutritional deficiencies cause parakeratosis?

How does it present?

A

Zinc and Vitamin B deficiencies

Thickened, chunks of skin

35
Q

What is used to treat Erysipelas?

A

Penicillin

Only if treated early in the course of disease

36
Q

What NSAID is not to be used in animals to enter the food chain?
What anaesthetic?

A

Phenylbutazone

Ketamine

37
Q

What could you use as sedation for a pig?

A

Azaperone (no analgesia, beware priapism, variable effect)

Xylazine + butorphanol analgesia, less variable effect)

38
Q

Why is teeth reduction caused? Which teeth does it remove?

A

Piglets have the same teat throughout lactation
Reduced mortality of piglets in commercial farms compared to the wild
More survive = more competition for teats
Fighting between piglets results in damage to snouts/face
Infection = necrobacillosis
Removal of tips of “pin teeth” (2x bottom, 2x top)

39
Q

What is the purpose of tail docking?

A

Reduce the tail in order to create a sensation (exposed nerves) in the end of the tail
If other piglets start nibbling on it, they will feel it and move away

40
Q

Are piglets allowed to be castrated if they are part of an assurance scheme (e.g. Red Tractor)

A

No

Tend to send pigs off at a smaller weight (younger) so just before or at puberty

41
Q

According to Red Tractor, how often must competence for euthanasia be re-evaluated?

A

Every 3 years

By the named person responsible for euthanasia

42
Q

What method is captive bolt?

What must it be followed by

A

Stun (unconsciousness)

Pithing/bleeding

43
Q

What are the two phases of an effective stun?

A

Tonic stage: immediate collapse, breathing ceases, becomes rigid, no blink reflex
Clonic: muscle start to relax, involuntary kicking

44
Q

How can you tell if an animal is recovering/a stun is becoming ineffective?

A

Clonic activity fades
Rhythmic breathing re-starts
Blink reflex returns
Pain felt

45
Q

What is the partially medicated depopulation method?

A

All of the immunocompetent (over 6 months of age) pigs
Stay on farm
Medicated for specific disease
Usually for 2-6 weeks
Become part of new “clean” herd
Herd below 6 months of age and any piglets produced from them
Separate staff and site
Rear to bacon weight and slaughter
Overall left with the clean breeding herd

46
Q

Where is the best site for blood sampling?

A

Jugular or cranial vena cava

47
Q

What should you do about poorer, smaller pigs?

Why?

A

Euthanase

As won’t be able to keep up with other pigs in competition for feed/water

48
Q

Why should you not put smaller pigs backwards (i.e. into younger, smaller groups)?

A

Spread of disease

49
Q

What are 3 causes of smaller, poorer pigs?

A
  1. Damaged gut (coccidiosis)
  2. Lowered weaning weights (E. coli, rotavirus, clostridia)
  3. Joint ill (reduced suckling)
50
Q

What was zinc oxide previously used to treat?

Why is it banned?

A

E. coli

Evidence to show a pressure in CIA (critically important antimicrobial) resistance

51
Q

What genus of Salmonella affects weaner pigs?

How is it spread?

A

S. typhimurium (zoonotic)

Vermin

52
Q

What are two causes of bacterial meningitis?

A

Streptococcus suis

Haemophilus suis

53
Q

What is oedema disease caused by?
When does it often occur?
Prevention?

A

Shigatoxin producing strains of E. coli
Change of feed
Vaccination (> 4 days old)

54
Q

What causes a
Progressive Atrophic Rhinitis?
What is a common sign?

A 
Pasteurella multocida (type D toxin producing strain)
Reduced growth
55
Q

What does PMWS stand for?
What is it caused by?
What is the main pathogenesis

A

Post weaning Multisystemic Wasting Syndrome
PCV2 (Porcine Circovirus type 2)
Immunosuppression, leading to secondary bacterial infections

56
Q

What causes Greasy Pig disease?
What is it caused by?
Treatment?

A

Staphylococcus hyicus
Immunosuppression, fighting, high humidity
Savlon skin washes and penicllin (or linomycin)

57
Q

What two skin diseases are related to Staphylococcus spp.

A 
Greasy pig (S hyicus)
Ear tip necrosis
58
Q

What is the main clinical finding and treatment of Sarcoptic mange?

A

Intense pruritus!
Ivermectin
Bathing to stop secondary infections

59
Q

What is the only effective treatment of Ringworm?
What is only clinical finding?
Treatment?

A

UV light
Non-pruritic spreading rings
None: spontaneously resolves

Livestock, Health & Welfare (15 decks)

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