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Livestock, Health & Welfare > Cattle Reproduction > Flashcards

Cattle Reproduction Flashcards

1
Q

What is the length of a cow oestrus cycle?

A

21 days

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2
Q

What continues to produce progesterone after ovulation?

A

Corpus luteum

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3
Q

What are the Cotyledons?

What are the Caruncles?

A

The foetal side of the placenta

The maternal side of the placenta

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4
Q

What shape are placetomes in the cow and sheep?

A

Cow: Convex
Sheep: Concave (doughnuts)

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5
Q

In which ovary do 60% of ovulations occur?

A

Right

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6
Q

How long does involution of the uterus take?

A

3-4 weeks

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7
Q

How does resumption of cyclicity after calving occur?

A

2 weeks post-partum FSH increases, which stimulates the first follicular wave

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8
Q

What does suckling do?

A

Inhibits resumption of cyclic activity

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9
Q

What is the gold standard for oestrus detection?

A

Progesterone monitoring (blood test every day)

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10
Q

What time period is a retained foetal membrane classed as in a cow?

A

Over 12 hours after delivery of the calf

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11
Q

What are the 3 consequences of uterine infections?

A
  1. Damage uterus
  2. Suppress hypothalmic GnRH and pituitary LH secretion
  3. Localised effects on ovarian function
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12
Q

What are 4 main pathogens involved in uterine infections?

Are they gram +ve or -ve

A
  1. E. coli (-ve)
  2. Truperella pyogenes (+ve)
  3. Dichelobacter nodosus
  4. Fusobacterium necrophorum (-ve)
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13
Q

What is the biggest risk factor of uterine bacterial infection?

A

RFM

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14
Q

What is metritis?

A

Abnormal enlargement of uterus and purulent vaginal discharge within 21 days of parturition

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15
Q

What are the grades of metritis?

A

1: Enlarged uterus and purulent discharge but no pyrexia/illness
2. Systemic illness and pyrexia
3. Toxaemia

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16
Q

What is the treatment for pyometra?

A

PGF (Prostaglandin F2 alpha)

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17
Q

How do you differentiate between metritis and endometritis?

A

Metritis is within 21 days of calving

Endometritis is 21 days or MORE after calving

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18
Q

What are the 3 biggest effects on fertility?

i.e. days from calving to pregnancy

A
  1. Caesarean
  2. Lameness
  3. Endometritis
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19
Q

What are two clinical signs of cystic ovarian disease?

When is it most common?

A
  1. Nymphomania
  2. Anoestrus
    < 60 DIM
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20
Q

How does Cystic Ovarian Disease affect milk production?

A

High milk production

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21
Q

What are the main differences between follicular and luteal cysts?

A

Follicular cysts are thin walled and fluid filled
Luteal cysts are thick walled and may have trabeculae inside
Follicular cysts are larger in diameter than luteal

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22
Q

How do follicular cysts cause continuous oestrus?

A

Produce oestrodial (oestrogen)

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23
Q

What is the best way to treat COD if unsure what type of cyst is present?
What should you do if the cow comes into oestrus after treatment?

A

Progesterone device (PRID/CIDR)
DONT inseminate, oocyst will be old or unhealthy
Wait for next cycle

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24
Q

What is so important about Brucellosis?

How is it monitored?

A

It is zoonotic and reportable

Monthly routine bulk milk sampling

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25
Q

What are 5 non-infectious causes of abortion?

A
  1. NEB
  2. Selenium deficiency
  3. Iodine deficiency
  4. Alfatoxins
  5. Nitrite/nitrate toxicity
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26
Q

What cell type does BVD target?

What does this cause?

A

Neuroglial cells

Cerebellar hypoplasia

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27
Q

How can primary abortive agents cause abortion?

A

Damages placenta and foetus, allowing invasion of opportunistic pathogens

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28
Q

How do secondary (opportunistic) pathogens cause abortion?

A

Prostaglandin synthesis
Prostaglandin inhibits progesterone
Progesterone maintains pregnancy, without it luteolysis occurs

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29
Q

What are the three routes of infection for abortive agents?

A
  1. Commensal flora of reproductive tract
  2. Transplacental
  3. Haematogenous
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30
Q

How does the complexity of the antigen produced by abortive pathogens affect foetal antibody response?

A

The more complex the antigen, the more time it takes for the foetus to recognise the antigen as “non-self” and mount an immune response (antibody production)

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31
Q

What is the most commonly diagnosed cause of abortion?

