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MBChB YR2 MSK > Anatomy: Histology > Flashcards

Anatomy: Histology Flashcards

1
Q

What are the canaliculi of bone?

A

Interconnect the lacunae (where the osteocytes are located)

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2
Q

Describe the structure of a skeletal muscle fibre

A

Long cylinders which are striated, unbranched and multinucleated

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3
Q

Name the functional unit of bone

A

Osteon

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4
Q

During bone remodelling, what is the basic multicellular unit?

A

The collection of osteoclasts and osteoblasts that participate in bone remodelling at a particular site

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5
Q

What is a Haversian canal?

A

Found in cortical bone, the Haversian canal transmits small neurovascular and lymphatic vessels to the rest of the osteon

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6
Q

Name the components of bone

A

65% bioapatite 23% collagen 10% water 2% non-collagen proteins

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7
Q

What is the most common type of cartilage?

A

Hyaline cartilage

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8
Q

What is a myofibril composed of?

A

Many sarcomeres placed end to end

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9
Q

What is endochondral ossification?

A

The process of bone development from hyaline cartilage, involved in all the bones in the body apart from the skull, mandible, and the clavicles

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10
Q

Where do cartilaginous bones ossify first?

A

Within the diaphysis

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11
Q

Define perimysium

A

Connective tissue surrounding a single fascicle

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12
Q

What is osteoid?

A

Collagen, glycosaminoglycans, proteoglycans and other organic compounds of the matrix which is secreted by osteoblasts

Will become mineralised over time to become mature bone

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13
Q

Osteocytes sense what action on the skeleton?

A

Mechanical strain

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14
Q

What is the mineral of bone?

A

Principally calcium phosphate crystals, particularly hydroxyapatite

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15
Q

What is lamellar bone?

A

The bone of the adult skeleton

Consists of highly organised sheets of mineralised osteoid

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16
Q

What is the epiphysis of a bone?

A

Ends of bone

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17
Q

From what lineage of cells are osteoclasts believed to be derived from?

A

Macrophages (haematopoietic progenitors)

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18
Q

Where are osteoblasts derived from?

A

Mesenchymal cells in the bone marrow stroma

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19
Q

Which type of muscle fibre produces a relatively smaller amount of force but is more resistant to fatigue?

A

Type I

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20
Q

Name the cells found in cartilage

A

Chondrocytes

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21
Q

What is the epiphyseal plate of bone?

A

Growth plate

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22
Q

Describe the structure of the extracellular matrix of hyaline cartilage

A

75% water 25% organic material (60% type II collagen, 40% proteoglycan aggregates)

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23
Q

What is the medullary cavity in bone?

A

Central cavity of bone shafts where red bone marrow and/or yellow bone marrow (adipose tissue) is stored

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24
Q

What type of cartilage is found in the IV discs?

A

Fibrocartilage

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25
Q

Describe the structure of fibrocartilage

A

Hybrid between tendon and hyaline cartilage, bands of densely packed type I collagen interleaved with rows of chondrocytes surrounded by small amounts of cartilaginous ECM, appears white

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26
Q

What are type IIB muscle fibres (‘white’ fibres)?

A

Fast contracting fibres that depend on anaerobic metabolism - few mitochondria and less myoglobin

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27
Q

How is bone girth increased?

A

Cells from the periostrum lay down circumferential new bone on the periphery of the existing cortex

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28
Q

What are type I muscle fibres (‘red’ fibres)?

A

Relatively slowly conducting fibres that depend on oxidative metabolism - lots of mitochondria and myoglobin

29
Q

How is the structure of trabecular and compact bone similar?

A

Both types of bone are lamellar (made up of layers)

30
Q

Define fasicle

A

Group of muscle fibres; a muscle typically contains several fascicles

31
Q

Where are the osteocytes located in bone?

A

Between the lamellae, within lacunae

32
Q

Which type of bone is found at the epiphysis?

A

Cancellous or trabecular bone

33
Q

Name the primary site of haemopoiesis in utero

A

The liver and the spleen

34
Q

Describe the structure of elastic cartilage

A

Light yellow in colour, the addition of elastic fibres (replace lots of ECM) make it quite flexible

35
Q

What is intramembranous ossification?

