Cattle Respiratory Disease

Question 1

What are the 6 main problems with the bovine respiratory system?

Answer 1

1. Small lung volume for body size
2. Large dead space (decreased clearance of bacteria, reduce respiratory reserve)
3. Alveoli have no collateral ventilation
4. Alveoli are easily damaged and difficult to recover
5. Vasoconstriction of arteries/arterioles (early in pneumonia, cuts off blood supply to the pneumonic lung)
6. Poor fibrinolytic system (persistent fibrinous exudate + lung scarring)

Question 2

What do PI3 and BRSV stand for?

What age groups do they each affect

Answer 2

Parainfluenza-3 virus
Bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV)
PI3 - Viral pneumonia in calves
BRSV - calves and adults

Question 3

What is IBR caused by?

Answer 3

Infectious bovine Rhinotracheitis is caused by Bovine Herpesvirus-1 (BHV-1)

Question 4

What does BHV-1 cause?

Answer 4

Respiratory and reproductive disease

IBR and Abortion

Question 5

What does BHV-1 type 2 cause?

Answer 5

Infectious pustular vulvo-vaginitis (IPV)

Question 6

What does BHV-4 cause?

Answer 6

Endometritis

Question 7

What are the 3 pathogens involved in Bovine Respiratory Disease (BRD) or “Shipping fever”

Answer 7

Mannheimia haemolytica
(Pasteurella multocida)
(Histophilus somni)

Question 8

What causes haemorrhagic septicaemia?

Answer 8

Pasteurella multicoda

Question 9

What is Fog Fever caused by?

Answer 9

Reaction to fructans in grass

Question 10

What is Laryngeal Chondritis secondary to?

Answer 10

Calf diphtheria

Question 11

What is the name of the cattle lung worm?

Answer 11

Dictyocaulus vivipaurs

Question 12

What can cause a profuse nosebleed in cattle? What is the prognosis for this?

Answer 12

Venal caval thrombosis

Hopeless

Question 13

What breeds of sheep and cow are predisposed to laryngeal chondritis?
What would you expect to hear?

Answer 13

Texels - “texel throat”
Belgian blue
Stertorous upper respiratory noise

Question 14

What is the maximum spread of ages you should have in a group of calves?

Answer 14

2 weeks

Question 15

What species should Beta lactams (penicillins, cephalosporins) not be used in?

Answer 15

Mycoplasma spp.
(E.g. mycoplasma bovis)
B lactams work by inhibiting cell wall synthesis, but gram -ve don’t have a cell wall!

Question 16

How much % of a group of animals need to be affected in order to administer antibiotics to the whole group?

Answer 16

25% or more

If not, give to only affected animals, take daily temperatures

Question 17

Which has a longer duration of action, Oxytetracycline or Macrolides?

Answer 17

Macrolides (9 days)

Oxytet (2-3 days)

Question 18

In cattle, which lobe of the lung is most likely to be affected by pneumonia?

Answer 18

Left cranial lobe

Question 19

What rectal temperature indicates pyrexia in a cow?

Answer 19

> 40°C
Normal temp cow: 37.8-39.2°C
Normal temp calf:
38.6-39.4°C

Question 20

Are Florfenicols and Long-acting macrolides licensed in milking cows?

Answer 20

No, long milk withdrawal

Question 21

Which 2 NSAIDs licensed in cattle have zero milk withhold?

Answer 21

Ketoprofen

Carprofen

Question 22

Which 2 NSAIDs should you not use in milking cows?

Answer 22

Aspirin (Solacycl)

PHENYLBUTAZONE NOT IN ANY CATTLE

Question 23

When should the vaccine for lung worm (Dictyocaulus viviparous) be given?

Answer 23

“Huskvac” should be given in 2 doses, with the 2nd dose given 2 weeks before turnout
For maximum vaccine response at turnout
Not at the same time as anthelmintics

Question 24

What are the 3 main viruses implicated in calf pneumonia?

Answer 24

IBR, BRSV, PI3

Question 25

What 2 bacteria commonly invade the respiratory tract after a primary pathogen insult?

Answer 25

Pasteurella multicoda

Manheimia haemolytica

Question 26

What causes enzootic pneumonia in calves?

Answer 26

Stressors, viral infection with secondary bacterial infection
Often M. haemolytica and P. multicoda