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Betamax > Physiology 4th LE 2016 (with laboratory) > Flashcards

Physiology 4th LE 2016 (with laboratory) Flashcards

1
Q

All of the following are TRUE regarding the body fluid compartments, EXCEPT
A. The ICF and ECF osmolality is similar but total net charge is not equal
B. Na-K ATPase causes K to be intracellular and Na to be extracellular
C. The ions are different in concentration because of (-) non-diffusible proteins
D. ICF volume is greater than the ECF volume

A

A. The ICF and ECF osmolality is similar but total net charge is not equal

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2
Q

A person who ran a 21k marathon decided to skip the water stations, which of the following is expected to happen to the body fluid compartments
A. ECF volume and osmolality will increase
B. ICF volume will decrease and osmolality will be normal
C. ICF and ECF volume will decrease and osmolality will increase
D. ECF volume and osmolality will decrease, ICF will be normal

A

C. ICF and ECF volume will decrease and osmolality will increase

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3
Q

Which of the following is a non-renal function of the kidney
A. Detoxification and excretion of metabolic wastes
B. Synthesis and release of erythropoietin
C. Regulation of plasma sodium level
D. Regulation of body water

A

B. Synthesis and release of erythropoietin

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4
Q 
Renin is secreted by the
A. Cells in the peritubular capillary
B. Cells in the macula densa
C. Juxtaglomerular cells
D. Cells in the distal tubules
A

C. Juxtaglomerular cells

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5
Q

Juxtaglomerular nephrons are different from cortical nephrons because the former..
A. Have peritubular capillaries instead of vasa recta
B. Have longer loops of Henle
C. Are located in the medulla
D. Are more numerous than cortical nephrons

A

B. Have longer loops of Henle

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6
Q 
The glomerular filter is composed of the following EXCEPT
A. Capillary endothelium
B. Basement membrane
C. Podocytes
D. Mesangial cells
A

D. Mesangial cells

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7
Q 
What is the effective filtration pressure if the hydrostatic pressure of the capillary is 55 mmHg and the hydrostatic pressure of Bowman’s capsule is 15 mmHG and the oncotic pressure is 25 mmHg?
A. 15 mmHg
B. 20 mmHg
C. 55 mmHg
D. 30 mmHg
A

A. 15 mmHg

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8
Q 
Which of the following transporters explain the high reabsorption of glucose in the proximal convoluted tubule (PCT)?
A. SGLT 1 in segment 3 of the PCT
B. SGLT 2 in segment 1 and 2
C. GLUT 2
D. All of the above
A

B. SGLT 2 in segment 1 and 2

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9
Q 
Blood flow through the kidneys
A. Comprise 20% of the cardiac output
B. Is equivalent to 180L/day
C. Is controlled by the relative caliber of the afferent and efferent arterioles
D. All of the above are TRUE
E. A and B only
A

E. A and B only

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10
Q

A substance in the blood that is between 4-8nm in diameter in size will
A. Always be freely filtered because it is smaller than the capillary pore size
B. Not be filtered because it is larger than the capillary pore size
C. Filtered depending on its charge because of the podocyte diaphragm

A

C. Filtered depending on its charge because of the podocyte diaphragm

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11
Q

A substance was injected into a dog and this substance was detected in the urine. If the plasma concentration and the urinary concentration of the substance was the same, then the test substance:
A. Was freely filtered and not reabsorbed
B. Can be used to estimate glomerular filtration rate
C. Can be used to estimate total body water volume
D. All of the above are TRUE
E. A and B only are TRUE

A

E. A and B only are TRUE

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12
Q 
An increase in the glomerular filtration rate will be brought about by an increase in all of the following EXCEPT
A. Size of the glomerular capillary bed
B. Filtration slit pores
C. Blood pressure
D. Capillary osmotic pressure
A

D. Capillary osmotic pressure

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13
Q 
An increase in the GFR is brought about by afferent arteriolar dilatation that may be caused by all of the following EXCEPT
A. Low dose of dopamine
B. Endothelin
C. ANP
D. Bradykinin
A

