Physiology L1 - Pregnant and Nursing Patient

Question 1

Shortly after fertilisation and implantation, begins the formation of what?

Answer 1

Placenta and amniotic sac

Question 2

Hormones secreted by the placental play a critical role in maintaining pregnancy what are the names of these hormones?

Answer 2

hCG, oestrogen and progesterone

Question 3

the process or period of developing inside the womb between conception and birth is known as?

Answer 3

Gestation

Question 4

The action of giving birth to a young is known as?

Answer 4

Parturition

Question 5

Parturition is accomplished by a positive-feedback cycle? What two factors facilitate the feedback system?

Answer 5

Stages of labour and uterine involution

Question 6

What is the name given to a fertilised egg?

Answer 6

Zygote

Question 7

As ovulation occurs, this releases what into the fallopian tube?

Answer 7

Oocyte

Question 8

Once fertilisation has occurred what is produced?

Answer 8

Zygote

Question 9

The division of the cells in the zygote is known as what?

Answer 9

Cleavage

Question 10

How many cells are present for the formation of a morula?

Answer 10

16 cells

Question 11

A morula is formed after how many days

Answer 11

4

Question 12

When the fertilised egg exceeds 32+ cells, it is known as a?

Answer 12

Blastocyst

Question 13

A blastocyst is formed after how many days

Answer 13

5 days

Question 14

Implantation occurs after how many days

Answer 14

7 days

Question 15

A cross section of a blastocyst shows inner cell mass and trophoblast, what are the function of them?

Answer 15

Inner cell mass – destined to become foetus

Trophoblast accomplishes implantation and develops into foetal portion of placenta

Question 16

What are the 3 functions of the placenta?

Answer 16

Kidney

Digestive system

Respiratory system

Question 17

The placenta becomes a temporary endocrine organ during pregnancy. During pregnancy three endocrine systems interact to support and enhance the growth and development of the foetus. What is the names of these hormones?

Answer 17

Placental hormones

Maternal hormones

Foetal hormones

Question 18

What are the three most important placental hormones?

Answer 18

Human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG)

Oestrogen

Progesterone

Question 19

Is the secretion of hormones from the placenta subject to extrinsic control?

Answer 19

no

Question 20

What determines the type and rate of placental hormone secretion depend on?

Answer 20

Primarily on the stage of pregnancy.

Question 21

What is the name of the hormone that acts to prolong the life span of the corpus luteum?

Answer 21

Human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG)

Question 22

Maintenance of a normal pregnancy depends on high concentrations of what hormones?

Answer 22

oestrogen and progesterone

Question 23

maintenance of the thick, pulpy endometrial tissue is down to what?

Answer 23

Persistence of oestrogen and progesterone

Question 24

In a male foetus, hCG stimulates precursor Leydig cells in the foetal testes to secrete which hormone and what function does it carry out?

Answer 24

testosterone, which masculinises the developing reproductive tract.

Question 25

Where is hCG eliminated?

Answer 25

In the urine

Question 26

Which hormone does pregnancy test detect?

Answer 26

hCG

Question 27

Why doesn’t the placenta secrete oestrogen in the first place instead of secreting hCG, which in turn stimulates the corpus luteum to secrete this hormone (and progesterone)?

Answer 27

The placenta does not have all the enzymes needed for oestrogen synthesis in the first trimester.

Oestrogen synthesis requires a complex interaction between the placenta and the foetus

Question 28

The placenta can synthesise the hormone progesterone, however the amount of progesterone is proportional to placental weight. During which period do we see placental growth?

Answer 28

Placental growth increases during the last 7 months of gestation due to the increase in circulating progesterone.

Question 29

Which trimester begins on the first day of your last period and lasts until the end of week 12?

Answer 29

1st trimester

Question 30

Which trimester is from weeks 13 to week 28?

Answer 30

2nd trimester

Question 31

Which trimester lasts from 28 weeks of pregnancy, until you give birth?

Answer 31

3rd trimester

Question 32

Which hormone is responsible for the growth of the myometrium (needed to expel the foetus during labour) and promotes the development of mammary gland ducts?

Answer 32

oestrogen

Question 33

Which hormone is responsible for supressing contractions of the uterine myometrium (prevents miscarriage), formation of a mucus plug in the cervical canal and the development of the milk glands?

Answer 33

progesterone

Question 34

Parturition (labour) requires what two things to happen?

Answer 34

Dilation of the cervical canal and contractions of the uterine myometrium.

Question 35

What is defined as a breech birth?

Answer 35

In a breech birth, any part of the body other than the head approaches the birth canal first

Question 36

Involution is known as the shrinkage of the uterus, which takes 4-6 weeks. What factors help aid in involution?

Answer 36

Fall in oestrogen and progesterone when the placenta is lost and the release of oxytocin which promotes myometrial contractions that help uterine muscle tone. Oxytocin is released through breastfeeding.

Question 37

What is the function of prolactin?

Answer 37

induce the synthesis of enzymes needed for milk production.

Question 38

Suckling triggers a neuroendocrine reflex that leads to secretion of what?

Answer 38

Prolactin and oxytocin

Question 39

Colostrum, the milk produced in the first 5 days after delivery, contains lower concentrations of fat and lactose but higher concentrations of what?

Answer 39

Immunoprotective agents