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AY Reproduction > Microbiology > Flashcards

Microbiology Flashcards

1
Q

What is the predominant organism in a healthy vagina?

A

Lactobacillus spp.

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2
Q

What does a healthy vagina produce to suppress growth of other bacteria?

A

Lactic acid +/- Hydrogen peroxide

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3
Q

What factors predispose to a candida infection?

A

Recent antibiotics
High oestrogen levels
Poorly controlled diabetes
Immunocompromised

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4
Q

How does a candida infection present?

A

Intensely itchy white vaginal discharge

“Cottage cheese”

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5
Q

How is candida diagnosed?

A

Usually clinically (can high vaginal swab)

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6
Q

What is the treatment for a candida infection?

A

Topical clotrimazole (or oral fluclonazole)

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7
Q

What are clue cells indicative of?

A

Bacterial Vaginosis

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8
Q

What scoring system is used for BV?

A

Hay-Ison scoring system

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9
Q

What is the treatment forBV?

A

Oral metronidazole

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10
Q

How does prostatitis present?

A

Symptoms of UTI _ lower back/abdo/perineal/penile pain + tender prostate

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11
Q

What organisms tend to cause prostatitis?

A

Same as UTI (E. coli & othercoliforms,Enterococcus sp.)

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12
Q

How is prostatitis diagnosed?

A

MSSU for C & S +/- first pass urine for chlamydia/gonorrhoea tests

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13
Q

What is the commonest bacterial STI in the UK?

A

Chlamydia

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14
Q

Where can chlamydia infect?

A 
Urethra 
Rectum
Endocervix
Throat 
Eyes
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15
Q

What are Chlaymidia Serovars A-C responsible for?

A

Trachoma (eye infection)

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16
Q

What are Chlamydia Serovars D-K responsible for?

A

Genital infection

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17
Q

What are Chlamydia Serovars L1-L3 responsible for?

A

Lymphoganuloma venereum

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18
Q

How does Chlamydia present in females?

A

Post coital bleeding
Lower abdo pain
Dyspareunia
Mucopurulent cervicitis

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19
Q

How does Chlamydia present in males?

A

Urethral discharge
Dysuria
Urethritis
Epidymo-orchitis

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20
Q

How is chlamydia treated?

A

Aithromycin (1g oral) if uncomplicated

Or doxycycline 100mg bd for 7 days

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21
Q

How is chlammydia diagnosed?

A

NAAT or PCR
Male = FPU + rectal + throat + eye swab
Female = HVS or VVS + rectal + throat + eye swabs

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22
Q

What are the complications of chlamydia?

A 
PID 
Neonate transmission 
Tube damage 
Reiter's syndrome 
Adult conjuctivitis
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23
Q

What type of organism is gonorrhoea?

A

Gram negative diplococcus (“2 kidney beans facing each other”)

24
Q

What is the incubation period of gonorrhoea?

A

2-5 days

25
Q

How does gonorrhoea present in males?

A

Urethral discharge

Dysuria

26
Q

How does gonorrhoea present in females?

A

Vaginal discharge
Dysuria
Pelvic pain

27
Q

How is gonorrhoea diagnosed?

A

NAAT or PCR

28
Q

How is gonorrhoea treated?

A

IM ceftriaxone + oral azithromycin

29
Q

Do you test for cure in chlamydia or gonorrhoea?

A

Gonorrhoea

30
Q

What are the complications of gonorrhoea?

A 
Endometritis 
Bartholinitis 
Abscess
Hydrosalphnx 
Infertility
31
Q

What spirochaete organism causes syphillis?

A

Treponema pallidum

32
Q

Does syphillis stain with gram stain?

A

Nope

33
Q

How is syphillis diagnosed?

A

Dark ground microscopy (gold standad but not avails in Tayside)
Swab fro primary or secondarylesions for PCR

34
Q

What is the primary lesion in syphillis called?

A

Chancre

35
Q

How does the secondary stage of syphillis present?

A

“Snail-track” mouth ulcers
Generalised rash (palms + soles)
Generalised lymphadenopathy
Patchy alopecia

36
Q

What test is used to screen for syphillis?

A

IgM & IgG ELISA

37
Q

What onn-specific serological tests can be useful for monitoring syphilis response to treatment?

A

VDRL or RPR

38
Q

How is syphillis treated?

A

Penicillin

39
Q

What virus tends to cause genital warts?

A

HPV

40
Q

Which serotypes of HPV are responsible for 90% of urogential warts?

A

6 & 11

41
Q

How are genital warts treated?

A

Podophyllotoxin cream/lotion

Cryotherapy

42
Q

Which types of HPV does the vacine immunise against?

A
    1. 16 & 18
43
Q

What causes genital herpes?

A

HSV-1 & HSV-2

44
Q

Which HSV is responsible for cold sores?

A

HSV-1

45
Q

What is th incubation period of HSV?

A

3-6 days

46
Q

Where does HSV replicate in genital herpes?

A

Epidermis & dermis

47
Q

Where does HSV “hide” in a genital herpes infection?

A

Sacralrot ganglion

48
Q

How is genital herpes diagnosed?

A

Swab of deroofed blister for PCR

49
Q

How is genital herpes treated?

A 
Aciclovir may be helpful if taken early enough
Pain relief (topical lidocaine)
50
Q

What is tricomonas vaginalis

A

Single celled protooal parasite

51
Q

How does trichomonas vaginalis present?

A

Frothy yellow/green musty vaginal discharge & irritation
Urethritis in males
Strawberry cervix

52
Q

How is trichomonas vaginalis diagnosed?

A

HVS for microscopy

53
Q

How is trichomonas vaginalis treated?

A

Oral metronidazole

54
Q

How long do pubic lice live in males & females?

A 
Male = 22 days 
Females = 17 days
55
Q

How are pubic lice treated?

A

Malathion lotion

AY Reproduction (23 decks)

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