B. Endothelin

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14
Q

Water reabsorbed by the tubules of the nephron in response to the action of ADH is called:
A. Obligatory water reabsorption
B. Facultative water reabsorption
C. Neither B nor C

A

B. Facultative water reabsorption

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15
Q

Increased osmolarity of the renal medulla several times greater than normal is brought about by this transporter at the thick ascending limb of the loop of Henle
A. Na+K+ ATPase
B. Na+H+ ATPase
C. Na+K+2Cl- ATPase

A

C. Na+K+2Cl- ATPase

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16
Q

The movement of a substance across the tubular cell from the luminal side depends on the:
A. Presence of active and passive transporters in each nephron segment
B. Source of energy either in form of ATP or chemical gradient
C. Paracellulin-1 proteins in tight junctions for paracellular route of ion movement
D. All of the above are TRUE
E. Only A and B are TRUE

A

D. All of the above are TRUE

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17
Q 
Which of the following maintains the hyperosmolarity of the renal medulla?
A. Arcuate veins
B. Peritubular capillary
C. Vasa recta
D. Renal vein
A

C. Vasa recta

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18
Q

Reabsorption of water is
A. Through aquaporin-1 in basolateral and apical membrane of the PCT
B. 20% ate the loop of Henle
C. Through aquaporin-2 in the cortical collecting duct
D. All of the above are TRUE
E. Only A and B are TRUE

A

D. All of the above are TRUE

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19
Q 
All of the following factors and effects of Na+ reabsorption pairs are correct EXCEPT
A. Angiotensin II – Na+ reabsorption
B. ANP - Na+ excretion
C. Aldosterone - Na+ reabsorption
D. Endothelin - Na+ reabsorption
A

D. Endothelin - Na+ reabsorption

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20
Q

Which of the following is/are TRUE about the micturition reflex
A. Initial urge to void occurs when bladder has 150-200 ml urine
B. Relaxation of the detrusor enable the bladder to accommodate up to 400 ml urine
C. Contraction of the perineal muscles prevent urine from flowing
D. All are true
E. Only A and B are true

A

D. All are true

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21
Q 
Decreased renal perfusion will lead to
A. Decreased aldosterone seceretion
B. Increased activation of angiotensinogen
C. Decreased K+ secretion
D. Increased tubular Na+ load
A

B. Increased activation of angiotensinogen

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22
Q 
In the presence of vasopressin, the greatest reabsorption of water occurs at the
A. DCT
B. Collecting ducts
C. PCT
D. Loop of Henle
A

C. PCT

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23
Q 
Presence of protein in the urine is NOT likely due to:
A. Urinary tract infection
B. Chronic renal failure
C. Renal stone
D. Glomerular disease
A

C. Renal stone

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24
Q

TRUE about the Enteric Nervous System
A. A single plexus at the submucosa only
B. Receive impulses from intrinsic primary afferent neurons
C. Have a distinctly independent neural network from autonomics
D. Integrated with somatic nervous system

A

B. Receive impulses from intrinsic primary afferent neurons

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25
Q 
Controlled by parasympathetic sacral nerves
A. Gallbladder
B. Proximal colon
C. Rectum
D. B and C only
A

C. Rectum

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26
Q 
Produces smooth muscle contractions in the gut wall
A. Somatostatin
B. γ-aminobutyric acid
C. nitric oxide
D. vasoactive intestinal polypeptide
A

B. γ-aminobutyric acid

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27
Q 
True about the basic electrical rhythm
A. uniform frequency throughout the
B. initiated by smooth muscle membranes
C. may result in spike potentials
D. increased by sympathetic stimulation
A

C. may result in spike potentials

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28
Q

True about mastication
A. initiated by posterior teeth
B. begins the process of starch digestion
C. completely under conscious control
D. has no role in enhancing taste of food

A

B. begins the process of starch digestion

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29
Q

Saliva has
A. a higher potassium content than plasma
B. no buffering capacity
C. only a single anti-microbial component
D. an extensive capacity to digest protein

A

A. a higher potassium content than plasma

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30
Q

During swallowing at the level of the pharynx, the
A. soft palate closes the nasopharynx
B. palatopharyngeal folds form a passage for the food
C. epiglottis covers the larynx
D. all of the above occur

