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Livestock, Health & Welfare > Johne's and Toxicology > Flashcards

Johne's and Toxicology Flashcards

1
Q

What are 2 clinical signs of John’s?

What are 3 signalments?

A
  1. Weight loss
  2. Profuse diarrhoea
  3. Animal over 3 years old
  4. Bright and eating
  5. After calving (stress)
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2
Q

What is the most common transmission route for John’s disease?

A

New born calf

SiM and pooled colostrum

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3
Q

In Johne’s disease, how does a calf go from being infected to infectious?

A

Cell-mediated immunity is initially protective against disease progression
If disease progresses, antibody response suppresses CMI
Animal starts shedding

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4
Q

What is a “super-shedder” of Johne’s disease?

A

> 1 million cfu/g faeces

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5
Q

How do you test for Johne’s infection in the HERD?

A 
Target sampling (30 cow screen)
Select 30 cows most likely to be positive, test milk/blood antibody
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6
Q

What is the relationship between MAP and M. bovis (TB)

A

Cross-reaction
False negatives in Avian TB test
False positives in Mammalian TB test
False positive in MAP test if TB test < 3 months prior

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7
Q

What are 4 ways to prevent John’s?

A
  1. Snatch calving at birth
  2. Keep youngstock and adults separate
  3. NO feeding of pooled colostrum or waste milk
  4. Purchase animals from low risk herds
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8
Q

What is the purpose of “Gudair” (MAP vaccine)

What is the main problem with it?

A

Reduces incidence of clinical disease
Does NOT prevent infection
Interferes with MAP and TB tests

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9
Q

When is Johne’s applicable in a Beef Suckler herd?

What is the main option prevention?

A

If rearing replacements

Outdoor calving

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10
Q

What clinical signs does lead poisoning cause?

A

Neurological: blindness, circling, tremors

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11
Q

What are 3 treatments for lead poisoning?

A
  1. Chelation (EDTA)
  2. Thiamine hydrochloride
  3. Rumenotomy
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12
Q

What is the voluntary withdrawal period for lead poisoning?
For normal slaughter and enter into the food chain, what should the concentration of blood: lead be?
What needs to occur if blood lead: lead concentration is above 0.48umol/l?

A

16 weeks
< 0.15umol/l
Testing of carcass

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13
Q

What breed of sheep is susceptible to copper toxicity?

A

Texel

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14
Q

What is a common cause of copper toxicity in cattle?

Name 3 clinical signs

A

Pig feed or manure

  1. Sudden death
  2. Anaemia, haemoglobinuria
  3. Jaundice
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15
Q

What is the treatment for copper toxicitiy?

A

Copper anatagonists: Molybdenum or sulphur

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16
Q

What is Ryegrass Staggers caused by?

What type of clinical signs does it cause and what is the timeframe?

A

Mycotoxin produced by Acremonium loliae
Neurological, 1-2 weeks after exposure:
Jerky movements, fine tremors, head nodding, tetanic spasms

17
Q

What type of toxin causes Deoxynivalenol?
What fungus produces it?
What type of feed is it related to?

A

Vomitoxin produced by Fusarium fungi (mycotoxin)

Cereals: wheat, barley, oats

18
Q

Which fungi produces Alfatoxins?

What type of feed is the most high risk?

A

Aspergillus fungi

Corn

19
Q

What do Alfatoxins cause? (2 things)

A

Carcinogenic

Hepatic disease

20
Q

What species does Zearalenone toxicity affect?

Name 3 clinical signs it causes

A

Pigs

  1. Hyperoestrogenism
  2. Decreased fertility in boars
  3. Rectal/vaginal prolapse
21
Q

What is Claviceps purpurea?

What disease does it cause and how?

A

Parasitic fungus of rye
Ergotism
Ingestion of ergot alkaloids

22
Q

What are 4 clinical signs of Ergotism?

A
  1. Gangrenous lesions
  2. Painful/cold/numb extremities
  3. Abdominal pain
  4. Vomiting
23
Q

Which disease is caused by a mycotoxin, resulting in photosensitisation?
In sub-clinical cases, how is it diagnosed?
What does it cause in the liver?

A

Facial eczema (fungi: Pithomyces chartarum)
GGT concentration
Hepatic disease and necrosis of bile ducts

24
Q

What is a common cause of botulism?
What are 3 presentations of botulism?
Can affected animals enter the food chain?

A 
Broiler litter used as fertiliser
1. Found dead
2. Recumbency with flaccid paralysis
3. Ataxic 
Not for human consumption if affected. If recovered, withdrawal period of 18 days
25
Q

What is the pathogenesis of Nitrate poisoning?

A

Accumulation of NITRITE, converts haemoglobin into methaemoglobin (which can’t transport O2)

26
Q

What are 3 clinical signs of Nitrate poisoning?

What is the treatment?

A
  1. Tachypnoea
  2. Cyanotic MM
  3. Weak and rapid pulse
    IV Methylene Blue
27
Q

What does thiamine deficiency cause in:

  1. Pigs?
  2. Sheep?
  3. Cattle?
  4. All species?
A
  1. Cardiac enlargement
  2. Bright blindness (retinal degeneration)
  3. Enzootic haematuria
  4. Pancytopenia and tumors of bladder wall
28
Q

What plant causes thiamine deficiency and how?

A

Bracken

Thiaminases

29
Q

What plant causes goitres and frothy bloat?

A

Clover

30
Q

What plant causes Pyrrolizidine Alkaloid toxicity?

What does it cause?

A

Ragwort

Hepatoxic

31
Q

What toxicity causes black tarry faeces and haematuria?

What plant contains these toxins?

A

Phenols and tannins

Acorns (oak)

32
Q

In which plant toxicity is vomiting the pathognomic sign?

Name 3 other clinical signs

A

Rhododendron poisoning (Polycyclic diterpenes)1. Staggers

  1. Recumbency
  2. Tremors and paddling
33
Q

Name two causes of Nitrate poisoning

A

BrassicasFertiliser (e.g. run-off into cattle housing)

34
Q

What plants cause Nitrate poisoning, SMCO and are goitrogens?

A

Brassicas (rape and kale)

35
Q

On what parts of the skin does photo sensitisation occur?

What 2 plants cause photosensitisation?

A

Non-pigmented or hairless areas of the skin
St John’s Wort
Ragwort

36
Q

What plant causes sudden death?

A

Yew (taxine poisoning)

37
Q

What is the MAIN sign of anthrax upon finding a dead animal in a field?
How do you take a blood sample if anthrax is suspected?
How do you diagnose on cytology?
What should you do if anthrax is suspected?

A

NO RIGOR MORTIS (and black tarry blood from nose/rectum)
DON’T use vacutainers (clostridia will stain like anthrax)
Use surgical spirit to burn cut skin
Stain methylene blue, anthrax stains PINK
Inform APHA and DON’T MOVE ANIMAL

Livestock, Health & Welfare (15 decks)

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