Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Respiratory (Own) > Physiology > Flashcards

Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

4 steps of external respiration

A

Ventilation
Gas exchange between alveoli and blood
Gas transport in blood
Gas exchange at tissue level

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Ventilation

A

The mechanical process of moving air between the atmosphere and alveolar sacs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Boyle’s law

A

As the volume of gas increases the force expected by the gas decreases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Two forces which make lungs and thorax move together

A
  1. Intrapleural fluid cohesiveness

2. Negative intrapleural pressure - lungs push outwards, chest squeezes inward

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What does the external intercostal muscle do?

A

Lift the ribs and move the sternum out

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

alveolar surface tension

A

Attraction between water molecules at liquid air interference

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

LaPlace Law

A

P = 2T/r i.e. smaller alveoli have a higher tendency to collapse

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is causes respiratory distress syndrome in a newborn

A

Lack of surfactant

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

3 forces that keep the alveoli open

A

Transmural pressure gradient
Pulmonary surfactant
Alveolar interdependance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

2 forces which promote alveolar collapse

A

Elasticity of stretched pulmonary connective tissue fibres

Alveolar surface tension

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Accessory muscles of inspiration

A

Sternocleidomastoid

Scalenus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Major muscles of inspiration

A

External intercostal muscles

Diaphragm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Muscles of active expiration

A 
Internal intercostal muscles 
Abdominal muscles (TIRE)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Tidal volume

A

Volume of air entering or leaving the lungs during a single breath

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Inspiratory reserve volume

A

Extra volume of air that can be maximally inspired over and above the typical resting tidal volume

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Inspiratory capacity

A

Maximum volume of air that can be inspired after a normal expiration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Expiratory reserve volume

A

Extra volume of air that can be actively expired by maximal contraction beyond the normal volume of air after a resting tidal volume

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Residual volume

A

Minimum volume of air remaining in the lungs after maximal expiration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Vital capacity

A

Maximum volume of air that can be moved out during a single breath following maximal inspiration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Total lung capacity

A

Maximum volume of air that the lungs can hold = VC + RV

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Forced Vital capacity

A

The volume of air that can be forcefully expelled following maximal inspiration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Forced Expiratory Volume in 1 sec (FEV1)

A

The volume of air that can be expelled during the first second of expiration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Spirometry results for obstructive lung disease

A 
FVC = Normal
FEV1 = Low
FEV1/FVC% = low
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Spirometry results for restrictive lung disease

A 
FVC = Low
FEV1 = Low
FEV1/FVC% = Normal
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What happens to intrapleural pressure during inspiration

A

Falls - diaphragm moves down

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What happens to intrapleural pressure during expiration

A

Rises - diaphragm moves up

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Compliance

A

A measure of the effort that has to go into stretching to distending the lungs

28
Q

What decreases pulmonary compliance?

A 
Pulmonary fibrosis
Pulmonary oedema
Lung collapse
Pneumonia
Absence of surfactant
29
Q

Decreased pulmonary compliance on spirometry?

A

Restrictive

30
Q

Increased compliance

A

Emphysema - patients have to work harder to get air out of the lungs
Age

31
Q

Increase in work of breathing

A

Decreased pulmonary compliance
Increased airway resistance
Decreased elastic recoil
Increased ventilation

32
Q

Pulmonary Ventilation

A

Tidal volume x respiratory rate

33
Q

Alveolar ventilation

A

(tidal volume - dead space) x respiratory rate

34
Q

What represents new air available for gas exchange within the blood

A

Alveolar ventilation - volume of air exchanged between atmosphere and alveoli per min

35
Q

Ventilation

A

The rate at which gas is passing through the lungs

36
Q

Perfusion

A

The rate at which blood is passing through the lungs

37
Q

Alveolar dead space

A

ventilated alveoli which are not adequately perfused

38
Q

effects of decreased O2

A

Pulmonary arterioles vasoconstrict

Systemic arterioles vasodilate

39
Q

Effects of increased O2

A

Pulmonary arterioles vasodilate

Systemic arterioles vasoconstrict

40
Q

Dalton’s law

A

The total pressure exerted by a gas mixture = the sum of the partial pressures of each individual component in the gas mixture

41
Q

Partial pressure of gas

A

The pressure that one gas in a mixture of gases would exert if it were the only gas present in the whole volume occupied

42
Q

Fick’s Law of diffusion

A

The amount of gas to pass across a tissue per unit time is directly proportional to its area and inversely proportional to its thickness

43
Q

Henry’s law

A

The amount of a given gas in a given type and volume of liquid is proportional to the partial pressure of the gas in equilibrium with the liquid

44
Q

2 forms of O2 present in the blood

A
  1. Bound to haemoglobin - 98.5%

2. Physically dissolved - 1.5%

45
Q

What is Po2?

A

the primary factor which determines the % saturation of haemoglobin with O2

46
Q

Oxygen delivery index

A

DO2I = CaO2 x Cl

47
Q

What is the O2 content of arterial blood determined by?

A

Haemoglobin conc.

Saturation of Hb

48
Q

Impairment of O2 delivery to tissue

A
  1. Decreased partial pressure of inspired O2
  2. Respiratory disease
  3. Anaemia
  4. Heart failure
49
Q

Means of CO2 transport in the blood

A

Solution
Bicarbonate
Carbamino compounds

50
Q

Which is more soluble - CO2 or O2 in blood

A

CO2 - 20x more soluble

51
Q

How are carbamino compounds formed?

A

Combination of CO2 with terminal amine groups in blood proteins

52
Q

Haldane effect

A

Removing O2 from Hb increased the ability of Hb to pick up CO2 and H+

53
Q

The major rhythm generator of respiration

A

Medulla

54
Q

Which neurones generate breathing rhythm and where are they located?

A

Pre-Botzinger complex - near upper end of medullary respiratory centre

55
Q

Which neurones are excited in active expiration?

A

Ventral respiratory neurones

56
Q

What has to be stimulated to terminate inspiration?

A

Pneumotaxic centre

57
Q

When is the pneumotaxic centre stimulated?

A

When dorsal respiratory neurones fire

58
Q

Apneusis

A

Prolonged inspiratory gasps with brief expiration

59
Q

Which part of the brain modifies rhythm of breathing?

A

Pons

60
Q

Involuntary modifications of breathing

A

Pulmonary stretch receptors
Joint receptors reflex
Stimulation of respiratory centre - temp. or adrenaline
Cough reflex

61
Q

When are pulmonary stretch receptors activated?

A

During inspiration, inhibits it - Hering-Breuer reflex

62
Q

Chemical control of respiration variables

A

Blood gas tension i.e. CO2

63
Q

Location of peripheral chemoreceptors

A

Carotid bodies and aortic bodies

64
Q

Location of central chemoreceptors

A

Surface of medulla

65
Q

What do the central chemoreceptors respond to?

A

THE concentration of H+ ions of the cerebrospinal fluid

66
Q

Which chemoreceptors are involved in the hypoxic drive?

A

Peripheral

Respiratory (Own) (18 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions