Immunology

Question 1

What are the two different types of vaccination?

Answer 1

Active and Passive

Question 2

Immunisation

Answer 2

The process through which an individual develops immunity/memory to a disease

Question 3

Vaccination

Answer 3

The deliberate administration of antigenic material to produce immunity to a disease

Question 4

Which type of immunity is usually permanent

Answer 4

Active

Question 5

Variolation

Answer 5

Exposure of an individual to the disease through a different route of administration

Question 6

What in an “attenuated” vaccine?

Answer 6

An inactivated vaccine - cannot replicate

Question 7

Adjuvants

Answer 7

Mixture of inflammatory substances required to stimulate immune responses to coadministered peptides, proteins or carbohydrates

Question 8

Give an example of a subunit vaccine

Answer 8

Hepatitis B - surface antigen only

Question 9

Live attenuated

Answer 9

Exposure ti a less virulent version of the same pathogens

Question 10

Examples of live attenuated vaccines

Answer 10

MMR, BCG, oral typhoid, chickenpox, yellow fever

Question 11

How many strains of Polio does the Sabin virus contain?

Answer 11

Three

Question 12

Which version of polio is inactive and which is live attenuated?

Answer 12

Inactive = Salk

Live Attenuated = Sabin

Question 13

Give an example of passive immunity

Answer 13

Maternal antibody - IgG in the third trimester and IgA through breastmilk

Question 14

What does SPUR stand for?

Answer 14

Serious infection
Persistent infection
Unusual Infection
Recurrent Infection

Question 15

Clinical presentation of Kostmanns Syndrome

Answer 15

Infections within 2 weeks after birth

Question 16

What is wrong with a patient who has Kostmanns syndrome?

Answer 16

Extremely low neutrophil count

Question 17

What is wrong with the neutrophils in leukocyte adhesion deficiency?

Answer 17

Neutrophils are produced but can’t leave the blood stream

Question 18

Does defects in phagocyte function generally cause significant disease?

Answer 18

No

Question 19

Why can’t people fight infection in chronic granulomatous disease?

Answer 19

Their oxidative killing mechanisms fail

Question 20

Features of chronic granulomatous disease?

Answer 20

Recurrent deep bacterial infection
Recurrent fungal infections
Failure to thrive
Granuloma formation

Question 21

What are the 2 main groups of lymphocytes?

Answer 21

CD4 and CD8

Question 22

What do CD4 cells produce?

Answer 22

Cytokines

Question 23

What goes wrong in people with reticular dysgenesis?

Answer 23

Fail to produce neutrophils, lymphocytes, macrophages and platelets

Question 24

What goes wrong in people with sever combined immunodeficiencies (SCID)?

Answer 24

Failure to produce lymphocytes

Question 25

When is a baby most likely to develop an infection?

Answer 25

3-4 months when IgG is low and IgA isn’t being produced enough

Question 26

What is the main function of IL2?

Answer 26

Involved in T cell development

Question 27

What will the T cell count be in patients with SCID?

Answer 27

Low or absent

Question 28

What will the B cell count be in those with SCID?

Answer 28

Normal - possibly increased

Question 29

Treatment for SCID?

Answer 29

Prophylactic - avoid infection, no vaccines

Definitive - stem cell transplant

Question 30

What kind of infections might someone with DiGeorges syndrome get?

Answer 30

Fungal, bacterial ot viral (recurrent)

Question 31

What is the most common type of infection in B cell deficiencies?

Answer 31

Bacterial