Anatomy 4th LE 2016 Flashcards by Vin James Penalosa

Choose the CORRECT [abdominal quadrant]:[intra-abdominal structure] combination
A. Left lower: cecum
B. Left upper: tail of the pancreas
C. Right lower : hepatic flexure

B. Left upper: tail of the pancreas

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The pylorus lies along the imaginary horizontal plane which is formed:
A. Between the tips of 2 ninth costal cartilage
B. Midway between the umbilicus and the superior end of the manubrium
C. At the level of the umbilicus
D. Where the linea semilunaris cross the arcuate line

A. Between the tips of 2 ninth costal cartilage

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After introduction of spinal anesthesia, sensation is lost below the umbilicus. The anesthesia is most likely up to which of the following spinal nerve dermatomal level?
A. T7
B. T10
C. L1
D. L4

B. T10

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In case of penile fracture, extravasation of urine from urethra would be limited up to lower abdomen by which of the following anterolateral abdominal layer?
A. External oblique muscle aponeurosis
B. Parietal peritoneum
C. Superficial fascia, membranous layer
D. Transversalis fascia

C. Superficial fascia, membranous layer

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The separation of the abdominal cavity from the thoracic cavity from the thoracic is marked by the?
A. 10th rib
B. 12th rib
C. Costal margin
D. Respiratory diaphragm

D. Respiratory diaphragm

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Which of the following abdominal wall layers contribute to form the conjoint tendon?
A. External oblique and internal oblique
B. Internal oblique and transversalis fascia
C. Internal oblique and transversus abdominis
D. Rectus abdominis and transverses abdominis

C. Internal oblique and transversus abdominis

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The inguinal ligament extends from the anterior superior iliac spine down to which of the following structures?
A. Ischial spine
B. Pecten pubis
C. Pubic tubercle
D. Symphisis pubis

C. Pubic tubercle

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The aponeuroticfibers of the external oblique muscle form the following structures EXCEPT?
A. Anterior rectus sheath
B. Border of the deep inguinal ring
C. Border of the superficial inguinal ring
D. Inguinal ligament

B. Border of the deep inguinal ring

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The medial umbilical ligament which is covered by the medial umbilical fold is the remnant of which of the following fetal structures?
A. Left umbilical vein
B. Umbilical artery
C. Urachus
D. Vitelline duct

B. Umbilical artery

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Which of the following structures is a fold of visceral peritoneum that attaches the jejunum and ileum to the posterior abdominal wall?
A. Greater omentum
B. Lesser omentum
C. Mesentery proper
D. Mesocolon

C. Mesentery proper

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On physical examination, the bulging mass is noted just lateral to the lateral border of the lower rectus abdominis muscle above the inguinal ligament and medial to the inferior epigastric vessels. Which of the following types of hernia is \_\_\_\_\_ likely?
A. Direct inguinal
B. Femoral
C. Indirect inguinal
D. Semiluna

A. Direct inguinal

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The aponeurosis of the following abdominal muscles form part of the rectus sheath EXCEPT?
A. External oblique
B. Internal oblique
C. Rectus abdominis
D. Transversus abdominis

C. Rectus abdominis

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The cremaster muscle layer of the spermatic cord and the scrotal wall is derived from which of the following layers of the anterolateral abdominal wall?
A. Deep investing
B. External oblique
C. Internal oblique
D. Membranous (Scarpa’s

C. Internal oblique

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Which of the following arteries supplying the anterior abdominal wall is found within the rectus sheath?
A. Deep circumflex iliac
B. Inferior epigastric
C. Superficial circumflex iliac
D. Superficial epigastric

B. Inferior epigastric

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The paraumbilical veins connect with the portal vein while closely associated with which of the following structures?
A. Lateral umbilical fold
B. Lesser omentum
C. Ligamentum teres hepatis
D. Median umbilical ligament

C. Ligamentum teres hepatis

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While assisting at the caesarean section with infraumbilical midline incision, the intern was able to identify the arcuate line. He appreciated it as the inferior limit of which of the following structures?
A. Anterior rectus sheath
B. Endoabdominal fascia
C. Posterior rectus sheath
D. Transversalis fascia

C. Posterior rectus sheath

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From which specific part of the tongue does the lymph drain bilaterally to the deep cervical group of nodes?
A. Apex
B. Body, lateral part
C. Frenulum
D. Root

D. Root

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Into which opening should a dentist inject the anesthetic agent if he plans to extract the upper second premolar?
A. Greater palatine foramen
B. Incisive canal
C. Mandibular foramen
D. Mental foramen