A

D. all of the above occur

31
Q 
Minimal increase in reflux of gastric acid into the esophagus
A. high protein shake
B. Red Bull energy drink
C. Pure cacao drink
D. Vodka martini
A

A. high protein shake

32
Q

Does not prolong the feeling of gastric fullness after eating
A. Cholecystokinin
B. Gastrin

A

B. Gastrin

33
Q 
Gastric protection by mucus is enhanced by
A. aspirin intake
B. smoking
C. fasting
D. norepinephrine
A

C. fasting

34
Q 
Increases gastric acid secretion during the gastric phase
A. sight and thought of food
B. presence of peptides
C. high gastric pH
D. all of the above
E. B and C only
A

E. B and C only

35
Q 
Phase of Migrating Myoelectric Complex where motilin has the greatest effect
A. I
B. II
C. III
D. IV
A

C. III

36
Q 
True about intestinal reflexes
A. responds only in an aboral direction
B. does not involve the colon
C. necessary for normal gut function
D. all of the above
A

C. necessary for normal gut function

37
Q 
Longest transit time
A. esophagus
B. stomach
C. small intestine
D. large intestine
A

D. large intestine

38
Q 
During normal defecation
A. pressure in sigmoid decreases
B. puborectalis muscle
C. pressure in the rectum increases
D. internal anal sphincter
A

C. pressure in the rectum increases

39
Q 
Activated trypsinogen to trypsin in the duodenum
A. Proelastase
B. Enterokinase
C. Cathepsin B
D. PAR
A

B. Enterokinase

40
Q 
Increases pure HCO3- secretion in pancreatic ductule cells
A. amino acids
B. gastric acid
C. long-chain fatty acids
D. all of the above
A

B. gastric acid

41
Q 
Not stimulated by vagovagal (CNX) reflexes:
A. gastric acid secretion
B. gallbladder contraction
C. saliva gland secretion
D. pancreatic enzyme secretion
A

C. saliva gland secretion

42
Q

Primary bile acids are usually
A. synthesized in excess of stool excretion
B. deconjugated by bacteria in the
C. returned to the liver after ileal absorption
D. lost in the urine after intestinal

A

C. returned to the liver after ileal absorption

43
Q 
Decreases gastric motility
A. somatostatin
B. glucose insulinotropic polypeptide
C. glucagon-like polypeptide-1
D. all of the above
A

D. all of the above

44
Q 
Dietary fiber
A. inhibits vitamin absorption
B. increases gastric emptying
C. increases colonic pressure
D. binds bile acids
A

D. binds bile acids

45
Q 
Contains fructose monomers
A. trehalose
B. lactose
C. maltose
D. sucrose
A

D. sucrose

46
Q 
Absorption of the nutrients in the small intestine is maximal
A. in the proximal 2/3
B. when mixed with dietary fiber
C. at low pH in the lumen
D. with rapid transit time
A

A. in the proximal 2/3

47
Q 
Hormone inducing satiety that is secreted by adipose tissue
A. somatostatin
B. PYY
C. Leptin
D. Apolipoprotein A-IV
A

C. Leptin

48
Q 
A BMI (WHO 2004) between 25.00-29.99 is
A. normal
B. pre-obese
C. obese class I
D. obese class II
A

B. pre-obese

49
Q 
The body requires > 100 mg/day of this nutrient
A. iron
B. selenium
C. phosphorus
D. iodine
A

C. phosphorus

50
Q 
Which of the following is/are fixed acids?
A. sulfuric acid
B. phosphoric acid
C. carbonic acid
D. all of the above
E. A and B
A

E. A and B

51
Q

Which is an INCORRECT statement the chemical regulation of acids?
A. involves fixed and volatile acids
B. occurs rapidly on minutes
C. involves plasma proteins
D. increases the formation of titratable acids

A

D. increases the formation of titratable acids

52
Q 
Increases plasma pH is seen in persons
A. on a fruit and vegetable diet
B. with kidney failure
C. with COPD
D. who are holding their breath
A

