Immunology Flashcards
What are the two different types of vaccination?
Active and Passive
Immunisation
The process through which an individual develops immunity/memory to a disease
Vaccination
The deliberate administration of antigenic material to produce immunity to a disease
Which type of immunity is usually permanent
Active
Variolation
Exposure of an individual to the disease through a different route of administration
What in an “attenuated” vaccine?
An inactivated vaccine - cannot replicate
Adjuvants
Mixture of inflammatory substances required to stimulate immune responses to coadministered peptides, proteins or carbohydrates
Give an example of a subunit vaccine
Hepatitis B - surface antigen only
Live attenuated
Exposure ti a less virulent version of the same pathogens
Examples of live attenuated vaccines
MMR, BCG, oral typhoid, chickenpox, yellow fever
How many strains of Polio does the Sabin virus contain?
Three
Which version of polio is inactive and which is live attenuated?
Inactive = Salk
Live Attenuated = Sabin
Give an example of passive immunity
Maternal antibody - IgG in the third trimester and IgA through breastmilk
What does SPUR stand for?
Serious infection
Persistent infection
Unusual Infection
Recurrent Infection
Clinical presentation of Kostmanns Syndrome
Infections within 2 weeks after birth
What is wrong with a patient who has Kostmanns syndrome?
Extremely low neutrophil count
What is wrong with the neutrophils in leukocyte adhesion deficiency?
Neutrophils are produced but can’t leave the blood stream
Does defects in phagocyte function generally cause significant disease?
No
Why can’t people fight infection in chronic granulomatous disease?
Their oxidative killing mechanisms fail
Features of chronic granulomatous disease?
Recurrent deep bacterial infection
Recurrent fungal infections
Failure to thrive
Granuloma formation
What are the 2 main groups of lymphocytes?
CD4 and CD8
What do CD4 cells produce?
Cytokines
What goes wrong in people with reticular dysgenesis?
Fail to produce neutrophils, lymphocytes, macrophages and platelets
What goes wrong in people with sever combined immunodeficiencies (SCID)?
Failure to produce lymphocytes
When is a baby most likely to develop an infection?
3-4 months when IgG is low and IgA isn’t being produced enough
What is the main function of IL2?
Involved in T cell development
What will the T cell count be in patients with SCID?
Low or absent
What will the B cell count be in those with SCID?
Normal - possibly increased
Treatment for SCID?
Prophylactic - avoid infection, no vaccines
Definitive - stem cell transplant
What kind of infections might someone with DiGeorges syndrome get?
Fungal, bacterial ot viral (recurrent)
What is the most common type of infection in B cell deficiencies?
Bacterial