A. Greater palatine foramen

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Which of the following structure is MOST likely found within the oral vestibule?
A. Lingual frenulum
B. Parotid duct opening
C. Uvula
D. Vermillion zone

B. Parotid duct opening

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Choose the CORRECT [structure]: [portion of the pharynx] relationship.
A. Pharyngeal recess: oropharynx
B. Piriform recess: hypopharynx
C. Tonsillarfossa : laryngopharynx
D. Vallecula: epipharynx

B. Piriform recess: hypopharynx

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Which of the following muscles is supplied by the pharyngeal plexus?
A. Geniohyoid
B. Palatoglossus
C. Styloglossus
D. Tensor veli palatine

B. Palatoglossus

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Which part of the diaphragm forms the esophageal hiatus?
A. Central tendon
B. Dome
C. Left crus
D. Right crus

D. Right crus

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The artery supplying the abdominal esophagus is a DIRECT branch of which of the following structures?
A. Celiac
B. Common hepatic
C. Left gastroepiploic
D. Splenic

A. Celiac

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While lying supine, the esophagogastric junction USUALLY lies on the transverse plane crossing which of the following vertebral levels?
A. T9
B. T10
C. T11
D. T12

C. T11

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``` The constriction of the upper esophageal sphincter is MOST likely caused by which of the following structures? A. Aortic arch B. Cricopharyngeus C. Diaphragm D. Left main bronchus ```

B. Cricopharyngeus

``` Long furrows of gastric mucosa (magenstrasse) are found in the: A. Anterior surface B. Greater curvature C. Lesser curvature D. Posterior surface ```

C. Lesser curvature

``` Which of the following arteries may MOST likely be eroded if there is perforation of the posterior wall of the stomach? A. Gastroduodenal B. Left gastric C. Left renal D. Splenic ```

D. Splenic

``` At which part of the duodenum does the influx of pancreatic juices occur? A. 1st B. 2nd C. 3rd D. 4th ```

B. 2nd

``` Which of the following structures originate from the right crus of the diaphragm to attach to the ascending part of the duodenum? A. Greater omentum B. Hepatoduodenal ligament C. Ligament of treitz D. Phrenicocolic ligament ```

C. Ligament of treitz

``` Peyer’s patches are BEST found in which of the following segments of the digestive tract? A. Cecum B. Duodenum C. Ileum D. Jejunum ```

C. Ileum

``` Which of the following structures serves as the connection between the greater sac and lesser sac? A. Foramen of winslow B. Left paracolic gutter C. Omental bursa D. Right paracolic gutter ```

A. Foramen of winslow

``` Which of the following arteries is the MAIN blood supply to the derivatives of the embryonic midgut? A. Celiac B. Common iliac C. Inferior mesenteric D. Superior mesenteric ```

D. Superior mesenteric

``` The nerve supply to the 1st part of the duodenum originates from which of the following plexuses? A. Celiac B. Inferior mesenteric C. Sacral D. Superior mesenteric ```

A. Celiac

``` Which of the following structure USUALLY drains into the duodenum via the minor duodenal papilla? A. Common bile duct B. Cystic duct C. Pancreatic duct of Santorini D. Pancreatic duct of Wirsung ```

C. Pancreatic duct of Santorini

``` Which segment of the colon or large intestine is at MOST risk of torsion? A. Ascending B. Descending C. Sigmoid D. Transverse ```

C. Sigmoid

``` Which segment of the colon has the largest diameter but shortest length? A. Ascending B. Cecum C. Descending D. Sigmoid E. Transverse ```

B. Cecum

``` The appendicular artery is a terminal branch of which of the following arteries? A. Ileocolic B. Inferior mesenteric C. Left colic D. Right colic ```

A. Ileocolic

``` A patient sustained a stab wound in the abdomen. On surgical exploration, the left colic artery is noted to be severed and would need to be ligated. Which of the following arteries will be directly responsible for keeping the descending colon viable (alive and functioning)? A. Celiac B. Marginal C. Middle colic D. Superior rectal ```

B. Marginal

``` Which of the following features distinguishes the JEJUNUM from the ileum? A. Absent omental appendages B. Long vasa recta C. Many arterial arcades D. Sparse circular folds ```

B. Long vasa recta

``` A gastroenterologist suspects malignancy in a patient with intestinal polyps in the descending colon discovered on flexible colonoscopy. To which of the following groups of lymph nodes would the cancer MOST likely to metastasize? A. Celiac B. Ileocolic C. Inferior mesenteric D. Superior mesenteric ```

C. Inferior mesenteric