Which groups of animals are at highest risk?

A

Neospora

Congenitally infected heifers in first gestation

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32
Q

What virus causes IBR?

A

BHV-1

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33
Q

How does horizontal and vertical transmission of Neospora occur?

A

Horizontal (exogenous)
Ingestion oocyts, naive animals, abortion storms
Vertical (daughter-daughter)
Slow succession

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34
Q

What is the most common outcome of Neospora infection during gestation?

A

Birth of clinically normal persistently infected calf

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35
Q

What is cytopathic BVD associated with?

A

Mucosal disease in PI animals

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36
Q

What type of virus is BVD?

A

Pestivirus

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37
Q

At what stage (in days) of gestation does BVD infection cause a PI (persistently infected) foetus?

A

95-120 days

38
Q

What antigen and antibody status are PI calves?

A

Antibody negative

Antigen positive

39
Q

When should you vaccinated for BVD?

When is the earliest PI calves can be diagnosed?

A

Before AI (first breeding)
Protects the pregnancy
1 month
Before this, MDA interferes

40
Q

What disease in sheep does BVD have link with?

What is the prevention?

A

Border disease

Avoid co-grazing

41
Q

Which 3 abortive agents can result in a latent state? (i.e. no clinical signs)

A

BHV-1
Neospora caninum
Leptospira hardjo

42
Q

Which is the most common serovar associated with bovine abortion?
What should be done upon diagnosis of infecton?

A

S. dublin
ZOONOTIC
Reportable to APHA and inform milk buyer

43
Q

Why is calving significant to Salmonella infection?

A

Stressful period

Stress increases shedding

44
Q

Which strain of Campylobacter causes abortion?
What is it often mistaken for?
How is it diagnosed?

A

Campylobacter fetus fetus
Apparent failure to conceive/poor fertility
As causes very EARLY abortion
Culture of vaginal mucosa or preputial washes

45
Q

Which two abortive agents are spread venereally (i.e. natural service)

A

Trichomonas fetus

Campylobacter spp

46
Q

Which 4 abortive agents can you use Bulk milk screens for? (antibody)
What is the next step if this comes back positive?

A
  1. BVD
  2. IBR
  3. L Hardjo
  4. Neospora
    First lactation screen
47
Q

In testing for BVD, what is the next step if the first lactation milk screen comes back positive?

A

Bulk tank PCR to test for antigen

48
Q

What is the treatment for Campylobacter in bulls?

What age do bulls have to be in order for it to be effective?

A

Streptomycin preputial washings

< 4 years old

49
Q

What type of abortive agent is Selenium/Vitamin E deficiency?
Why?

A

Primary non-infectious
Anti-oxidants
Cause myocardial degeneration and allow invasion of secondary agents (e.g. Streptococci)

50
Q

Which abortive agent is associated with cerebellar hypoplasia?
What 2 other foetal lesions does it cause?

A

BVDv

  1. Fatal foetal myocarditis
  2. Radio opaque lines
51
Q

What foetal lesions are associated with Ureaplasma diversum?

A

Conjunctivitis

Bronchopneumonia

52
Q

Which foetal abortive agent causes pericarditis?

A

B. lichenformis

53
Q

What does Truperella pyogenes cause in calves?

A

Bronchopneumonia

54
Q

What does iodine deficiency cause?

A

Thyroid hyperplasia

55
Q

Which virus causes liver necrosis?

A

BHV-1 (IBR)

56
Q

What is a circular chart used to monitor lactation and fertility called?
What does circular once round represent?

A

Bray chart

1 lactation

57
Q

What does the calving to conception interval produce?

As animals conceive, what happens to the ratio?

A

Predicted calving index

Gets WORSE as animals conceive

58
Q

What is the conception (pregnancy) rate?

How many more cows conceive than actually calve? (%)

A

% pregnant (at PD) of those served

50-80%

59
Q

Which is more predictive of actual calving, a later or earlier PD?

A

Later

Allows for losses due to abortion/resorption

60
Q

What is the definition of abortion?

A

Calving that occurs < 270 days of gestation

61
Q

How is a Cu-sum used to track conception rate over time?

A

Positive PD moves up

Negative moves down/horizontal

62
Q

What are two autosomal recessive diseases of cattle?

