Biochemistry 4th LE 2018 w/o computations (with laboratory) Flashcards
1
Q
Which will result in malnutrition if given daily at plus or minus 2 standard deviations of the recommended value for a prolonged period of time?
A
Total caloric requirement
2
Q
Which is true about nutrition in general?
A. Nutritional needs of individuals vary
B. Many combinations of foods lead to a well-balanced diet
C. Most foods sources contain complete nutrients for growth and health
D. Proper nutrition is attained by satisfying hunger and satiety
A
B. Many combinations of foods lead to a well-balanced diet
3
Q
AB, a 50-year-old female was 40kg and stood at 170 cm she had positive loss of subcutaneous tissue, muscle mass, generalized edema, enlarged liver, and skin pigmentation. What nutritional disorder is AB suffering from?
A. Kwashiorkor
B. Marasmus
C. Protein caloric malnutrition
A
C. Protein caloric malnutrition
4
Q
Which of the following food sources will best help restore AB's nitrogen balance? A. beans B. cow's milk C. fish D. peanuts
A
C. fish
5
Q
Which is the recommended minimum amount of carbohydrates in grams per day to prevent ketosis? A. 100 B. 180 C. 120 D. 150
A
A. 100
6
Q
To prevent colonic cancer in AB's siblings, the recommendation is to increase intake of: A. animal meat B. fruits and vegetables C. simple carbohydrates D. vitamins in mega-doses
A
B. fruits and vegetables
7
Q
A recent FMRI survey shows the deficiency of the following micronutrients has shown a decrease in incidence among Filipinos? A. Ca B. Fe C. Mg D. Zn
A
B. Fe
8
Q
There is an optimal level in Filipinos of which previously deficient micronutrient? A. Ca B. Iodine C. Thiamine D. Vitamin A
A
B. Iodine
9
Q
Which laboratory parameter is shown to increase among Filipino adults? A. FBS B. HDL C. BUN D. blood uric acid
A
A. FBS
10
Q
In order to achieve an ideal 5 kg weight loss in two months how many kcal per day should be deducted from the TCR? A. 625 B. 700 C. 725 D. 600
A
A. 625
11
Q
Which of the major nutrients has the highest heat of combustion?
A. carbs
B. fats
C. proteins
A
B. fats
12
Q
Vitamin for clotting factor? A. A B. D C. E D. K
A
D. K
13
Q
Coagulation profile of patient on warfarin maintenance shows what result?
A
Increased prothrombin time
14
Q
Vitamin K promotes coagulation via what process of the glutamine residues of the cloting precursors?
A
carboxylation
15
Q
Warfarin inhibits which process in coagulation?
A
competes with vitamin K for reductases
16
Q
Deficiency in which vitamin precursor can lead to vision problems? A. Carotenoids B. Napthoquinone C. Cyanocobalamin D. Tocopherol
A
A. Carotenoids
17
Q
Which vitamin isomer serves as the photosensitive agent of the rods and cones during night vision? A. 11-cis retinal B. 11-cis retinol C. 11-trans retinal D. 11-trans retinol
A
A. 11-cis retinal
18
Q
Visual pigment containing the vitamin form attach to which amino acid residue?
A
Lysine
19
Q
Vision in daylight is characterized by ____
A
Genetic changes of rhodopsin to active metarhodopsin
20
Q
JM 25-year old alcoholic has disorientation malnutrition diet of beer and whiskey with minimal food, diagnosed with pulmonary edema.
Clinical manifestation of JM is consistent with deficiency with what vitamin?
A
Thiamine
21
Q
JM 25-year old alcoholic has disorientation malnutrition diet of beer and whiskey with minimal food, diagnosed with pulmonary edema.
Ring structure of this vitamin contains what biochemical structures?
A
Pyrimidine ring
22
Q
JM 25-year old alcoholic has disorientation malnutrition diet of beer and whiskey with minimal food, diagnosed with pulmonary edema.
