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AY Reproduction > Anatomy > Flashcards

Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

What is palpable at 4 & 8 o’clock on a vaginal exam?

A

Ischial spines

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2
Q

How long does the anterior fontanelle take to ossify?

A

9-18 months

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3
Q

How long does the posterior fontanelle take to ossify?

A

3 months

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4
Q

What is the ideal position for the delivery of a baby?

A

Occipitoanterior (OA)

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5
Q

How can the pouch of Douglas be drained?

A

Through the posterior fornix of the vagina

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6
Q

Where does the broad ligament join to the pelvis?

A

Uterus,lateral walls & floor of pelvis

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7
Q

What is contained within the broad ligament?

A

Uterine tubes & proximal part of round ligament

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8
Q

What is the round ligament attached to?

A

Lateral aspect of the uterus

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9
Q

What does the round ligament pass through?

A

Deep inguinal ring

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10
Q

What are the 3 layers of the body of the uterus?

A

Perimetrium
Myometrium
Endometrium

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11
Q

Where does implantation of the zygote occur?

A

Body of the uterus

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12
Q

What are the 2 most common positions of the uterus?

A

Anteverted & Anteflexed

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13
Q

Where are samples for cervical smears taken?

A

Transformation zone

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14
Q

Where does fertilisation occur?

A

The ampulla

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15
Q

How is the patency of theuterine tubes assessed?

A

Histerosalpingogram (HSG)

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16
Q

Where do the ovaries develop embryologically?

A

Posterior abdominal wal

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17
Q

What do the ovaries do

A

Secrete oestrogen & progesterone in response to LH & FSH

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18
Q

What is the perineal body important for?

A

Pelvic floor strength

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19
Q

What is the function of Bartholin’s glands?

A

Allow vaginal secretions - associated with arousal

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20
Q

Where is the bed of the breast?

A

Ribs 2-6

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21
Q

Where is the retromammary space?

A

Between fascia & breast?

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22
Q

What 2 muscles lie underneath the breast?

A

Pectoralis major & serratus anterior

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23
Q

Where does 75% of breast tissue drain?

A

Ipsilateral axillary lymph nodes then to supraclavicular nodes

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24
Q

What is a complication of axillary lymph node removal?

A

Lymphedema

25
Q

What arteries supply the breast?

A

Axillary artery
Subclavian artery
Internal thoracic (internal mammary) artery

26
Q

What nerve fibres innervate pelvic floor muscle contraction?

A

Somatic motor

27
Q

What nerve fibres transmit pain from the adenexae & uterus?

A

Visceral afferents

28
Q

What fibres transmit pain from the perineum?

A

Somatic sensory

29
Q

Where is pain perceived from the superior aspect of pelvic organs (touching the peritoneum)?

A

Suprapubic (T11-L2)

30
Q

Where is pain perceived from the inferior part of pelvic organs (not touching the peritoneum)?

A

In the peritoneum (S2,3,4)

31
Q

At what level does the spinal cord become the cauda equina?

A

L2

32
Q

What level does the subarachnoid space end?

A

S2

33
Q

At what level is anaesthetic injected at?

A

L3/L4 (L5) region)

34
Q

Where does sympathetic outflow exit the spinal cord?

A

T1-L2

35
Q

What is a sign that a spinal anaesthetic is working?

A

Skin of lower limbs looks flushed, warm, reduced sweating

36
Q

What spinal levels does the pudendal nerve come from?

A

S2,3,4

37
Q

What does the pudendal nerve supply?

A

Somatic motor & somatic sensory to the structures of the perineum

38
Q

What procedures can a pudendal nerve block be useful for?

A

Episiotomy incision
Forceps use
Perineal stitching post delivery

39
Q

What is the pathofthe pudendalnerve?

A

Exits pelvis via the greater sciatic foramen
Passes posterior to sacrospinous ligament
Reenters pelvis/perineum via lesser sciatic foramen
Travels in pudendal canal

40
Q

What direction do the external obliques run in?

A

Hands in pockets

41
Q

What arteries supply the anterior abdominal wall?

A

Superior & inferior epigastric arteries

42
Q

What are the advantages of a LSCS incision?

A

Don’t cut rectusmuscles just separate

43
Q

Which incision might not heal well due to the lack of blood supply?

A

Laparotomy

44
Q

What are you trying not to damage in a laparoscopy?

A

Inferior epigastric artery

45
Q

What is the inferior epigastric artery a branch of?

A

External iliac

46
Q

Where does the inferior epigastric artery emerge?

A

Just medial to DIR (halfway between ASIS & pubic tubercle)

47
Q

How do you distinguish between the ureter & uterine artery in a hysterectomy?

A

“Water under the bridge”

Ureter will “vermiculate”

48
Q

What are the 2 muscle groups of the pelvic floor?

A

Levator ani & coccygeus

49
Q

What are the 3 parts of the levator ani?

A

Puborectalis
Pubococcygeus
Illiococcygeus

50
Q

What can cause injurytothe pelvic floor?

A 
Pregnancy & childbirth 
Chronic constipation 
Obesity 
Heavy lifting 
Chronic cough/sneeze
51
Q

How does a vaginal prolapse tend to present?

A

Lump in vaginal wall
Dragging sensation
Dyspareunia

52
Q

What are the different kinds of vaginal prolapse?

A

Urethrocoele
Cystocoele
Rectocoele
Enterocoele

53
Q

What is there risk of damaging in sacrospinous fixation?

A

Pudendal NVB (runs around sacrospinous ligament) and sciatic nerve

54
Q

Where are there anastamoses in the pelvis?

A

Between uterine & ovarian artery also between uterine & vaginal artery

55
Q

Where do most of the veins in the pelvis drain?

A

Internal iliac vein

56
Q

Where does lymph from the superior pelvic viscera drain?

A

External iliac nodes

57
Q

Where does lymph from the inferior pelvic viscera drain?

A

Internal iliac nodes

58
Q

Where does lymph from the superficial perineum drain?

A

Superficial inguinal nodes

AY Reproduction (23 decks)

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