A. on a fruit and vegetable diet

53
Q 
CO2 is mainly transported as
A. carbaminohemoglobin
B. HCO3-
C. Dissolved CO2
D. H+ bound to hemoglobin
A

B. HCO3-

54
Q 
Renal compensation for acid base imbalance includes
A. reabsorption of HCO3-
B. excretion of NH4
C. tubular H+ secretion
D. all of the above
A

D. all of the above

55
Q 
The daily maintenance of normal H+ balance involves the secretion of H and an equivalent
A. filtered HCO3 load
B. NH4 production
C. titratable acid excretion
D. production of fixed acids
A

D. production of fixed acids

56
Q 
A 15 y/o patient presented with diarrhea and dehydration. ABG showed:
pH - 7.25
pCO2 - 30 mm Hg
HCO3 - 12 meq/L
The patient has:
A. metabolic acidosis
B. metabolic alkalosis
C. respiratory acidosis
D. respiratory alkalosis
A

A. metabolic acidosis

57
Q 
A 15 y/o patient presented with diarrhea and dehydration. ABG showed:
pH - 7.25
pCO2 - 30 mm Hg
HCO3 - 12 meq/L
The compensation in the above condition is
A. exretion of HCO3
B. formation of new HCO3
C. hyperventilation
D. excretion of NH4
A

C. hyperventilation

58
Q

A patient with persistent vomiting will have the following blood gas values
A. pH – 7.55 HCO3 – 42 meq/L pCO2 – 45 mm Hg
B. pH – 7.5 HCO3 – 18 meq/L pCO2 – 22 mm Hg
C. pH – 7.4 HCO3 – 24 meq/L pCO2 – 40 mm Hg
D. pH – 7.55 HCO3 – 30 meq/L pCO2 – 55 mm Hg

A

A. pH – 7.55 HCO3 – 42 meq/L pCO2 – 45 mm Hg

59
Q 
Choose from the following options
A. Protein digestion
B. Carbohydrate digestion
C. Fat digestion
D. A and B only
E. All of the above
  1. Can utilize facilitated diffusion to absorb products of digestions
  2. Involves smooth endoplasmic reticulum resynthesis of absorbed products in the enterocyte
  3. Digestion process proceeds in an acidic environment
  4. Digestion products diffuse into the enterocyte
  5. Uses brush border enzymes to continue digestion beyond the lumen
A
  1. B
  2. C
  3. B
  4. C
  5. D
60
Q

A if word or statement is associated with X only
B if word or statement is associated with Y only
C if word or statement is associated with BOTH X and Y
D if word or statement is NOT associated with either X or Y

  1. Gets food bolus unstuck in the middle of the esophagus
    X = secondary peristalsis
    Y = enteric nervous
  2. Expulsion of foreign bodies > 2 cm in size from stomach
    X = during a meal
    Y = during migrating myoelectric complex
  3. Series of sequential contraction along length of small intestine
    X = segmentation
    Y = migrating myoelectric complex
  4. Includes some retrograde patterns of movement
    X = mass peristalsis
    Y = rectal motor complex
  5. Secretin
    X = delated by gastric emptying
    Y = secretion of bicarbonate by bile
A
  1. C
  2. B
  3. B
  4. A
  5. C
61
Q

A if word or statement is associated with X only
B if word or statement is associated with Y only
C if word or statement is associated with BOTH X and Y
D if word or statement is NOT associated with either X or Y

1. Ghrelin
X = stimulation of hypothalamus
Y= stimulation of pancreas
2. Colonic bacteria
X = intestinal gas
Y = short chain fatty acids in colon
3. Prevents autodigestion of pancreas
X = colipase
Y = PSTI
4. Bile acids
X = chylomicrons
Y = micelles
5. Cytoplasmic enzymes
X = protein digestion
Y = carbohydrate digestion
A
  1. C
  2. C
  3. B
  4. B
  5. A
62
Q

A if X is directly related to Y
B if X is inversely related to Y
C if there is no relation between X and Y

1.  X = hydrochloric acid secretion
    Y = intrinsic factor secretion
2. X = release of secretin
    Y = gastric acid secretion
3. X = volume of vomited stomach content
    Y = plasma HCO3
4. X = bile acids in portal circulation
    Y = bile acid synthesis
5. X = gastrin secretion
    Y = histamine secretion
A
  1. A
  2. B
  3. A
  4. B
  5. A
63
Q

