Physiology: Physiology of Joints Flashcards

1
Q

Describe the structure of synovial joints

A

Bones separated by a cavity which contains synovial fluid, and united by a capsule

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2
Q

What effect do TNF-⍺ and IL-1 have on the extracellular matrix of articular cartilage?

A

Catabolic - stimulate proteolytic enzymes and inhibit proteoglycan synthesis

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3
Q

What is a simple synovial joint?

A

A synovial joint with only one pair of articular surfaces e.g. metacarpophalangeal joint

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4
Q

What is the function of collagen in articular cartilage?

A

Maintains cartilage architecture and provides tensile stiffness and strength

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5
Q

What effect do TGF-β and IGF-1 have on the extracellular matrix of articular cartilage?

A

Anabolic - stimulate proteoglycan synthesis and counteract effects of IL-1

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6
Q

What conditions would increase synovial fluid WBC?

A

Inflammatory arthritis and septic arthritis

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7
Q

Which type of collagen is mostly present in articular cartilage?

A

Type II (elastic)

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8
Q

What are cartilaginous joints?

A

Bones united by cartilage e.g. intervertebral discs

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9
Q

What creates the high viscosity of synovial fluid?

A

Hyaluronic acid (mucin) produced by the synovial cells

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10
Q

When would synovial fluid turn red?

A

In traumatic synovial tap and in haemorrhagic arthritis

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11
Q

Name the cells that synthesise, organise and degrade the extracellular matrix of articular cartilage

A

Chondrocytes

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12
Q

Which form of cartilage usually forms articular cartilage?

A

Hyaline

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13
Q

What is articular cartilage?

A

The cartilage that covers the articular surfaces of bones in a synovial joint

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14
Q

What is the function of water in articular cartilage?

A

Maintains the resiliency of the tissue and contributes to the nutrition and lubrication system

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15
Q

What is the function of articular cartilage?

A

Provides a low friction lubricated gliding surface, and distributes contact pressure to subchondral bone

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16
Q

What is the function of proteoglycans in articular cartilage?

A

Rsponsible for the compressive properties associated with load bearing (act like ‘ballons’)

17
Q

What is the synovial membrane?

A

Vascular connective tissue that lines the inner aspect of the fibrous capsule of a synovial joint

18
Q

Name the 3 components of articular cartilage

A

Water (70%), collagen (20%) and proteoglycans (10%)

19
Q

Name the cells which produce synovial fluid

A

Synovial cells (fibroblasts)

20
Q

What is a compound synovial joint?

A

A synovial joint with more than one pair of articular surfaces e.g. elbow joint

21
Q

Name the three types of joints

A

Synovial, fibrous and cartilaginous

22
Q

Describe the normal appearance of synovial fluid

A

Clear and colourless, with few cells

23
Q

What are fibrous joints?

A

Bones united by fibrous tissue e.g. bones of the skull in adults

24
Q

Why do the chondrocytes of articular cartilage rely on synovial fluid for O2 and removal of CO2?

A

Articular cartilage is avascular