COPD Flashcards

1
Q

What is COPD

A
  • progressive disase that makes it hard to breathe
  • not cured but can be prevented and treated
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what can COPD cause

A
  • Wheezing
  • SOB
  • chest tightness
  • coughing the produces large amounts of mucus
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What can cause COPD

A
  • cigarette smoking (leading cause)
  • long term exposure to other irritants (polution, chemical fumes or dusts etc)
  • rare genetic condition called alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

risk factors for COPD

A
  • smoking/second hand smoke
  • lung irritants
  • family history
  • history of respiratory infections as a child
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What combinations of diseases overlap with COPD/are COPD disorders

A
  • Chronic bronchitis
  • emphysema
  • asthma
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Pathogenesis of COPD

A
  • air movement in the lungs comes in forcefully and with increased pressure
  • air movement out of the lungs is not as forceful and therefore bronchial walls collapse causing air trappings
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Obstruction can occur with

A
  • inflammation of air airways
  • bronchial tone/spasm
  • weakening or support structures
  • alveolar destruction
  • lack of surfactant
  • retained secretions
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Normal FEV vs COPD FEV

A
  • should be able to breathe out 75% of air within 1 sec
  • takes those with COPD longer
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Lung volumes and capacities with COPD

A
  • increased RV
  • increased TLC
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Radiographic signs of COPD

A
  • wider AP diametes
  • AP ratio is 1:1 (normal 2:1)
  • enlarged heart (due to right side overworking)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Common characteristics of COPD

A
  • Dyspnea,
  • chronic cough
  • hypoxia with or without hypercapnia
  • alveoli that are narrow and less flexible
  • radiographic and functional changes to thorax
  • spirometry changes
  • pulmonary HTN which can lead to right heart failure
  • can be septic or non-septic (both also prone to infection)
  • weakness, muscule atrophy, osteoporosis related to decreased mobility becuase of disease
  • cognitive impairment, anxiety, depression
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Non-septic COPD

A
  • Emphysema
  • Chronic bronchitis
  • possibly chronic asthma
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Asthma

A
  • meets general criteria but it is reversible
  • hyperreactive airway that causes inflammatory response
  • bronchioles can remodle
  • exercise induced: can occur hours after due to loss of water and heat in the lower respirtoary system
  • can hear wheezes
  • higher rate in females
  • usually mothers side/smoked during pregancy
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Treatments for asthma

A
  • ask if they use inhlater before an dafter sport
  • short term inhalers and long term inhalers
  • often times a mixture of smooth muscule dilators and anti-inflammatory medication
  • can also use nebulizer
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Emphysemia

A
  • damaged alveoli
  • loss of surface are for gas exchnage
  • breakdown areas = bullae
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Alpha-1 antitrypin deficiency: genetically acquired emphysema

A
  • AAT is a protein that is made in the liver
  • inhibites elastace which breaks down lung tissue
  • deficiency leads to breakdown of tissue in lungs and liver dysfunction
  • breakdown can be accelerated in those who smoke
  • can also lead to liver cirrhosis
17
Q

Chronic bronchitis

describe

A
  • comes back very year or every so often
  • long term inflammation of epithelium,
  • enlarged submucusal gland/mucus accumulation
  • hyperinflation of alveoli
  • damaged cilia
18
Q

Septic obstructive pulmonary diseases

A
  • Cystic fibrosis
  • bronchiectasis
19
Q

Cyctis fibrosis

A
  • genetic defect in lungs,
  • excessive production of thickened dehydrated hyperviscous mucus
20
Q

Organs affected by cystic fibrosis

A
  • Sinuses (infection)
  • lungs: thick sticky mucus buildup, bacterial infection and widened airways
  • skin: sweat glands produce salty sweat (can be diagnositic )
  • pacrease: blocked pancreatic ducts
  • intestines: cannot fully absorb nutrients
  • reporductive organs: problems with fertility or delyaed puberty
21
Q

Bronchiectasis

A
  • flabby airways with mucus hypersecretion
  • weak wall causes collapse with exhale
22
Q

GOLD classification system

A
  • Group a: low symptoms/risk, mMRC 0-1; >50% FEV, 0-1 outpatient or 0 hopsitalized excaerbation
  • Group B: high symptoms/low risk, mMRC 2-4, >50% FEV, 0-1 outpatient or 0 hopsitalized exacerbations
  • Group C: low symptoms, High risk, mMRC 0-1, <50% FEV, >2 outpatinet or >1 hospitalized exacerbations
  • Group d: High symptoms, High risk, mMRC 2-4, <50% FEV, >2 outpatient or >1 hospitalized exacerbations

dont memorize but look over

23
Q

What to watch for with COPD both septic and non-septic

A
  • increase cough or sputum production above normal
  • increased body temp
  • increased respiratory rate above patient norm
  • changes in X-ray, auscultation, ABGs, PFTs
  • Decreased appetite, weight activity levels
24
Q

Treatment for COPD

As severity increases (least severe to most)

A
  • self management education and smoking cessation
  • bronchodilators
  • inhaled corticosteriods
  • pulmonary rehabilitation
  • oxygen
  • surgery
25
Q

Medications for COPD

A
  • bronchodilators: short or long acting
  • Corticosteriods
  • mucolytic agents
  • antibiotics
  • oxygen
26
Q

Physical therapy for COPD

A
  • breathing exercises
  • chest mobility, posture, shoulder ROM
  • postural drainage
  • bronchial hygiene techniques when neeeded (precussion/vibration/cough. huff)
  • aerobic/strength conditioning
  • relaxation training
27
Q

surgical options for COPD

A
  • bullectomy: can remove a portion
  • lung volume reduction (segment or lobe remove)
  • lobectomy
  • transplant