``` Which of the following tooth components is MOST SIMILAR to bone in composition? A. Cementum B. Dentin C. Enamel D. Pulp ```

A. Cementum

``` Which of the following tongue papillae has numerous serous glands at its periphery? A. Filiform B. Foliate C. Fungiform D. Vallate ```

D. Vallate

``` In which of the following layers are the esophageal cardiac glands located? A. Mucosa B. Submucosa C. Muscularis propria D. Serosa ```

A. Mucosa

The distal end of the esophagus is composed of which of the following muscles? A. Smooth only B. Striated only C. Both smooth and striated

A. Smooth only

Which of the following expresses the CORRECT gastric gland to pit length relationship at the pylorus of the stomach? A. Gland > pit B. Gland = pit C. Gland

C. Gland

``` Which of the following hormones is secreted by enterochromaffin cells which are formed throughout the digestive tract? A. Gastrin B. Secretin C. Serotonin D. Somatostatin ```

C. Serotonin

``` The mucosa and which of the following layers constitute one (1) plicacircularis? A. Lamina propria B. Muscularis mucosa C. Muscularis propria D. Submucosa ```

D. Submucosa

``` The taenia coli correspond to which of the following layers of the large intestinal wall? A. Muscularis mucosae B. Muscularis propria, circular C. Muscularis propria, longitudinal D. Muscularis propria, oblique ```

C. Muscularis propria, longitudinal

``` The intestinal villus consists of the epithelium and which of the following layers? A. Lamina propria B. Muscularis mucosae C. Serosa D. Submucosa ```

A. Lamina propria

``` The intestinal glands are BEST described as intestinal: A. Crypts B. Fold C. Microvilli D. Villi ```

A. Crypts

``` Which of the following histologic features of the APPENDIX differentiates it from the large intestines? A. Absence of villi B. Presence of lymphoid follicles C. Presence of taenia coli D. Short intestinal glands ```

D. Short intestinal glands

``` The large intestines have no mucosal folds EXCEPT in which region? A. Cecum B. Descending colon C. Rectum D. Sigmoid colon ```

C. Rectum

``` The muscularis propria of which of the following segments of the digestive tract has an internal oblique layer? A. Esophagus B. Stomach C. Small intestine D. Large intestine ```

B. Stomach

``` Which of the following glands are found in the submucosal layer of the digestive tract? A. Duodenal B. Esophageal cardiac C. Gastric D. Intestinal ```

A. Duodenal

``` A scanner view of a histologic specimen shows a transition between simple columnar and stratified squamous non- keratinizing epithelium with large veins in the lamina propria and no submucosal glands. The specimen MOST likely shows which of the following structures? A. Anal verge B. Esophago-gastric junction C. Recto-anal junction D. Vermillion region ```

C. Recto-anal junction

``` Which of the following mucosal cells has a centrally located spherical nucleus and intensely staining eosinophilic cytoplasm? A. D cells B. Gastrin cell C. Parietal cell D. Zymogenic cell ```

C. Parietal cell

``` Goblet cells are MOST abundant in which of the following alimentary tract segments? A. Esophagus B. Stomach C. Small intestine D. Large intestine ```

D. Large intestine

``` The forgut terminates at the level of the: A. Hepatic diverticulum B. Respiratory diverticulum C. Transverse colon, distal 3rd D. Vitelline duct ```

A. Hepatic diverticulum

``` Which portion of the GIT is supplied by branches of both the celiac and superior mesenteric arteries? A. Duodenum B. Stomach C. Transverse colon D. Upper jejunum ```

A. Duodenum

``` During digestive system development, the vitelline artery in the primary intestinal loop represents the terminal end of which of the following arteries? A. Celiac B. Inferior mesenteric C. Superior mesenteric D. Superior rectal ```

C. Superior mesenteric

``` Which of the following alimentary tract segments DOES NOT arise from the cephalic limb of the primary intestinal loop? A. Duodenum, distal B. Jejunum, distal C. Jejunum, proximal D. Ileum, distal ```

D. Ileum, distal

``` Physiologic umbilical herniation occurs during which week of embryologic development? A. 6th B. 8th C. 10th D. 12th ```

A. 6th

``` A newly born infant presents with small and large intestines that are herniated through an enlarged umbilical ring and are covered by amnion. The infant MOST likely has which of the following congenital anomalies? A. Gastroschisis B. Hirschsprung’s disease C. Meckel’s diverticulum D. Omphalocoele ```