Clinical feature of JM can be explained by deficiency of?
A
Oxidative metabolism
23
Q
FBM is breastfed infant whose mother is a malnourished street vagrant with no vitamin supplements, megaloblastic changes are observed with FBM
FBM has deficiency in what vitamin?
A
Cyanocobalamin
24
Q
FBM is breastfed infant whose mother is a malnourished street vagrant with no vitamin supplements, megaloblastic changes are observed with FBM
The deficiency of the vitamin will result to development of what biochemical process?
A
Methyl folate
25
FBM is breastfed infant whose mother is a malnourished street vagrant with no vitamin supplements, megaloblastic changes are observed with FBM
Lab result in FBM will show
A. increase blood homocysteine
B. decrease blood homocysteine
C. Decrease urine succinyl COA
A. increase blood homocysteine
26
```
Which of the following is the correct enzyme:cofactor pair?
A. Fatty acid multienzyme complex:biotin
B. Lactate DH:PLP
C. Succinate DH:NAD
D. Transketolase:TPP
```
D. Transketolase:TPP
27
Which of the following is the correct coenzyme and chemical group transfer?
A. NAD: Hydride ion
B, PLP:
C. TPP: Amino group
A. NAD: Hydride ion
28
Man is unable to synthesize ascorbic acid due to deficiency of what enzyme?
L-gulonolactone oxidase
29
dTMP required in DNA synthesis requires this form of substituted folate:
N5,N10-Methylene Tetrahydrofolate
30
Methotrexate is a folic acid antagonist that inhibits the activity of this enzyme in the cancer cell.
Dihydrofolate reductase
31
What component of vitamin in the prenatal prevents of the development of ancephaly?
Folic acid
32
Sammy’s mother started working to augment the family income. With shift to cow’s milk he became sickly, weak, anorectic, with frequent episodes of LBM and abdominal colics. He would be fasted for several days during diarrhea, given only clear soup and carbonated beverages. A doctor presented ORS and zinc, and advised continuous fluid intake.
What component of breast milk contributes to high rate utilization of energy?
Higher whey content
33
Sammy’s mother started working to augment the family income. With shift to cow’s milk he became sickly, weak, anorectic, with frequent episodes of LBM and abdominal colics. He would be fasted for several days during diarrhea, given only clear soup and carbonated beverages. A doctor presented ORS and zinc, and advised continuous fluid intake.
Sammy is at lesser risk of developing iron deficiency anemia because:
There is better absorption of iron due to lactoferrin content of breast milk.
34
Sammy’s mother started working to augment the family income. With shift to cow’s milk he became sickly, weak, anorectic, with frequent episodes of LBM and abdominal colics. He would be fasted for several days during diarrhea, given only clear soup and carbonated beverages. A doctor presented ORS and zinc, and advised continuous fluid intake.
What breast milk component signals Sammy’s brain to stop feeding and lowers Sammy’s chance of developing fatness obesity?
The higher fat content
35
Sammy’s mother started working to augment the family income. With shift to cow’s milk he became sickly, weak, anorectic, with frequent episodes of LBM and abdominal colics. He would be fasted for several days during diarrhea, given only clear soup and carbonated beverages. A doctor presented ORS and zinc, and advised continuous fluid intake.
Sammy is likely protected from developing dental carries because of what content of breast milk?
lactose-predominant
36
Sammy’s mother started working to augment the family income. With shift to cow’s milk he became sickly, weak, anorectic, with frequent episodes of LBM and abdominal colics. He would be fasted for several days during diarrhea, given only clear soup and carbonated beverages. A doctor presented ORS and zinc, and advised continuous fluid intake.
What is the role of glucose in ORS?
Promotes Na and H2O absorption
37
Sammy’s mother started working to augment the family income. With shift to cow’s milk he became sickly, weak, anorectic, with frequent episodes of LBM and abdominal colics. He would be fasted for several days during diarrhea, given only clear soup and carbonated beverages. A doctor presented ORS and zinc, and advised continuous fluid intake.
