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Livestock, Health & Welfare > Cattle Lameness > Flashcards

Cattle Lameness Flashcards

1
Q

What are 3 signs of lameness in cattle?

How can you highlight a lameness?

A
  1. Hanging or nodding head as cow is walking
  2. Shortened stride length, paddling/shuffling feet
  3. Arching of spine
    Walking up and down a slope
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2
Q

What are hock and carpal hygromas caused by?

What are they associated with?

A

Excessive pressure on joints

Inadequate bedding, poor cubicle design

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3
Q

What are 3 advantages of lameness scoring?

A
  1. Highlights extent of problem to farmer
  2. Identify lame cows early
  3. Monitoring and interventions
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4
Q

What are the 3 constituents for optimum cure rates in claw horn lesions?

A
  1. Trim
  2. Block
  3. 3 days of NSAIDs
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5
Q

How can you assess cow comfort?

What is the best choice of bed and bedding for cow comfort?

A

Number of cows using cubicles correctly
Mattresses (gel/water filled, or foam)
Deep sand bedding

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6
Q

What does straw bedding increase the risk of?

A

Strep uberis

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7
Q

What is the advantage of grooving?

A

Improves grip

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8
Q

In which limbs do contracted tendons occur?

Name 2 causes of contracted tendons

A

ALWAYS front limb

  1. Position in-utero
  2. Manganese
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9
Q

What is a differential for gastrocnemius rupture?

A

Tibial nerve paralysis

Check skin sensation

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10
Q

What is the treatment for patellar fixation?

A

Cut medial patellar ligament in BOTH legs (other leg will follow)

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11
Q

What is spastic paralysis?

What is the clinical sign?

A

Hereditary condition causing overfiring of tibial nerve = constant muscle tension
Stiff straight hindlimbs

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12
Q

What can be caused by lifting the hock too high?

i.e. higher than level of freezebrand

A

Rupture of peroneus tertius

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13
Q

What 3 Vitamin deficiencies can cause osteodystrophy?

How do they present differently in young, growing animals vs. older?

A

Copper, Phosphorous, Calcium

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14
Q

Which vitamin deficiency causes White Muscle disease?
What age does it occur most often in?
What is the trigger?
What would you see on blood results?

A

Vitamin E and Selenium
1 year olds
Increasing activity
Increase in AST and CK

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15
Q

What animals does hip dysplasia most often occur in?

How does it present?

A

Young male bulls (3 months - 2 years)

Bilateral, one leg worse affected

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16
Q

In which joints does osteochondrosis most often occur in cattle?

A

Femoro-patellar

Atlanto-occipital

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17
Q

Which two diseases can cause reduced libido and reluctance to mount in bulls?

A

Hip dysplasia

Osteochondrosis

18
Q

What are 3 treatments for degenerative joint disease?

A 
DIP joint in calves
1. Block sound claw
2. Amputate digit
Fetlock joint
3. Arthrodesis
19
Q

What is the treatment for hip dislocation?
When does it need to be carried out?
Why?

A

Closed reduction
< 12 hours after injury
Massive blood clot + fibrosis forms, preventing reduction

20
Q

How do you distinguish between an abscess and a haematoma?

A

FNA

Aseptic technique!

21
Q

What is a common cause of metacarpal/tarsal fractures?

A

Assisted calving with excessive traction

Especially calving chains

22
Q

When is the splinting of fractures contraindicated?

A

If fracture is above the elbow/stifle

23
Q

What is the treatment for humeral/femoral fractures?

A

Box rest

24
Q

When should external co-aption be used?

A

Only up to the hock

25
Q

What is a hanging limb pin cast?
What animals can it be used in?
Should the cast include the foot?

A

Transcortical pins above fracture
Yearlings/young animals
Cast MUST include foot

26
Q

What is a Thomas-extension splint?

What fractures is it indicated for?

A

Tailor-made crutch

Tibial/ulnar fractures in calves

27
Q

How should you remove a cast/pins from a fracture repair?

A

GRADUALLY

Risk of fractures in other parts of bone from disuse atrophy (thin cortices of bone)

28
Q

How would you surgically treat septic arthritis?

A

Stifle: GA
Below: IVRA
Lavage, arthrotomy

29
Q

What is discospondylitis?

How may it present?

A

Septic arthritis in intervertebral joints

Recumbent and non-weight bearing, may look neurological

30
Q

What is the primary cause of sole ulcers and white line disease?
What are 2 factors that influence this change?

A

Excessive movement of the 3rd phalanx within the claw capsule

  1. Hormonal changes around parturition (increased laxity)
  2. Management & facilities
31
Q

The digital cushion protects the corium from trauma caused by P3. What factors affect the size and composition of the digital cushion?

A

BCS
Stage of lactation
Milk production
Parity (age)

32
Q

What can BCS loss cause in the foot?

What can this lead to?

A

Thinning of the digital cushion

Poor shock absorption, claw lesions and lameness

33
Q

What happens to the claw suspensory apparatus at calving?

A

Weakening

34
Q

What nutritional factors affect lameness?

A

Acidosis
High concentrate intakes
SARA

35
Q

What causes interdigital phlegmon (foul in the foot)?

What is the treatment?

A

Fusobacterium necrophorum

Debride necrotic tissue and systemic antibiotics

36
Q

What is thought to cause interdigital dermatitis?
What can this lead to?
What is the treatment?

A

Dichelobacter nodosus
Heel Horn Erosion
Trimming and topical antibiotics

37
Q

Which is the preferred method of digital amputation?

A

Method 1

Disarticulation of the proximal interphalangeal joint

38
Q

Which method, arthrodesis or digital amputation, is associated with:
1. Lower levels of lameness post-op?
Higher proportion of cows remaining in herd?

A
  1. Less lameness - digital amputation

2. More in herd - arthrodesis

39
Q

What is an indication for amputation/arthrodesis?

A

Deep digital sepsis

40
Q

What can sole ulcers cause?

A

Ascending infection
Osteomyelitis of P3
Increased risk of fractures (PTS)

41
Q

What can interdigital hyperplasia increase the risk of?

A

Digital dermatitis

42
Q

What can while line lesions form?

A

Abscesses

Livestock, Health & Welfare (15 decks)

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