Cancer L1 - intro to benign and malignant disease

Question 1

most tumors are monoclonal, what does this means

Answer 1

monoclonal = all the cells in a tumour appear to rise from one parent cell.

Question 2

new growth

the above is the definition of what:

• Hypertrophy
• Hyperplasia
• Atrophy
• Hypoplasia
• Metaplasia
• Dysplasia
• Neoplasia

Answer 2

neoplasia

Question 3

what is the name given to cells that can no longer proliferate/replicate

Answer 3

terminally differentiated cells

Question 4

benign tumors can have clinical effects, due to their circumscribed structure they can cause local pressue effects such as pain and hormone secretions

what would be the name given to a benign tumour present in a glandular structure, such as the pituitary gland and what can this cause.

Answer 4

a benign tumor in the pituitary gland would be called an adenoma

the adenoma can stimulate the pituitary gland to hyper secrete hormones resulting in the condition called acromegaly

Question 5

dysplasia can be observed in histological slides what would you expect to see on a histological with invasive carcinoma

Answer 5

the dysplasia would have spread to local surrounding tissues. this is classified as cancer

Question 7

Reduction in cell size by loss of cell substance Many causes Physiological (thyroglossal duct)and pathological

• Ageing
• Lack of use / stimulation
• Mechanical
• Functional

the above is the definition of what:

• Hypertrophy
• Hyperplasia
• Atrophy
• Hypoplasia
• Metaplasia
• Dysplasia
• Neoplasia

Answer 7

Atrophy

Question 8

tumours are classified in two ways

1. behaviour
2. histogenesis

a tumours behaviours is either a benign or malignant.

a tumour that is often encapsulated, typically well circumscribed and remain localised is describing which tumour behaviour

Answer 8

this is describing a benign tumour and its growth patterns

Question 9

Reduced size of an organ that never fully developed to normal size, usually a developmental defect

the above is the definition of what:

• Hypertrophy
• Hyperplasia
• Atrophy
• Hypoplasia
• Metaplasia
• Dysplasia
• Neoplasia

Answer 9

Hypoplasia

Question 10

prediction of the probable course and outcome of disease

appropriate treatment and estimate survival

which term is used to describe the above

Answer 10

prognosis

Question 11

1. may need to treat before tissue diagnosis
2. risk: benefit to consider at all times
3. aggressive therapy may be necessary and risks justifiable
4. sometimes appropriate to avoid early active treatment

the above factors are considered when a patent presents with what type of tumor

Answer 11

aggresive tumor

Question 12

dysplasia can be observed in histological slides what would you expect to see on a histological with carcinoma in-situ

Answer 12

high dysplasia with the potential to become invasive

Question 13

how does the nuclei of a malignant tumor cell compare to a benign tumor cells

Answer 13

larger and plemorphic

Question 14

An increase in cell number, commonly occurs in organs that are hormonally sensitive such as

endometrium (overarian cancer

breast and thyroid

the above is the definition of what:

• Hypertrophy
• Hyperplasia
• Atrophy
• Hypoplasia
• Metaplasia
• Dysplasia
• Neoplasia

Answer 14

hyperplasia

Question 15

tissue homeostasis is achieved, through the balance of what to cells

Answer 15

balance between cell division and cell loss

Question 16

the process where a cell changes from one cell type to another, usually the cell changes to a more specialized type: is known as was what?

Answer 16

differentiation

Question 17

if you were looking at histologcal slide and can see severe dysplasia and evidence of metastasize, are you looking at a benign or malignant tumor

Answer 17

malignant tumor

Question 18

which type of neoplasm has the ability to invade and spread?

Answer 18

malignant neoplasm

Question 19

how does the growth rate of a benign tumor compare to a malignant tumor

Answer 19

the growth rate of a benign tumor is relatively slower than a malignant tumor

Question 20

oncology is the study of what?

Answer 20

oncology is the study of neoplasia/tumor

Question 21

Abnormal growth

the above is the definition of what:

• Hypertrophy
• Hyperplasia
• Atrophy
• Hypoplasia
• Metaplasia
• Dysplasia
• Neoplasia

Answer 21

Dysplasia

Question 22

tumor grade is a histological assesment, which shows how well differentiated the tumor cells are.

well differentiated tumors tend to have a better prognosis, true or false

Answer 22

true

Question 23

what is the name given for programmed cell death

Answer 23

Apoptosis

Question 24

tumor staging is the anatomical extent of the disease. clinical, radiological and pathological findings are used to determine tumor staging.

tumor staging is the major determinant of appropriate treatment and prognosis.

tumoe staging uses the TNM system what does the TNM stand for

Answer 24

T = greates diameter of tumor, structure invaded

N = regional lymph node status

M = distant metastasis

Question 25

Reversible change in which one adult cell type is replaced by another adult cell type. e.g barrets esophagus, acid reflux damages the cell lining, cell linings are then replaced.

the above is the definition of what:

• Hypertrophy
• Hyperplasia
• Atrophy
• Hypoplasia
• Metaplasia
• Dysplasia
• Neoplasia

Answer 25

Metaplasia

Question 26

what would be the best course of action for benign tumors

Answer 26

they should be removed by local excision

Question 27

how is tissue homeostasis achieved

Answer 27

tissue homeostasis is maintained when there is a balance between cell division and cell loss

Question 28

in regards to cancer neoplasms have two classes what are they.

Answer 28

neoplasms can be classed as benign or malignant

benign - non dangerous tumor

malignant - dangerous tumor

Question 29

what is the name given to the term new growth

Answer 29

neoplasia

Question 30

describe proliferation and uniformity of a neoplasia when comapred to a normal cell

Answer 30

a neoplasia would proliferate at a faster rate and will not be uniformed/coordinated compared to a nomral cell and its surrounding tissue

Question 31

if you were looking at a histological slide and saw that the tumor cells resemble the tissue of origin, would you be looking at a benign or malignant tumor

Answer 31

benign.

Question 32

there is different degrees to dysplasia

1. mild
2. moderate
3. severe

the more severe the degree of dysplasia the more significant risk of progressing to what?

Answer 32

progressing to invasive malignancy

Question 33

clinical effects of a malignant tum; local pressure and destruction, innappropriate hormone secretion, distant metastases. what would be the treatment options for this

Answer 33

excision +/- additional therapy such as chemotherapy, radiotherapy

Question 34

what happens to the neoplasia once the factor that brought about its initial change has gone

Answer 34

the neoplasia will continue to grow.

Question 35

An increase in cell size Physiological and pathological e.g Muscle: -Skeletal -Cardiac.

the above is the definition of what:

• Hypertrophy
• Hyperplasia
• Atrophy
• Hypoplasia
• Metaplasia
• Dysplasia
• Neoplasia

Answer 35

hypertrophy

Question 36

which class of neoplasm is associated with cancer

Answer 36

malignant neoplasms