Drugs

Question 1

What is the first line treatment in mild intermittent asthma?

Answer 1

SABA - short acting B2-adenoceptor antagonist

Question 2

Give an example of a SABA

Answer 2

Salbutamol

Question 3

How does a SABA work?

Answer 3

binds to B2-adenoceptors preventing constriction and encouraging relaxation

Question 4

What is the second step in the treatment of asthma?

Answer 4

Inhaled corticosteroid

Question 5

When is a corticosteroid used?

Answer 5

Second step - when a SABA is needed more than once a day

Question 6

Give an example of an inhaled corticosteroid

Answer 6

Beclometasone

Question 7

How do inhaled corticosteroids work?

Answer 7

activated receptors assemble and bind to glucocorticoid response elements in the premotor region of specific genes

Question 8

What are the side effects of SABAs?

Answer 8

Fine tremor is the main one

Question 9

What are the side effects of inhaled corticosteroids?

Answer 9

Thrush and hoarseness of voice

Question 10

What is the thirst step in asthma treatment?

Answer 10

LABA - Long acting B2 agonist

Question 11

Give an example of a LABA used in asthma

Answer 11

Salmeterol

Question 12

How do LABAs work?

Answer 12

Binds to B2-adrenoreceptors preventing constriction and encouraging relaxation

Question 13

What should a LABA always be prescribed with?

Answer 13

Inhaled corticosteroid

Question 14

What can be used for antigen induced or exercise induced bronchospasm in the long term in asthma?

Answer 14

Leukotrine receptor antagonists

Question 15

Give an example of a leyukotrine receptor antagonist

Answer 15

Montelukast

Question 16

How do leyukotrine receptor antagonists work?

Answer 16

Work competitively at the CysT1 receptors

Question 17

What can be added on to step three asthma therapy if still not controlled with the addition of a LABA?

Answer 17

Oral theophylline

Question 18

What are the side effects of oral theophylline?

Answer 18

dysrhythmias, hypotension, seizures, nausea, vomiting

Question 19

What is the fifth step in the treatment of asthma?

Answer 19

Oral glucocorticoid and referral to a specialist

Question 20

Give an example of an oral glucocorticoid

Answer 20

Prednisolone

Question 21

How do oral glucocorticoids work?

Answer 21

Decrease the number of eosinophils by apoptosis

Question 22

What should be given for general, stable COPD?

Answer 22

SAMAs - Short acting muscarinic antagonists

LABAs

Question 23

Give an example of a SAMA

Answer 23

Ipratropium

Question 24

How do SAMAs work?

Answer 24

Relax bronchospasm caused by stimulants and cause bronchodilatation by blocking ACh

Question 25

What are the potential side effects of SAMAs?

Answer 25

Urinary problems - increased urgency

Question 26

What should be given to those who have mild/moderate COPD but are symptomatic?

Answer 26

LAMA - Long acting Muscarinic antagonist | SABA

Question 27

Give an example of a LAMA?

Answer 27

Tiotropium

Question 28

How do LAMAs work?

Answer 28

Blocks M3 - relaxation of bronchospasm caused by irritants and causes bronchodilation due to ACh block

Question 29

Give an example of a LABA used in COPD

Answer 29

Formoterol

Question 30

What are the side effects of LAMAs?

Answer 30

Dry mouth, constipation, stomach upset

Question 31

what is the preferred palliative treatment options in COPD?

Answer 31

LAMA/SAMA

Question 32

When is an ultra-LABA used?

Answer 32

COPD only

Question 33

What is used for severe COPD?

Answer 33

LABA + corticosteroid | or Tiotropium

Question 34

What drug is used in LABA + corticosteroid treatment?

Answer 34

Symbicort

Question 35

What is symbicort made up of?

Answer 35

Budesomide and formoterol

Question 36

What is used for very sever COPD?

Answer 36

Tiotropium + Inhaled corticosteroid + LABA | Specialist referral

Question 37

What treatment is given to those who have COPD and pulmonary hypertension

Answer 37

Long term O2 therapy and treat oedema with diuretics

Question 38

What is used to treat bronchiectasis?

Answer 38

Antibiotics

Question 39

What should be considered if a patient has more than three bronchiectasis exacerbations in one year?

Answer 39

Long term antibiotics e.g. nebuliser gentamicin, colomycin

Question 40

What is given to a newborn with ARDS?

Answer 40

Surfactants

Question 41

Give an example of a surfactant

Answer 41

beractant or poractant alpha

Question 42

What treatments can be give to patients with a Pulmonary embolism?

Answer 42

Anticoagulants | Fibrynolytics

Question 43

Give examples of anticoagulants

Answer 43

Heparin and warfarin

Question 44

Give examples of fibrinolytics

Answer 44

Rivaroxiban, streptokinase

Question 45

What is the first line treatment for chronic sarcoidosis?

Answer 45

Systemic corticosteroids e.g. prednisolone

Question 46

What is the second line treatment for chronic sarcoidosis?

Answer 46

Immunosuppressants e.g. azathioprine

Question 47

What treatment is given for rhinitis and rhinorrhoea?

Answer 47

Antihistamines e.g. piriteze