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Year 2: Renal > Electrolyte abnormalities > Flashcards

Electrolyte abnormalities Flashcards

1
Q

What is hyponatraemia

A

Low sodium

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2
Q

Symptoms of hyponatraemia

A

Confusion
Lethargy
Seizures

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3
Q

Causes of hypovolaemic hyponatraemia

A 
Addison's disease
Diuretics
Osmotic diuresis 
D+V
Burns
Pancreatitis
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4
Q

Causes of euvolaemic hyponatraemia

A

SIADH
Surgery
Neoplasms

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5
Q

Causes of hypervolaemic hyponatraemia

A

Liver failure
Heart failure
Renal failure

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6
Q

Treatment of hyponatraemia

A

Fluid restriction

Treat underlying cause

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7
Q

Causes of hypokalaemia

A 
D+V
Diuretics
Excess mineralocorticoids (Cushings, Conns)
Insulin
Alkalosis
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8
Q

Signs of hypokalaemia

A 
Weakness
Lethargy
Tetany
T wave depression
Prolonged PR interval
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9
Q

Treatment of hypokalaemia

A

Mild K >2.5: oral k+
Severe K <2.5 IV K+ 10mmol/hour
+ replacement of Mg
Removal of diuretics

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10
Q

Causes of hyerkalaemia

A 
Spironolactone
ACEi
Beta blockers
NSAIDS
Addisons 
Acidosis 
CKD
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11
Q

Signs of hyperkalaemia

A

Tall tented T waves
Wide QRS
Ventricular fibrillation

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12
Q

Treatment of hyperkalaemia

A 
Remove cause e.g. drugs
If K> 6.5 or ECG changes- urgent treatment 
Calcium gluconate (10ml) IV
Insulin + glucose IV (drives K into cells)
Nebulised salbutamol (reduces serum potassium)
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13
Q

Causes of hypocalcaemia

A

Renal failure
PTH deficiency (after thyroidectomy)
Vit D deficiency
Excess magnesium

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14
Q

Symptoms of hypocalcaemia

A

Tetany- Trousseau’s sign
Seizures
Neuromuscular excitability- Chvosteks sign

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15
Q

Treatment of hypocalcaemia

A

IV calcium gluconate (acute)

Vitamin D + calcium supplements (chronic)

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16
Q

Symptoms of hypercalcaemia

A 
'Bones, stones, groans, physic moans'
Polyuria
Polydipsia
Decreased QT interval
Constipation + vomiting
17
Q

Causes of hypercalcaemia

A

Hyperparathyroidism
Bone metastasis
Sarcoidosis

18
Q

Treatment of hypercalcaemia

A

Saline 0.9% IV
Biphosphonates- reduce osteoclast activity
Loop diuretics

Year 2: Renal (25 decks)

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