The frequent episodes of abdominal colics is due to
Ca absorption in intestines due to increased saturated FAs
38
Sammy’s mother started working to augment the family income. With shift to cow’s milk he became sickly, weak, anorectic, with frequent episodes of LBM and abdominal colics. He would be fasted for several days during diarrhea, given only clear soup and carbonated beverages. A doctor presented ORS and zinc, and advised continuous fluid intake.
What process explains the electrolyte losses during bacterial-induced diarrhea
Increased Cl secretion by crypt cell
39
B.A., a 20-year old, female student had a full meal for lunch (rice, meat with vegetables, dessert, and H2O)
What is the state of the apical junction complexes after a meal?
A. ↓ size of pores of the tight junction (T.J.) due to ↓ occludin
B. ↓ number of SGLT1 in apical membrane (a.m.) of small intestines (S.I.)
C. ↑ amount of E-cadherens in adherens junctions of T.J.
D. ↑ pore size and permeability of T.J. constituted by claudins
D. ↑ pore size and permeability of T.J. constituted by claudins
40
B.A., a 20-year old, female student had a full meal for lunch (rice, meat with vegetables, dessert, and H2O)
```
What is the role of junctional adheren molecules (JAMs) in fluid and electrolyte absorption through the paracellular route?
A. Constitutes the pores of the T.J.
B. Determines size of particles
C. Dictates charge of particles
D. Regulates permeability of T.J.
```
D. Regulates permeability of T.J.
41
B.A., a 20-year old, female student had a full meal for lunch (rice, meat with vegetables, dessert, and H2O)
What is the effect of increased osmolarity of the luminal content of B.A. on electrolyte and fluid transport?
Increase sodium-solute co-transporter in villus cells of the intestines
42
B.A., a 20-year old, female student had a full meal for lunch (rice, meat with vegetables, dessert, and H2O)
```
What best describes tight junction of B.A. as we proceed from the SI to the LI?
A. Number of structural CHONs constant
B. Number of structural CHONs increases
C. Permeability increases
D. Permeability decreases
```
D. Permeability decreases
43
B.A., a 20-year old, female student had a full meal for lunch (rice, meat with vegetables, dessert, and H2O)
What is the state of H20 absorption in B.A.'s GIT?
A. Aquaporins play a major role in the jejunum
B. Aquaporin contributes equally in small and large intestine?
C. Major route involves sglt1 in the small intestine
D. Major route involves the tight junction of large intestine
C. Major route involves sglt1 in the small intestine
44
B.A., a 20-year old, female student had a full meal for lunch (rice, meat with vegetables, dessert, and H2O)
If probiotics were added to the B.A.'s diet of what is the benefit? A. Increase transport function functions of GIT
B. decrease cAMP levels
C. Decrease cytokine levels
A. Increase transport function functions of GIT
45
B.A., a 20-year old, female student had a full meal for lunch (rice, meat with vegetables, dessert, and H2O)
```
Which process is involved during sodium absorption in B.A.
A. Electroneutral in S.I.
B. Electrogenic in SI
C. via NHE I in the LI
D. via ENac in the SI
```
A. Electroneutral in S.I.
46
B.A., a 20-year old, female student had a full meal for lunch (rice, meat with vegetables, dessert, and H2O)
What is the effect of increase sodium and glucose absorption on chloride transport
Increase absorption through TJ
47
B.A., a 20-year old, female student had a full meal for lunch (rice, meat with vegetables, dessert, and H2O)
Which statement is true about the regulation of sodium/solute co-transporter of amino acid?
