Anatomy: Joints of the Lower Limb Flashcards
Name the 3 articulations of the knee
2 between the femur and the tibia (femorotibeal), 1 between the femur and the patella (femoropatellar)
Which knee ligament is the arrow indicating?
Anterior cruciate ligament
When is the knee able to slightly medially and laterally rotate?
When the knee is flexed to 90°
Which nerve supplies both the hip and the knee, which can result in hip pain radiating or being referred to the knee?
Obturator nerve
What is the function of the medial collateral ligament?
Resists valgus stress
Which joint surface has the thickest hyaline cartilage in th body?
Retropatellar surface (knee)
Name the movements of the subtalar joint
Inversion (tibialis anterior and tibialis posterior) and eversion (fibularis muscles)
Name the action performed by the following muscles:
Iliopsoas, rectus femoris, sartorius, pectineus
Flexion of the hip
What are the interphalangeal joints?
Synovial hinge joints which allow flexion and extension of the toes
What is the suprapatellar bursa?
Extension of the synovial cavity of the knee, located between the quadriceps femoris and the femur
Why does damage to the medial collateral ligament usually result in a medial meniscal tear?
In addition to the intercondylar attachment, the medial meniscus is fixed to the medial collateral ligament
Which knee ligament is the arrow indicating?
Medial collateral ligament
Name the attachments of the menisci
Attached at both ends to the intercondylar area of the tibia (C shaped)
What is the function of the anterior cruciate ligament?
Resists internal rotation of the tibia in extension and anterior subluxation of the tibia onto the femur
What is an ‘unhappy triad’ knee injury?
Medial menisci, medial collateral, anterior cruciate
The integrity of which ligament is tested by the posterior drawer test?
Posterior cruciate ligament
What type of joint is the hip joint?
Ball and socket type synovial joint
Name the action performed by the following muscles:
Biceps femoris, gluteus maximus, piriformis, assisted by the obturators, gemilli and quadratus femoris
Lateral rotation of the hip
Name the movements of the midtarsal joint
Inversion (tibialis anterior and tibialis posterio) and eversion (fibularis muscles)
Name the attachments of the patellar ligament
Continuation of the quadriceps femoris tendon distal to the patella that attaches to the tibial tuberosity
What is the function of the menisci?
‘Shock absorbers’, act to distribute load evenly
Which knee ligament is the arrow indicating?
Patellar ligament
What type of joint is the knee joint?
Hinge type synovial joint
Which knee ligament is the arrow indicating?
Posterior cruciate ligament
What are the metatarsophalangeal joints?
Synovial joints which allow flexion, extension, abduction, adductoin and circumduction of the digits
Which knee ligament is the arrow indicating?
Lateral collateral ligament
Name the components of the leg extensor mechanism from proximal to distal
Quadriceps muscle, quadriceps tendon, patella, patellar tendon
Name the arteries which supply the hip joint
Medial and lateral circumflex arteries - usually from deep femoral arteries
Artery to head of femur - more important in children <4 years, usually becomes obliterated in the adult
What is the midtarsal joint?
Made up of 2 synovial joints - calcaenocubiod and talocalcaneonavicular joints
Name attachments of the medial collateral ligament
Proximally attaches to the medial epicondyle of the femur, distally it attaches to the medial condyle of the tibia
Which ligament of the hip is ruptured during hip dislocation?
Ligament to head of femur (ligamentum teres)
Name the action performed by the following muscles:
Anterior fibres of gluteus medius and minimus, tensor fascia latae
Medial rotation of the hip
What is the function of the posterolateral corner (PCL, LCL, popliteus and other smaller ligaments)?
Resist external rotation of the tibia in flexion
What is the function of the posterior cruciate ligament?
Resists posterior subluxation of the tibia onto the femur and hyperextension of the knee
Name the action performed by the following muscles:
Gluteus medius, gluteus minimus, piriformis and tensor fascia latae
Abduction of the hip
Name the action performed by the following muscles:
Adductors longus, brevis and magnus, pectineus and gracilis
Adduction of the hip
Name the action performed by the following muscles:
Hamstrings and gracilis
Medial rotation of the knee
Name the action performed by the following muscles:
Gluteus maximus, semimembranosus, semitendinosus and biceps femoris (the hamstrings)
Extension of the hip
Name the action performed by the following muscle:
Biceps femoris
Lateral rotation of the knee
What is the subtalar joint?
Synovial joint between the talus and the calcaneus
How does the iliotibial tract stabilise the knee joint
The bottom of the band attaches to the top of the tibia
What is the tarsometatarsal joint?
Joint between the cuneiforms/cubiod proximally at the metatarsals
Name the intracapsular ligament of the hip
Ligament to head of femur (ligamentum teres)
Name the two articulatory surfaces of the hip joint
Pelvic acetabulum and the head of the femur
Name the action performed by the following muscles:
Hamstrings and gastrocnemius
Flexion of the knee
Name the attachments of the posterior cruciate ligament
Attaches at the posterior intercondylar region of the tibia and ascends anteriorly to attach to the medial femoral condyle
Name the action performed by the following muscle:
Quadriceps femoris
Extension of the knee
Name the extracapsular ligaments of the knee
Patellar ligament, lateral collateral ligament, medial collateral ligament
Which knee ligament is the arrow indicating?
Lateral meniscus
Genu valgum can be associated with the loss of which knee ligament?
Lateral menisci
What is the acetabular labrum?
Horseshoe shaped fibrocartilaginous ring around the acetabulum that provides a larger articular surface, increasing stability of the hip joint
What is the function of the lateral collateral ligament?
Resists varus stress and abnormal external rotation of the ligaments
Name the attachments of the anterior cruciate ligament
Attaches at the anterior intercondylar region of the tibia where it blends with the medial meniscus, ascends laterally and posteriorly to attach to the lateral femoral condyle
Genu varum can be associated with the loss of which knee ligament?
Medial menisci
Name attachments of the lateral collateral ligament
Attaches proximally to the lateral epicondyle of the femur, distally it attaches to a depression on the lateral surface of the fibular head
Which knee ligament is the arrow indicating?
Medial meniscus
Name the three extracapsular ligaments of the hip
Iliofemoral, pubofemoral, ischiofemoral
Which knee ligament is the arrow indicating?
Medial collateral ligament
What is the function of the suprapatellar bursa?
Reduces friction on the quadriceps tendon during knee movements
The integrity of which ligament is tested by the anterior drawer test?
Anterior cruciate ligament
Name the intra-articular ligaments of the knee
Anterior cruciate ligament, posterior cruciate ligament
Which structure forms the extracapsular ligaments of the hip?
Thick part of the fibrous layer of the joint capsule