A

Bovine Leucocyte Adhesion Deficiency

Complex Vertebral Malformation

63
Q

What clinical signs present with Bovine Leucocyte Adhesion Deficiency?

A

Ulcers on oral mucosa
Chronic pneumonia
Recurrent/chronic diarrhoea
Death < 1 year old

64
Q

What is arthrogryposis?

What congenital disorder can cause this?

A

Multiple joint contractures of limbs at birth

Complex Vertebral Malformation

65
Q

What is the best way to measure efficiency in suckler herds?

A

Calves weaned/cows to bull

66
Q

What is the target age at first calving in a suckler herd?

A

2 years old

67
Q

What are 3 ways of heifer management in a suckler herd?

A
  1. Selected replacements from early born calves - maximum growth and age at time of breeding
  2. Wean her calf early
  3. Calve heifers 3-4 weeks before PSC for herd - gives extra time before next breeding
68
Q

How can you control BCS in a suckler herd?

A

Wean early: increase BCS

Wean late: If cow is overconditioned

69
Q

What are the targets for a fertile bull?

A

90% of females pregnant within 9 weeks
60% should become pregnant within first 3 weeks
When put with a cow on heat, should serve within 20 minutes (ideally 10)

70
Q

What measurement of scrotal circumference in bulls is associated with reduced fertility?

A

< 34cm

71
Q

What BCS should bulls start the breeding period at?

A

3-3.5

72
Q

What 3 things do you assess in semen evaluation?

A
  1. Gross motility
  2. Linear progressive motility
  3. Morphology
73
Q

What causes penile haematoma?

What is the clinical sign?

A

Sudden bending to erect penis

Rupture of tunica albuginea

74
Q

Why is surgical removal indicated in penile fibropapilloma in bulls?

A

Bleeding reduces semen quality

Interferes with serving

75
Q

In campylobacter fetus venerealis, why is it harder to eradicate in older bulls?

A

Lives in crypts of prepuce

Increased size of crypts as bulls age

76
Q

What causes IPVV?

Infectious Pustular Vulvovaginitis/Balanoposthitis

A

BHV-1

DIFFERENT strain from the one that causes IBR

77
Q

What are 3 causes of fertility problems in cattle?

A
  1. Lameness
  2. Low BCS
  3. High yield
78
Q

What 3 effects can milk fever have?

A
  1. Difficult calving
  2. RFM
  3. Endometritis
79
Q

What 3 effects on oestrus does lameness have?

A
  1. Lower intensity of oestrus
  2. Affects oestrus behaviour (e.g. mounting)
  3. First CL and first oestrus occurs later
80
Q

What are the 3 stages of calving?

A
  1. Cow separates from rest of herd, dilation of cervix, beginning of strain
  2. Waterbag (membranes) appear and rupture, delivery of calf
  3. Expulsion of placenta
81
Q

Give 3 reasons to proceed with assisted calving

A
  1. No progress after 1 hour of waterbag showing
  2. Extreme discomfort
  3. Excessive bleeding from vulva
82
Q

How does Clenbuterol (Planepart) assist with dystocia?

A

Relaxes uterus which give more space in uterus to manipulate calf Reduces contractions
Increases perfusion to calf

83
Q

What anaesthetic technique would you use for an episiotomy?

What cattle is this nearly always used in?

A

Caudal epidural

Heifers

84
Q

What are 3 complications of an episiotomy?

A
  1. Wound infection and breakdown
  2. Distorted vulva confirmation, reduces fertility
  3. Rectovaginal fistula (if cut at 12 noon)
85
Q

What are 2 indications for full embryotomy?

A
  1. Large dead calf

2. Foetal monster

86
Q

Which direction do the majority of uterine torsions occur in?

A

Anti-clockwise (stood behind the cow

87
Q

In which direction do you roll a cow to untwist a uterine torsion?

A

From left lateral recumbency
To back
To right lateral recumbency

88
Q

What are the 3 forced indications for a caesarian section?

A
  1. Foetal oversize/foetal-maternal disproportion
  2. Irreducible uterine torsion
  3. Insufficient cervical dilation
89
Q

What must you avoid using when performing a caesarian and why?

A

Sedation! Will cross placenta and decrease viability of calf

90
Q

What two methods of anaesthesia could you use in a C section?

A
  1. Caudal epidural

2. Paravertebral nerve block

91
Q

What should be given post-op after a C section?

A

Oxytocin +/- calcium

Livestock, Health & Welfare (15 decks)

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