ECG- part 2 Flashcards
1
Q
Causes of arrhythmia
A
- MI or damage to heart
- structural changes
- CAD/CHF - angina
- previous cardiac surgery
- congenital heart abnormality
- autonomic dysfunction
- smoking
- alcohol or drug abuse
- caffeine
- stress
- sleep disorders
- electrolyte imbalance
2
Q
What arrhythmias are palpable
A
- only ones that affect the ventricle
3
Q
ways the alteration in rhythm origined
A
- disturbances or disruption along normal conduction pathway
- extopic foci
4
Q
Ectopic foci
A
- abnormal pacemaker sites
- an excitable group of cells that cause a premature heart beat outside of the normally functioning electrical pathway of the heart
- occur when pacing occurs at sites that do not normally act as cardiac pacemakers
- can have 1 or many - many causes more issues
5
Q
Drugs affecting the cardiac action potential
A
- class 1: Na+ channel blocker
- class 2: beta blocker
- class 3: K+ channel blocker
- Class 4: Ca channel blocker
6
Q
Sinus bradycardia
A
- classified as resting HR <60
- doesnt need to pump a lot due to SV can be normal
- if they have symptoms then ejection fracture is also most likely low
7
Q
Sinus tachycardia
A
- > 100
- can come from increase in sympathetic stimulation, caffeine, anemia, CHF etc
- treament = remove cause
- impacts filling time especially if you do not have a good heart
- heart also gets oxygen during diastole which is not long here
8
Q
sinus arrhythmia
A
- starts at SA node
- considered normal every now and then
- all experience this
- can be a relationship with breathing
9
Q
Atrial flutter
A
- Saw tooth appearance on ECG
- comes from 1 ectopic foci
- as long as it’s regular and not impacting ventricle it is not a big problem
10
Q
Atrial fibrillation
A
- when multiple Ectopic foci are firing
- lose organization due to these places firing when they feel like it in the artia
- cause a decreased p-wave
- lose atrial kick
- atrial quiver due to not 1 strong stimulus saying contract
- blood will hang out in atria increasing risk of developing a clot - many people with this are on anticoagulants
11
Q
Junctional rhythm
A
- there is a rhythm w/o p-wave
- SA node is not firing and the AV node is taking over
- will still increase with exercise just not as much/as efficient
- atria still contract just not at the same rate or intensity
- may require + chronotropics
12
Q
Premature Ventricular contraction
A
- can palpate this
- wide/weird QRS
- doesn’t always have p-wave
- 1 Ectopic foci causing contraction early
- pair or more in series is more severe
- needs to fill
- intense thump (may report)
- how is rate being driven
- treated with chronotropics or ionotropics
13
Q
Ventricular tachycardia
A
- multiple Ectopic foci
- impact ventricular filling and cardiac output
- quivering of ventricle
- medical emergency
14
Q
Supraventricualr tachycardia
A
- not as serious
- something above ventricles is causing the tachycardia
15
Q
Ventricular fibrillation to asystole
A
- disorganized rhythm of V-fib
- then without a pulse/electrical conduction
- ventricular tachycardia can lead to this