D. Omphalocoele

Which of the following statements is TRUE about CONGENITAL MEGACOLON? A. It is caused by absence of sympathetic ganglia in bowel wall B. The aganglionic portion would progressively dilate C. The bowel wall ganglia failed to migrate from the neural folds D. The entire colon is aganglionic in most cases

C. The bowel wall ganglia failed to migrate from the neural folds

``` During return of the herniated intestinal loops into the abdominal cavity which of the following segments is the LAST to re-enter? A. Cecal bud B. Descending colon C. Distal ileum D. Proximal jejunum ```

A. Cecal bud

Choose the CORRECT statement regarding the PAROTID GLAND. A. It is located posterior to mylohyoid muscle B. It is partly covered by the body of the mandible C. Its duct emerges from the deep position of the gland D. Its duct opens into a papilla opposite the upper 2nd molars

D. Its duct opens into a papilla opposite the upper 2nd molars

Which of the following statements BEST characterizes the HISTOLOGY of the SUBMANDIBULAR GLAND? A. Classified morphologically as simple tubuloacinar gland B. It is made up of predominantly mucous cells C. Its predominant cells have rounded nuclei with basophilic cytoplasm D. The serous secreting cells are only found in demilunes

C. Its predominant cells have rounded nuclei with basophilic cytoplasm

``` Which of the following ligaments attaches the anterior surface of the liver to the anterior abdominal wall? A. Coronary B. Falciform C. Teres hepatis D. Triangular ```

B. Falciform

``` Which of the following veins is a direct tributary of the portal vein? A. Inferior mesenteric vein B. Middle colic C. Right gastric D. Short gastric ```

C. Right gastric

``` A first year medical student who was dissecting the hepatoduodenal ligament noticed several structures within the said ligament. If he was to dissect further, which of the following structures would be the DEEPEST? A. Common bile duct B. Inferior vena cava C. Portal vein D. Proper hepatic artery ```

C. Portal vein

``` Which of the following intrahepatic bile ducts are found in between hepatocytes? A. Bile canaliculi B. Canal of Hering C. Cholangioles D. Periportal ductules ```

A. Bile canaliculi

Which of the following statements is TRUE regarding HEPATIC SEGMENTATION? A. Each hepatic segment is supplied by hepatic artery and drained by portal vein B. Surgical removal of the segment would compromise the function of adjacent segments C. The liver is divided functionally into right and left portions by the main portal fissures D. Three of the four divisions are subdivided into segments by the transpyloric plane

C. The liver is divided functionally into right and left portions by the main portal fissures

A pathologist was examining a section of the liver parenchyma of a patient who underwent partial hepatectomy. He noticed that the periphery of the portal areas showed evidence of early regeneration. Which particular zone of the hepatic acinus was he looking at? A. Zone 1 B. Zone 2 C. Zone 3

A. Zone 1

Which of the following portocaval anastomoses is involved in caput medusae? A. Esophageal venous plexus B. C. Paraumbilical veins

C. Paraumbilical veins

``` Which part of the gallbladder is completely intraperitoneal? A. Body B. Fundus C. Infundibulum D. Neck ```

B. Fundus

Which of the following is true about the GALLBLADDER? A. Arterial supply commonly arises from left hepatic artery B. The mucosa is lined with simple cuboidal epithelium with microvilli C. The muscularis is divided into outer longitudinal and inner diagonal layers D. The neck become continuous with the cystic duct

D. The neck become continuous with the cystic duct

A junior intern was asked to assist in a cholecystectomy procedure (surgical removal of the gallbladder). He was told by the senior resident to look for the triangle of Calot in order to identify the cystic artery. Which three (3) structures does he need to look for? A. Common bile duct – right hepatic artery – liver edge B. Common bile duct – cystic duct – liver edge C. Common hepatic duct – cystic duct – liver edge D. Common hepatic duct – cystic duct – common hepatic artery

C. Common hepatic duct – cystic duct – liver edge

``` Which of the following structures is related to the neck of the pancreas? A. Concavity of duodenum B. Hilum of the spleen C. Inferior mesenteric vein D. Superior mesenteric vein ```

D. Superior mesenteric vein

``` Which of the following arteries supplying the head of the pancreas comes from the superior mesenteric artery? A. Dorsal pancreatic B. Inferior pancreaticoduodenal C. Splenic D. Superior pancreaticoduodenal ```

B. Inferior pancreaticoduodenal

``` Which of the following cells form part of the intercalated duct within the secretory portion of the pancreatic exocrine gland unit? A. Centroacinar B. Islet C. Pyramidal D. Serous ```

A. Centroacinar

Which of the following structures at the hilum of the right kidney is MOST ANTERIOR? A. Renal artery B. Renal vein C. Ureter

B. Renal vein

