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Livestock, Health & Welfare > Cattle Nutrition > Flashcards

Cattle Nutrition Flashcards

1
Q

What is the ratio of Primary: Secondary rumen contraction?

What is each one followed by?

A

2 Primary: 1 secondary

Followed by regurgitation

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2
Q

How much DMI in % does a lactating cow need to eat per day?

A

4% (30-50 litres per day)

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3
Q

What does microbial fermentation of carbohydrates produce?

A

Volatile Fatty Acids (VFAs)
Carbon dioxide
Methane

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4
Q

How are VFAs produced and used?

What happens to proprionate?

A

Produced by microbial fermentation of carbohydrates
Absorbed across rumen wall
Enter Krebbs cycle to produce energy
Proprionate goes into glucose synthesis to produce milk

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5
Q

What is the target BCS loss for early lactation?

A

0.5-1 BCS

1 BCS = 50kg

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6
Q

How much energy is required (MJ) for maintenance?

How much energy is required per litre of milk?

A

65-70 MJ

5 MJ/litre milk

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7
Q

How is protein degraded in the rumen?

A

It is fermented in the rumen
Broken down into ammonia
Turned into microbial protein (by microbes)
Digested in abomasum and SI

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8
Q

What happens if rumen microbes don’t receive enough energy for protein synthesis?

A

Ammonia is absorbed across the rumen wall

High urea in the blood

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9
Q

What is the DMI (kg) in the dry period?

What is the danger level?

A

12-14kg

< 11kg/cow

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10
Q

Which type of silage has the highest ME?

What about protein, starch and fibre content?

A

Maize silage

Low protein, high starch (FME), poor long fibre source (short + pulverised)

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11
Q 
Describe these feeding systems for lactating cows:
Traditional
TMR
"Hybrid"
Buffer feeding
A 
Traditional:
- Silage at barrier and cake in parlour
- Grazing in summer and cake in parlour
Total Mixed Ration:
- All food at barrier, 24 hours a day, ad lib
"Hybrid":
- Partial mixed ration at barrier
- And cake in parlour
Buffer feeding:
- TMR supplement to grazing in the summer
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12
Q

What is the disadvantage of a “Hybrid” feeding system for lactating cows?

A

Risk of SUBSTITUTION
Cow eats more concentrate in parlour, will eat less forage in barrier
Reduced long fibre intake
Risk of SARA (reduces DMI)

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13
Q

What is BHB (Beta-hydroxybutyrate) an indicator of?

A

Negative energy balance

Subclinical ketosis

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14
Q

How many days is the calving index?

How many days is the dry period and the lactation period?

A

370-400 days
60 days dry period
305-340 days lactation period

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15
Q

What is the transition period?

A

3 weeks before to 3 weeks after calving

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16
Q

What is the periparturient period?

A

Period immediately before and immediately after calving

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17
Q

What are the 3 requirements for cows towards the end of the dry period and the start of lactation?
What is the main problem with this?

A
  1. Foetal growth
  2. Mammary development
  3. Milk production

DMI is reduced! Cows are entering a period of NEB

18
Q

What is the main energy source at the start of lactation?

How is this produced?

A 
Glucose
Ruminal fermentation 
Produces VFAs: Propionic acid (form of proprionate) 
Absorbed across rumen wall
Enters Krebs cycle for gluconeogenesis
19
Q

What is the main energy reserve used in NEB?

A

Adipose tissue (NEFAs released)

20
Q

What is “Fatty liver”

A

Reduced hepatic function

Due to excess NEFAs converted into triglycerides and stored as fat droplets

21
Q

What are 3 problems with obesity in dairy cows?

A
  1. Accumulation of fat in the liver reducing hepatic function, “fatty liver”
  2. Type 2 diabetes, decreased response to insulin
  3. Proinflammatory cytokines from adipose tissue cause inflammation in liver
22
Q

Which type of fat distribution do Holsteins tend to have?

A

Visceral fat “hidden”

23
Q

When should you check the BCS in dry cows?

A

At drying off
Halfway through dry period
At calving
Early lactation

24
Q

What are the risks of overfeeding during the dry period?

A
  1. Major increase in visceral fat (little increase in CS)
  2. Decreased immune function
  3. Risk factor for metabolic syndrome
25
Q

What is the traditional feeding regime for the dry period?

A

Far-off group (5 weeks)
- Low energy/high fibre
Close-to group (last 3 weeks)
- Transition diet

26
Q

What is a typical early dry period ration?

A

Grass (densely stocked)

Straw (4-5kg per day)

27
Q

What are two types of transition diet?

A
  1. High yield TMR diluted with straw

2. Silage, straw + dry cow concentrate

28
Q

What is the “Keenan diet”
What is the advantage of it?
What are two essential components for it to work?

A

One diet for whole dry period
Reduces social stresses, no moves
1. Adequate feed space (as cows must eat a lot)
2. Chopped straw

29
Q

What BCS do you want cows to be calving at?

A

2.5-3.0

30
Q

How long does it take for the ecosystem of microbes in the rumen to adapt?

A

3 weeks

31
Q

How does rumen acidosis cause liver abscesses?

What type of cattle is this common in?

A

Increased acid production causes rumenitis, allowing bacteria into the hepatic portal system and they enter the liver
Barley beef and Feedlot cattle

32
Q

What is normal rumen pH
What is rumen pH in SARA?
What is rumen pH in acute ruminal acidosis

A

6-7
Below or equal to 5.7 (5.5 in USA)
< 5

33
Q

How does low rumen pH affect digestion?

What clinical signs will be evident and why?

A

Reduces efficiency of digestion
Osmotic diarrhoea: Due to undigested particles
Fibrin casts in faeces: Due to colonic acidosis

34
Q

What are the three main effects of SARA?

A
  1. Reduced DMI
  2. Reduced digestibility (reduced energy intake from diet, NEB)
  3. Immunosuppression (disease susceptibility)
35
Q

How can SARA cause endocarditis?

A

Causes rumenitis, damaging rumen wall and allowing bacteria into bloodstream

36
Q

What would you see in faecal sieving in SARA?

A
  • Undigested grain
  • Long fibre (>1/2”)
  • Mucus casts (indicate colon inflammation from secondary digestion - hindgut fermentation)
37
Q

Which cows do you select for pH sampling for SARA?

What is a positive herd diagnosis?

A

Cows calved 14-21 days (assess transition + early lactation management)
Cows calved 60-80 days (assess overall diet quality)
Diagnosis: 2 cows from EITHER group are below threshold pH

38
Q

What length should fibre be in a TMR?

What is the maximum concentrate: fodder ratio?

A

1” - 4”

60: 40 (max, ideally more fodder)

39
Q

Name two causes of Acute Ruminal Acidosis

A
  1. Barley poisoning (e.g. barley beef, sudden introduction of lots of grain)
  2. Pet sheep pre-lambing (increased concentrate +/- restricted fodder intake)
40
Q

What is the treatment for subacute ruminal acidosis?

What is the treatment for peracute?

A

Subacute: oral antacids (Mg hydroxide or carbonate) + hay
Peracute: Rumenotomy, sodium bicarbonate i/v + fluids

Livestock, Health & Welfare (15 decks)

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