A

The process of bone development from fibrous membranes, involved in the formation of the flat bones of the skull, mandible, and the clavicles

36
Q

Name the primary site of haemopoiesis after birth and throughout life

A

Bone marrow

37
Q

Define epimysium

A

Connective tissue that surrounds the whole muscle

38
Q

What are type IIA muscle fibres?

A

Intermediate muscle fibre between type I and type IIB, relatively uncommon

39
Q

Name the space in the extracellular matrix where the chondrocytes are located

A

Lacuna

40
Q

What are osteocytes derived from?

A

Osteoblasts which become buried in bone matrix

41
Q

What are osteoblasts?

A

Bone forming cells found on the surface of developing bone

42
Q

What are osteoprogenitor cells?

A

Pool of reserve osteoblasts located on bone surfaces

43
Q

What is the main difference between cortical and trabecular bone?

A

The presence of spaces (marrow cavities) adjacent to trabecular bone

44
Q

What type of cartilage would be found on articular surfaces, and makes up the tracheal rings and costal cartilage?

A

Hyaline cartilage

45
Q

By the age of 20, only the bone marrow of which regions are involved in blood production?

A

Axial and limb girdle skeleton

46
Q

What is the periosteum?

A

Membrane that covers the outer surface of all bones, except at the articular surfaces

47
Q

What type of cartilage is found in the auricle of the ear, and most of the epiglottis?

A

Elastic cartilage

48
Q

Describe the structure of the periosteum

A

Outer fibrous layer, inner ‘osteogenic’ layer which contains progenitor cells that develop into osteoblasts

49
Q

What are osteoclasts?

A

Large (up to 40µm or more) multinucleated cells, found on the surface of bone and are responsible for bone reabsorption

50
Q

How is bone length increased?

A

Cartilage proliferation at growth plates between the metaphysis and epiphysis; the cartilage then ossifies

51
Q

What is the metaphysis of bone?

A

Region between the diaphysis and epiphysis

52
Q

Define a motor unit

A

Consists of one motor neuron and all of the muscle fibres it innervates

53
Q

Describe the appearance of hyaline cartilage

A

Blue-white in colour, translucent

54
Q

Describe cartilage

A

Semi-rigid and deformable, permeable, avascular, cells nourished by diffusion through the extracellular matrix

55
Q

Why does bone rely on blood vessels that pervade the tissue for nourishment?

A

Bone is not permeable

56
Q

Which type of muscle fibre will produce relatively great force but fatigue easily?

A

Type IIB

57
Q

Where are the nuclei located in a skeletal muscle fibre?

A

At the periphery of the fibre, just under the sarcolemma

58
Q

What is the significance of the Z line?

A

Marks the boundary between sarcomeres - the sarcomere extends from one Z line to the next

59
Q

What are osteocytes?

A

Bone cells trapped within the bone matrix

60
Q

Define endomysium

A

Connective tissue surrounding a single muscle fibre

61
Q

Name the unit of contraction of the muscle cell

A

Sarcomere

62
Q

Name the most common type of bone cell

A

Osteocytes

63
Q

If a muscle is required for fine control, will it have a greater or lesser number of muscle fibres in the motor unit?

A

Lesser number - each motor neuron will innervate a small number of muscle fibers, enabling many nuances of movement of the entire muscle

64
Q

How does the structure of the sarcomeres result in the striations of skeletal muscle?

A

The alternating dark and light bands of the sarcomeres are held in registry with one another

65
Q

What is the diaphysis of a bone?

A

Long shaft

66
Q

Which type of bone is found in the diaphysis?

A

Cortical bone

67
Q

Why does trabecular bone generally lack Haversian canals?

A

Because the struts are thin, the osteocytes can survive from contact with the marrow spaces

68
Q

What is woven bone?

A

Bone that appears in embryonic development and fracture repair, as it can be laid down rapidly

It consists of osteoid with the collagen fibres arranged randomly

Temporary structure, soon replaced by mature lamellar bone

MBChB YR2 MSK (36 decks)

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