``` Renal pyramids are BEST located in which part of the kidney? A. Cortex B. Cortical arches C. Medulla D. Renal sinus ```

C. Medulla

``` Which of the following structures represents the functional unit of the kidney? A. Glomerulus B. Nephron C. Renal corpuscle D. Uriniferous tubule ```

B. Nephron

Which of the statements is TRUE regarding the SUPRARENAL GLANDS? A. Cortex is derived from neural crest cells B. The medulla contains chromaffin cells C. The left suprarenal vein drains into IVC D. The right suprarenal gland is cresent-shaped

B. The medulla contains chromaffin cells

``` Which of the following renal structures is found in the interstices between capillaries that lack podocytes? A. Bowman’s capsule, visceral layer B. Juxtaglomerular cell C. Lacis Cell D. Mesangial cell ```

D. Mesangial cell

Which of the following BEST describes the BLOOD SUPPLY of the KIDNEY? A. Interlobular arteries divide into arcuate arteries B. Arterioles from juxtamedullary glomeruli gives off vasa recta C. Segmental arteries anastomose significantly with each other D. Straight artery branches of the afferent arterioles supply the medulla

B. Arterioles from juxtamedullary glomeruli gives off vasa recta

``` Which part of the urethra is WIDEST and MOST DILATABLE? A. Membranous B. Pre-prostatic C. Prostatic D. Spongy ```

C. Prostatic

``` Which epithelial lining is shared by the bladder, the ureter and the urethra? A. Simple columnar B. Simple cuboidal C. Stratified squamous D. Transitional ```

D. Transitional

Which of the following feature BEST characterizes JUXTAGLOMERULAR CELLS? A. Phagocytic glomerular cells B. Epithelial cells with pedicels C. Modified smooth muscle in afferent arterioles D. Specialized cells on distal convoluted tubules

C. Modified smooth muscle in afferent arterioles

``` Which of the following nerves increases the internal urethral sphincter tone? A. Ilioinguinal B. Inferior hypogastric C. Pelvic splanchnic D. Pudend ```

B. Inferior hypogastric

Which of the following features BEST characterizes the PROXIMAL CONVOLUTED TUBULE? A. Numerous microvilli B. Has wider lumen than the DCT C. Is lined by simple squamous epithelium D. Originates at the vascular pole

A. Numerous microvilli

``` A patient with right pyelonephritis (kidney infection) presents with referred pain on the ipsilateral side of the lower abdominal quadrant and groin. The visceral pain is transmitted via which spinal cord segment? A. T7-T9 B. T11-L2 C. L3-S1 D. S2-S4 ```

B. T11-L2

``` Which of the following cells are polyhedral, binucleated or multinucleated cells that serve to protect the urothelium? A. Lacis B. Mesangial C. Principal D. Umbrella ```

D. Umbrella

In which part of the ureter would the descent of renal calculi MOST likely get arrested? A. After it crosses pelvic brim B. At the renal pelvis C. At the vesico-ureteric junction D. Where it passes under the gonadal vessels

C. At the vesico-ureteric junction

The Wolffian duct arises during the formation of which embryologic urinary system? A. Pronephros B. Mesonephros

B. Mesonephros

``` A small nodule is noted in the liver on contrast-enhanced CT scan. You saw that it was located inferior to the right portal vein and is located between the middle hepatic and right hepatic veins. Which hepatic segment is MOST likely involved? A. II B. III C. V D. VI ```

C. V

``` A contrast radiograph study of the abdomen reveals a feathery mucosal pattern of a segment of the alimentary tract. Which of the following structures are MOST likely responsible for producing the normal finding? A. Haustra B. Plicae circulares C. Plicae semilunaris D. Rugae ```

B. Plicae circulares

``` A three-week old infant was being evaluated for gastric outlet obstruction. Ultrasound revealed a hypertrophic pyloric sphincter. This finding MOST likely represents thickening of which stomach muscle layer? A. Inner circular B. Innermost oblique C. Middle circular D. Outer longitudinal ```

C. Middle circular

``` A plain abdominal radiograph revealed a staghorn-shaped radiopacity. Which of the following abdominal organs would MOST likely be involved? A. Gallbladder B. Kidney C. Pancreas D. Urinary bladder ```

B. Kidney

``` A 25- year old female complained of bloatedness and constipation. Barium enema was unremarkable. Except for redundancy of an intraperitoneal large bowel segment. This redundant segment would most likely be the: A. Ascending colon B. Descending colon C. Rectum D. Sigmoid colon ```

D. Sigmoid colon