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Cardiopulmonary PT > Physiology of the cardiovascular system > Flashcards

Physiology of the cardiovascular system Flashcards

1
Q

What is the conduction system of the heart

A
  • Sinoartial node
  • atrioventricular node
  • bundle of his
  • right and left bundle branches
  • purkinjie fibers
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2
Q

What is the pacemaker of the heart

A
  • SA node
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3
Q

What other elements of the heart can contract on their own

A
  • AV node (slower only 40-60 beats)
  • myoctyes but one 20-40 beats and they would not coordination
  • can contribute to arrthymias
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4
Q

Coronary circulation
- when does blood flow get pushed into circulation/when does perfusion occur

A
  • blood flow Is pushed into the coronary arteries at the end of systole
  • perfusion occurs at the capillary level during diastole
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5
Q
  • Where do each provide blood supply
    1. posterior circumflex
    2. left coronery artery
    3. anterior descending branch of left coronary artery
    4. right coronary artery
A
  1. left atrium and posterior wall of L ventricle
  2. to the left side of the heart
  3. septum and anterior wall of left ventricle
  4. SA node and AV node area
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6
Q

Systemic circulation (how does it work)

A
  • arterial pressure drives blood into tissue
  • perfusion occurs at capillary level
  • venous system is very low pressure return system
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7
Q

What is the overall role of the heart

A
  • carries O2, hormones, sugar, waste, platelets
    WBCs
  • impacts every system
  • not good pumping = not good exercise tolerance
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8
Q

What characteristics of the heart allow the heart to pump blood on its own

A

the ability to pump blood is opened on the following
- automatic: own impulse
- rhythmic: repeat and cannot take a break
- excitable: each cell needs to respond
- conductive: from cell to cell
- contractile: different cells contract in different ways with different amount of squeeze

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9
Q

Describe the cardiac cycle following 1 blood cell

A
  1. venous return to the right atrium
  2. venous flow arrives in the right ventricle
  3. venous blood is sent in the lung via pulmonary artery
  4. after oxygenation in the lung the blood returns to the left atrium
  5. red blood arrives in the left ventricle
  6. re blood is sent in the arteries to the tissues
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10
Q

Isovolumeric contraction

A
  • both valves are closed and the heart is starting to squeeze
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11
Q
  • isovolumeric relaxation
A
  • both valves are closed and the muscle is relaxing
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12
Q

End diastolic pressure and volume

A
  • pressure/volume at the end of distal
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13
Q

Cardiac cycle with both atria and ventricles not following 1 RBC

A
  1. atria systole: atria contract, Av valves open, SL valves closed
  2. early ventricular systole: atria relax, ventricles contract, AV valves forced closed, SL valves still closed
  3. Late ventricular systole: atria relax, ventiles contract, AV remains closed and SL valves forced open
  4. Early ventricular diastole: atria and ventricles relax, AV valves and SL valves closed atria begin passively filling with blood
  5. late ventricular diastole: atria and ventricles relax, atria passively fill with blood as AV valves open SL valves close
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14
Q

What is the cardiac cycle a series of

A
  • pressure changes that take place within the heart
  • these pressure changes result in the movement of blood through different chambers of the heart and body as a whole
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15
Q

What is Cardiac Output

A
  • The quantity of blood pumped in one minute
  • CO = HR x SV
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16
Q

what type of factors affect HR/examples of factors

A
  • chronotropic (time)
  • automonic innervation
  • Hormones
  • Fitness level
  • Age
17
Q

what type of factors affect SV

A
  • ionotropic = contraction
  • Factors that affect SV
  • Heart size
  • Fitness level
  • Gender
  • Contractility
  • Duration of contraction
  • Preload (EDV)
  • Afterload (resistance
18
Q

What does SV =

A
  • EDV - ESV
    (end filling volume - what is left after contraction)
19
Q

How does CO respond to exercise

A
  • CO increases
  • SV capacity if limited - the heart can only hold a fixed volume
  • SO largest contribution to CO is heart rate
20
Q

what is ejection fraction

A
  • An indicator of pump function
  • It is a percentage of blood ejected from ventricles
21
Q

What does EF =

A
  • amount of blood ejected from ventricle (SV)/ total amount of blood in ventricle (EDV)
22
Q

What is the normal value for EF and then what do other categories mean?

A
  • Normal EF is 50-70 %
  • Borderline: 41-49%; Symptoms may only be noticeable during moderate activity
  • Reduced ≤40% Symptoms may be noticeable during rest
23
Q

What is preload

A
  • Volume coming into ventricles (EDV)
  • Certain volume for stretch on muscle for it to contract → similar to length tension in Skeletal muscles
24
Q

when is preload increased

A
  • Increased in
  • Hypervolemia
  • Regurgitation of cardiac valves (backflow)
25
Q

What is after load

A
  • pressure
  • Resistance the left ventricle must overcome to circulate blood/open the aortic valve
26
Q

How can afterload be increased

A
  • hypertension
  • Vasoconstriction
  • Increase in afterload = increase in cardiac workload
27
Q

Where does the sympathetic NS have neural input within the cardiovascular system and what affect does it have on the heart

A
  • Arteries
  • Veins
  • Heart
  • Bronchi
  • Chronotropic and inotropic = effects HR and contractility
28
Q

Where does the parasympathetic NS have neural input

A
  • Heart
  • Abdominal blood vessels
  • Chronotropic
29
Q

What is integrated to make up heart rate in cardiac function?

A
  • Central nervous system
  • Autonomic nervous system
  • Neural reflexes
  • atrial receptors
  • Hormones
30
Q

What has an effect on Stroke volume

A
  • preload
  • afterload
  • contractility
31
Q

What effects preload

A

ESV
Venous return

32
Q

What effects afterload

A
  • Aortic pressure
  • Aortic valvular function
33
Q

What effects contractility

A

EDV
Sympathetic stimulation
Myocardial oxygen supply

34
Q

What is systemic circulation depended on

A

blood supply

35
Q

What influences systemic circulation

A
  • heart /CO
  • Total peripheral resistance
  • Vessel tone, length, radius, blood viscosity, blood volume
36
Q

What makes up Bp

A
  • COxTPR

Cardiopulmonary PT (25 decks)

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