A. inhibited by luminal water
B. inhibited by increase intracellular calcium
C. stimulated by increase cGMP
D. stimulated by increase in cAMP
C. stimulated by increase cGMP
| D. stimulated by increase in cAMP
48
B.A., a 20-year old, female student had a full meal for lunch (rice, meat with vegetables, dessert, and H2O)
What is the effect of SCFA absorption in fluid and electrolyte
A. Increase sodium absorption via Enac
B. Increase sodium absorption via NHE3
C. Decrease chloride secretion through CFTR
D. Decrease H20 absorption via aquaporins
B. Increase sodium absorption via NHE3
49
B.A., a 20-year old, female student had a full meal for lunch (rice, meat with vegetables, dessert, and H2O)
Which statement is true about the absorption of potassium in gut?
A. Basolateral potassium channel are inhibited
B. H/K-ATPase promotes potassium uptake
C. Basolateral K channel are stimulated by CAMP
D. Apical K channels are the major transporters
B. H/K-ATPase promotes potassium uptake
50
What is the effect of CFTR on the anti-transporters of the gut? A. Stimulation of ENaC
B. stimulation of NHE
C. inhibition of DRA
D. Inhibition of PAT1
A. Stimulation of ENaC
51
Which feature differentiates H/K-ATPases from sodium potassium ATPases?
A. Activity is increased by FXYD protein
B. B-subunit is the active unit
C. Mediates electroneutral process
D. located at the basolateral membrane
B. B-subunit is the active unit
52
What is the role of NaK2Cl cotransporter during chloride secretion during secretory diarrhea?
Entry to Cl prior to exit thru apical CFTR
53
What is the mechanism if Baby Floro manifested with Cl rich acidic stools, hypovolemia, hypochloremia, and acidosis starting at birth?
defective DRA => decrease Cl absorption and HCO3 exchange
54
Which is correct regarding the role of the different isoforms of NHEs?
A. activation of SCFA absorption by NHE2
B. activation of electrogenic process by NHE3
C. regulation of Na absorption by NHE4
D. regulation of cell pH by NHE1
D. regulation of cell pH by NHE1
55
If the etiology of diarrhea is Cholera El tor, what is the mechanism involved?
A. Increase CFTR in the a.m. of the enterocytes in the crypts
B. Increase of Na-K-2Cl co-transporter in basolateral membrane C. Increase CAMP activates chloride secretion by opening the pores of CFTR
D. Increase sensitivity of erythrocyte to cytokine and prostaglandin?
C. Increase CAMP activates chloride secretion by opening the pores of CFTR
56
```
Which enzyme is activated by increase CGMP due to the infection of E. coli?
A. PKA
B. PKC
C. PIP4
D. DAG
```
B. PKC
57
What is the correct 2nd messenger pair involved in secretory diarrhea?
A. VIIP: Ca
B. Prostaglandin: cAMP
C. Histamine: cGMP
B. Prostaglandin: cAMP
58
```
Which of the following transporters is stimulated by increase CAMP?
A. SGLT 1
B. NHE3
C. ENac
D. DRA
```
A. SGLT 1
59
```
What is the best treatment for this child to prevent dehydration in the absence of vomiting?
A. IV Fluid administration
B. Sports drink like Gatorade
C. Nothing per orem for 1 day
D. ORS
```
D. ORS
60
What is the final step in the stimulation of electrogenic sodium absorption agonists that increases levels of CAMP?
A. Activation of PKA by NHERF + ezrin complex
B. Increased in the number of Enac due to inactive Nedd4-2
C. inhibition of PKA by phosphorylation of Nedd4-2
D. Phosphorylation and inactivation of Enac channel
B. Increased in the number of Enac due to inactive Nedd4-2
61
What is the major contribution of IGE from muscles during inflammatory bowel disease?
A. Increase chloride secretion
B. Increase permeability of TJ
C. Decrease electrogenic sodium absorption
D. Decrease electroneutral NaCl absorption
A. Increase chloride secretion
62
```
The soft sensitive hypertension of children with Liddle syndrome is due to
A. Activity of NHE4
B. Activity of ENaC
C. Aldosterone level
D. Level of glucocorticoid
```
B. Activity of ENaC
63
Which of the metabolic process is observed in kidney?
