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Livestock, Health & Welfare > Abomasal and Caeacal Surgery, Wires and Bloat > Flashcards

Abomasal and Caeacal Surgery, Wires and Bloat Flashcards

1
Q

What is frothy bloat?

A

Stable foam produced on top of the rumen liquid

Blocks the rumen gas

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2
Q

What 3 feeds predispose to frothy bloat?

A
  1. Clover
  2. Alfalfa
  3. Finely ground grain
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3
Q

What is the treatment of frothy bloat?

A

Stomach tube, trochar

Surfactant (e.g. oil or commercial silicone preparation)

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4
Q

What are 4 clinical signs of traumatic reticulitis?

A
  1. SUDDEN milk drop
  2. Hunched up, Stiff gait
  3. Increased temperature (39.5)
  4. Inappetant, depressed
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5
Q

What is the ratio of primary to secondary rumen/reticular contractions?
How many should you hear in 2 minutes

A

2 Primary: 1 secondary

3 contractions in 2 minutes

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6
Q

What happens in the primary and secondary cycles of rumen/reticular contractions?

A

Primary: Mixing, contraction of reticulum then rumen
Secondary: Rumen contraction starting in caudal rumen, pushes gas to cardia
ERUCTATION

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7
Q

Which diagnostic test is most specific to reticulitis?

What would you hear with traumatic reticulitis?

A

Eric Williams test

Grunt immediately before PRIMARY contraction

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8
Q

What are 3 consequences of swallowing a wire?

A
  1. Vagal indigestion
  2. Local reticulo-peritonitis
  3. Pericarditis
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9
Q

What can medial local reticulo-peritonitis due to penetration of a wire cause?

A

Damage to vagus nerve (vagal indigestion)
Reticular adhesions
Abscess in medial wall

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10
Q

What are the 3 heart sounds heard in traumatic pericarditis?

A
  1. Pericardial rub
  2. Quiet/absent
  3. “Washing machine” sounds
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11
Q

Where do you incise in order to perform and exploratory rumenotomy?

A

Left sub lumbar fossa

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12
Q

Describe the lining of the rumen and reticulum

A

Rumen: Papillae
Reticulum: Honeycomb

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13
Q

What are two treatments for traumatic reticulitis?

A
  1. Exploratory rumenotomy

2. Bolus with magnet + NSAIDs and Broad spectrum antimicrobials

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14
Q
  1. What does a dorsal vagus nerve injury present as?

2. What about an injury to the pyloric branch of ventral vagal nerve?

A
  1. Enlarged rumen and bloat

2. Abomasal impaction

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15
Q

What are 3 other causes of Vagus indigestion?

Not related to traumatic reticulitis

A
  1. Actinobacillosis of rumen/reticulum
  2. Late pregnancy
  3. Fibropapillomas
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16
Q

What causes a displaced abomasum?

A

Abomasal atony

Excessive VFAs + inflammatory cytokines inhibiting motility

17
Q

When does LDAs usually occur?

A

0-4 weeks post calving (sudden increase in space)

18
Q

Where do you hear the characteristic ping in an LDA?

A

Between elbow and tuber coxae in a straight line

19
Q

What is the risk with rolling to treat an LDA?

A

Ulcer rupture = fatal

20
Q

How can you check if you’re in the reticulum whilst toggling a cow?

A

Litmus paper

pH < 5 if in reticulum

21
Q

What are 3 disadvantages to toggling for treatment of an LDA?

A
  1. Risk of fistula formation
  2. Risk of getting kicked
  3. Can’t see inside abomasum (e.g. adhesions, ulcers)
22
Q

What are the 4 surgical methods for an LDA?

A
  1. Bilateral flank (best, need two vets)
  2. Right side omentopexy
  3. Left side omentopexy (Utrecht)
  4. Ventral abdominal paramedian (best for visualisation)
23
Q

What does pooling of H and Cl in the abomasum cause?

A

Metabolic alkalosis
Hypochloraemia
Dehydration

24
Q

What should you administer post-op RDA?

A

Ca 40%
Propylene glycol
KCl

25
Q

Where would you hear a “ping” in caecal dilation and volvulus?

A

Dorso-caudal sub lumbar fossa

26
Q

What is the aetiology of caecal dilation?

A

Excess carbs fermented in caecum
Increases VFAs and reduced pH
Caecal atony
Accumulation of ingesta and gas

27
Q

What is the difference in rectal exam of caecal distension vs volvulus?

A

Blind end of caecum:
Dilation - points to pelvic cavity
Volvulus - points cranial and lateral/medial

28
Q

What does perforation of abomasal ulcers cause?

A

Acute local/diffuse peritonitis

29
Q

What is the pathogenesis of abomasal ulcers?

A

Injury of gastric mucosa
Diffusion of H+ ions into tissue
Damage

30
Q

What is the difference between Type 1 and 2 abomasal ulcers?

A

Type 1: Non-perforating, little intraluminal haemorrhage

Type 2: Major blood vessel perforates, severe blood loss, melena

31
Q

What is the difference between Type 3 and 4 abomasal ulcers?

A

Type 3: Perforating, acute local peritonitis

Type 4: Perforating, diffuse peritonitis

32
Q

How are Type 3 ulcers prevented from causing diffuse peritonitis?

A

Localisation by greater omentum

33
Q

What type of ulceration occurs in cattle compared to calves?

A

Cattle - fundic

Calves - pyloric

34
Q

What are 4 clinical signs of abomasal ulcers?

A
  1. Sudden onset anorexia
  2. Pale MM
  3. Melena
  4. Abdominal pain
35
Q

What are 3 treatments for abomasal ulcers?

A
  1. Antacids (Mg oxide, Al hydroxide)
  2. Blood transfusion/fluids
  3. Surgical excision
36
Q

What are the two sites of oesophageal obstruction occurence?

A
  1. Cervical oesophagus above larynx

2. Base of heart/cardia

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