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AY Reproduction > Physiology of pregnancy > Flashcards

Physiology of pregnancy Flashcards

1
Q

What does a fertilized ovum develop into?

A

Blastocyst

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2
Q

What do the inner & outer cells of a blastocyst develop into?

A

Inner cells = embryo

Outer cells = placenta

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3
Q

When are the placenta & foetal heart functional by?

A

Week 5

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4
Q

What is the purpose of the placenta villi?

A

AV shunt - stops direct contact of mother & child blood

Nutrient transfer

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5
Q

How does foetal oxygenated blood return to the foetus?

A

Umbilcal vein

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6
Q

How does a foetus maintain a good oxygen supply?

A

Foetal Hb has increased ability to carry oxygen
High Hb conc in foetal blood
Bohr effect (foetal Hb can carry more oxygen in low PCO2 then high pCO2)

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7
Q

What is the function of hCG in pregnancy?

A

Prevents corpus luteum from forming

Effects development od sex organs

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8
Q

What are the effects of HCSinpregnancy?

A

Growth effects
Decreases insulin sensitivity in mother
Involved in breast development

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9
Q

What are the effects of progesterone in pregnancy?

A

Develop decidual cells
Decreases uteruscontractility
Prep for lactation

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10
Q

What are the effects of oestrogen in pregnancy?

A

Enlarges uterus
Breast developemnt
Relax ligaments

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11
Q

How does CRH secreted by the placenta affect the mother?

A

Causes increased ACTH which causes increased aldosterone & cortisol
This can lead to hypertension or oedema causing insulin resistance and gestational diabetes

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12
Q

What condition can HCG secreted by the placenta cause in the mother?

A

Hyperthyroidism

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13
Q

What condition can increased calcium demands from the plaenta cause in the other?

A

Hyperparathyroidism

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14
Q

How does pregnancy affect maternal cardiac output?

A

Increase (by 30-50%) then decreases in the last 8 weeks

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15
Q

How does pregnancy affect the maternal HR?

A

Increase (up to 90bpm)

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16
Q

Why does maternal blood pressure drop in the second trimester of pregnancy?

A

Circulation expands

Peripheral resistance decreases

17
Q

What maternal haematological changes are seen in pregnancy?

A

PV increases (proportional with CO)
Erythropoesis increases
Decreased Hb by dilution
Iron requirement increases

18
Q

What effect does progesterone have on CO2 levels?

A

Progesterone signals to brain to lower CO2 levels

19
Q

What affect does pregnancy have on the kidneys?

A

Decreased GFR & renal plasma flow
Increased reabsorption of ions & water
Slight increase in urine formation

20
Q

What is pre-eclampsia?

A

Pregnancy induced hypertension + proteinuria (<0.3g/24hrs)

21
Q

What are the risk factors for pre-eclampsia?

A 
Previous pre-eclampsia 
Hypertension 
Diabetes 
Renal disease
Obesity 
Twins
22
Q

When is pre-eclampsia seen?

A

After 20 weeks

23
Q

Symptoms of pre-eclampsia

A 
Headache 
Visual disturbances 
Papilloedema 
RUQ/epigastric pain 
Hyperreflexia
24
Q

What is the first line treatment for pre-eclampsia in pregnancy?

A

Labetalol

25
Q

How is gestational hypertension defined?

A

> 20 weeks
No proteinuria, no oedema
Resolves following birth
BP > 140/90

26
Q

What is used to prevent & treat seizures in eclampsia?

A

IV Magnesium sulphate 4mg blous followed by infusion of 1g/hour

27
Q

What are 2 phases of pregnancy metabolism?

A

<20 weeks = mothers anabolic phase

>20 weeks = increased foetal demand/starvation of the mother

28
Q

How do progesterone & oestrogen affect contractility of the uterus?

A

Progesterone inhibits contractility

Oestrogen increases contractility

29
Q

What is the role of oxytocin in labour?

A

Increases contractions & excitability

30
Q

What controls the timing of labour?

A

Foetal hormones (oxytocin, adrenal gland, prostaglandin)

31
Q

What are the 3 stages of labour?

A

1st stage = cervical dilation (8-24 hours)
2nd stage = passage through birth canal (few min-30 min)
3rd stage = expulsion of placenta

32
Q

How does oestrogen affect the breasts?

A

Stimulates growth of ductile system

Inhibits milk production

33
Q

How does progesterone affect the breast?

A

Development of lobule-alveolar system

Inhibits milk production

34
Q

What change in hormones brings about milk production?

A

Drop in oestrogen & progesterone (both inhibit milk production)
Increased prolactin & oxytocin

35
Q

What re the changes inprolactin in pregnancy?

A

Increases week 5 to birth

Stimulates colostrum

36
Q

What causes the milk “let-down” reflex?

A

Sucking stimulus + oxytocin

AY Reproduction (23 decks)

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