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Year 2: Renal > Physiology > Flashcards

Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

Osmolarity

A

Concentration of osmotically active particles in a solution

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2
Q

Units of osmolarity

A

Osmol/L

Mosmol/L for body fluids

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3
Q

2 known factors needed to calculate osmolarity

A

Molar concentration

No. of osmotically active particles

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4
Q

tonicity

A

Affect solution has on a cell

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5
Q

affect on cell in hypotonic solution

A

Solution has lower solute and higher water concentration than the cell
The cell gains water
Lysis (cell bursts)

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6
Q

affect on cell in hypertonic solution

A

Solution has a higher solute concentration and lower water concentration than the cell
The cell loses water
Shrinks

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7
Q

Affect of urea on RBCs

A

Urea is hypotonic

Cell lysis

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8
Q

Compare ion composition of ECF + ICF

A

ECF high in Sodium + chlorine + bicarbonate

ICF high in potassium + magnesium

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9
Q

how does 0.9% saline affect osmolarity and ECF volume

A

NO CHANGE in osmolarity

Changes ECF volume

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10
Q

Tracer used for full body water

A

3H20

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11
Q

Tracer used for ECF

A

Inulin

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12
Q

Tracer used for plasma

A

Labelled albumin

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13
Q

Which starling forces favour filtration

A

Capillary hydrostatic pressure (55mg)

Bowmans oncotic pressure (0mg)

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14
Q

which starling forces oppose filtration

A 
Capillary oncotic (30mg)
Bowmans hydrostatic (15mg)
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15
Q

how does Diarrhoea affect GFR

A

Increases capillary oncotic pressure so decreases GFR

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16
Q

How does a renal stone affect GFR

A

Increases bowman hydrostatic pressure so decrease GFR

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17
Q

how does afferent arteriole dilation affect GFR

A

Increases GFR

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18
Q

What causes afferent arteriole dilation

A

Prostaglandins

ANP

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19
Q

Which drugs cause constriction of afferent arteriole

What is the effect on GFR

A

NSAIDS

decreased GFR

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20
Q

Which drugs cause dilation of efferent arteriole

What is the effect on GFR

A

ACE/ARBS

decreased GFR

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21
Q

How does efferent arteriole constriction affect GFR

A

Increased GFR

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22
Q

What causes efferent arteriole constriction

A

ANP
Angiotensin 2
Norepinephrine

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23
Q

clearance is greater than GFR

A

substance is secreted

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24
Q

Clearance is less than GFR

A

substance is partially reabsorbed

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25
Q

clearance of what substance = GFR

A

Inulin

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26
Q

Why is glucose clearance 0

A

It is filtered and completely resorbed

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27
Q

what is PAH

A

Marker used to calculate renal flow

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28
Q

what needs to happen to a substance for it to be used as a marker of renal flow

A

needs to be completely secreted

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29
Q

what needs to happen to a substance for it to be used as a marker for GFR

A

needs to be freely filtered and neither secreted nor reabsorbed

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30
Q

what is filtration factor

A

Fraction of plasma flowing through the glomeruli that is filtered into tubules (20%)

31
Q

where does most of reabsorption happen

A

proximal tubule

32
Q

what is absorbed in descending limb of loop of henle

A

water

33
Q

what is absorbed in ascending limb of loop of henle

A

NaCl

34
Q

What does the loop of henle generate

A

cortico-Medullary concentration gradient

35
Q

primary active transport

A

energy directly required

36
Q

secondary active transport

A

substance transported coupled to concentration gradient of an ion (usually sodium)

37
Q

what do loop diuretics block

A

Na-K-Cl co transporter

38
Q

function of K+ recycling

A

Ensures NaCl is absorbed into interstitium

39
Q

Which tubule is not permeable to urea

A

Distal tubule

40
Q

Sodium resorption affects chlorine in what way

A

drives Cl resorption through paracellular pathways

41
Q

filtration equation

A

plasma concentration x GFR

42
Q

Resorption equation

A

Rate of filtration - rate of excretion

43
Q

Excretion equation

A

(filtration+ secretion) - resorption

44
Q

Secretion equation

A

Rate of excretion - rate of filtration

45
Q

Functional unit of kidney

A

Nephron

46
Q

Differences between the 2 types of nephron

A

Juxtamedullary- long loop of henle, has a vasa recta

Cortical- short loop of henle

47
Q

Which nephron concentrates urine

A

Juxtamedullary

48
Q

Which cells in juxtamedullary nephron secrete renin

A

Granular cells

49
Q

Which cells sense sodium concentration of distal convoluted tubule

A

macula densa

50
Q

Where is a fall in renal perfusion pressure detected

A

Baroreceptors in afferent arteriole

51
Q

Function of ADH

A

Increases water reabsorption

52
Q

Function of aldosterone

A

Increases Na absorption, increased K+ excretion

53
Q

Function of ANH

A

Decreases Na absorption

54
Q

Where is ANH produced + when is it released

A

Heart, stored in atrial muscle cells
Released when atrial cells are stretched due to Increased circulating volume
Causes increased sodium excretion therefore water is loss and plasma volume decreases

55
Q

High levels of ADH

A

High water permeability

Hypertonic urine i.e. small volume of concentrated urine

56
Q

Low levels of ADH

A

Low water permeability

Hypotonic urine i.e. large volume dilute urine

57
Q

affect of atrial pressure on ADH

A

Decreased atrial pressure increased ADH release

58
Q

Water diuresis

A

Increased urine flow but not an increase in solute excretion

59
Q

Where do loop diuretics act

A

Thick portion of ascending limb of henle

60
Q

where do thiazide diuretics act

A

Distal convoluted tubule

61
Q

Where does aldosterone act

A

Distal convoluted tubule

62
Q

Where does PTH act

A

Distal convoluted tubule

63
Q

Where do carbonic anhydrase inhibitors act

A

Proximal tubule

64
Q

What is the action of carbonic anhydrase inhibitors

A

Causes bicarbonate loss

65
Q

where do ADH and ANP act

A

Collecting duct

66
Q

where are aquaporin receptors found

A

apical membrane

67
Q

Is distal tubular fluid hypo/hyper osmolar

A

hypo

68
Q

relationship between atrial pressure and ADH

A

Decreased pressure, Increased ADH

69
Q

affect of Nicotine on ADH

A

Stimulates ADH release

70
Q

affect of alcohol on ADH

A

Inhibits ADH release

71
Q

where is H+ secreted

A

distal convoluted tubule

72
Q

which is more alkali arterial or venous blood

A

arterial

73
Q

average ph of blood

A

7.4

Year 2: Renal (25 decks)

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