A if X is directly related to Y
B if X is inversely related to Y
C if there is no relation between X and Y

1.  X = intenstinal blood flow
    Y = absorption of nutrients in intestine
2. X = raffinose intake
    Y = intestinal gas
3. X = ileal distention
    Y = gastric motility
4. X = cholecystokinin secretion
    Y = enterokinase secretion
A
  1. A
  2. A
  3. B
  4. A
64
Q

A. amino hippuric acid
B. Creatinine
C. radioactive albumin
D. albumin

  1. Used clinically to estimate glomerular filtration
  2. Clearance us used to determine effective renal blood flow
  3. Used to estimate total body water
A
  1. B
  2. A
  3. C
65
Q

A. proximal convoluted tubule
B. loop of Henle
C. collecting ducts

  1. Na channel
  2. Na-amino acid transport
  3. Na-K-2Cl antiport
A
  1. C
  2. A
  3. B
66
Q

A. collecting duct
B. proximal convoluted tubule
C. distal convoluted tubule

  1. Hypotonic tubular fluid
  2. Isosomotic tubular fluid
A
  1. C

2. B

67
Q 
A. urinary tract infection
B. chronic renal failure
C. disease of glomerular filter
D. renal tubular acidosis
E. tubular load > tubular maximum
  1. tea colored urine (++RBC)
  2. Cloudy urine (++WBC)
  3. (++) urinary glucose
  4. Decreased urine output (
A
  1. C
  2. A
  3. E
  4. B
68
Q 
Match the procedure with the urinalysis result and the mechanism, then give the most important step of the procedure
Choices A:
A. low sp gravity, high volume
B. high sp gravity, low volume
C. normal sp gravity, high volume

Choices B:

  1. Xanthine inhibits tubular Na+ reabsorption
  2. Vasopressin increases water reabsorption
  3. Increased BV causes increased GFR
  4. low osmolality inhibits ADH secretion
  5. high ADH increases water reabsorption

Concentration test

A

B, 2/5, drink 270mL water at dinner then none afterwards

69
Q 
Match the procedure with the urinalysis result and the mechanism, then give the most important step of the procedure
Choices A:
A. low sp gravity, high volume
B. high sp gravity, low volume
C. normal sp gravity, high volume

Choices B:

  1. Xanthine inhibits tubular Na+ reabsorption
  2. Vasopressin increases water reabsorption
  3. Increased BV causes increased GFR
  4. low osmolality inhibits ADH secretion
  5. high ADH increases water reabsorption

Dilution test

A

A, 4, drink 1500ml water in 30min

70
Q 
Match the procedure with the urinalysis result and the mechanism, then give the most important step of the procedure
Choices A:
A. low sp gravity, high volume
B. high sp gravity, low volume
C. normal sp gravity, high volume

Choices B:

  1. Xanthine inhibits tubular Na+ reabsorption
  2. Vasopressin increases water reabsorption
  3. Increased BV causes increased GFR
  4. low osmolality inhibits ADH secretion
  5. high ADH increases water reabsorption

Drinking black coffee

A

A, 1, drink 500mL black coffee in 3min no other fluids allowed

71
Q 
Match the procedure with the urinalysis result and the mechanism, then give the most important step of the procedure
Choices A:
A. low sp gravity, high volume
B. high sp gravity, low volume
C. normal sp gravity, high volume

Choices B:

  1. Xanthine inhibits tubular Na+ reabsorption
  2. Vasopressin increases water reabsorption
  3. Increased BV causes increased GFR
  4. low osmolality inhibits ADH secretion
  5. high ADH increases water reabsorption

Drinking buko juice

A

A, 3, drink 500mL buko in 3mins no other fluids allowed

72
Q

Identify the test material/equipment used in determining:

Blood sugar

A

glucometer / dip stick

73
Q

Identify the test material/equipment used in determining:

Urine sugar

A

dip stick

74
Q

Identify the test material/equipment used in determining:

Specific gravity

A

urinometer / dip stick

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