A. Active sodium transport determines amino acid absorption B. High energy maintains tubular secretion
C. Most oxygen consumption supports potassium secretion
D. Most metabolic processes are anaerobic
A. Active sodium transport determines amino acid absorption
64
```
Which hormone increases renal gluconeogenesis?
A. Epinephrine
B. Glucagon
C. Norepinephrine
D. Thyroxine
```
A. Epinephrine
65
Which of the following is the correct pair?
A. bumetanide: NKCC2
B. loop diuretics: ENaC
C. Thiazide diuretics: NCC
C. Thiazide diuretics: NCC
66
```
What is the major transporter of glucose in kidney?
A. SGLT1
B. SGLT2
C. GLUT4
D. GLUT2
```
B. SGLT2
67
```
Which aquaporin isoform decreases sensitivity to vasopressin in Diabetes Insipidus?
A. AQ 1
B. AQ 2
C. AQ3
D. AQ4
```
B. AQ 2
68
```
Which [hormone]: [sodium reabsorption process] pair is correct?
A. Insulin ↓
B. Kinin ↓
C. Natriuretic ↑
D. Progesterone ↑
```
B. Kinin ↓
69
Which are the expected findings in a 6-year-old child with severe diarrhea and vomiting for 3 days with scanty urine?
A. ↓ specific gravity, ↑ sodium, ↑ creatinine
B. ↑ specific gravity, ↓ sodium, ↑ creatinine
C. ↓ specific gravity, ↓ sodium, ↑ creatinine
D. ↓ specific gravity, ↓ sodium, ↓ creatinine
C. ↓ specific gravity, ↓ sodium, ↑ creatinine
70
What are the expected findings in a 12-year-old with end stage renal disease with no intervention?
A. ↓ haemoglobin (Hgb), normal height, ↑creatinine
B. ↓ Hgb, stunting, ↑ creatinine
C. Normal Hgb, normal height, normal creatinine
D. Normal Hgb, stunting, normal creatinine
B. ↓ Hgb, stunting, ↑ creatinine
71
In the presence of ACIDOSIS, what is the expected movement of potassium in cells?
A. Intracellular => extracellular
B. Extracellular => intracellular
C. No net movement
A. Intracellular => extracellular
72
```
Aldosterone level increases which of the following processes?
A. Potassium excretion
B. Potassium reabsorption
C. Sodium filtration
D. Sodium secretion
```
A. Potassium excretion
73
```
What makes cystatin C a better marker than creatinine?
A. higher filtration
B. full reabsorption
C. no secretion
D. minimal excretion
```
C. no secretion
74
```
What is the main component of glomerular basement membrane?
A. Collagen Type IV
B. Fibronectin
C. Laminin
D. Proteoglycan
```
A. Collagen Type IV
75
Which dietary advice can maintain a steady release of blood glucose for diabetic patients?
A. Avoidance of consumption of caffeine
B. Consumption of frequent small meals
C. Decrease intake of food in high saturated fat
D. Non-consumption of food with large amounts of carbohydrates
B. Consumption of frequent small meals
76
```
The Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) recommends consumption of fruits and vegetables to provide:
A. calcium
B. magnesium
C. potassium
D. sodium
```
C. potassium
77
The additional energy (kcal/day) requirement for a pregnant teenager is described as:
A. 250 in the first trimester
B. 350 in the second trimester
C. 450 in the third trimester
B. 350 in the second trimester
78
```
Increased intake of this food group can lead to improvement of the nutritional status of an obese child:
A. Fats, oils, sugar, and salt
B. Fruits and vegetables
C. Meat and alternatives
D. Rice and alternative
```
B. Fruits and vegetables
79
The preferred energy source for patients with liver damage due to alcohol intake is:
A. carbohydrates
B. lipids
C. proteins
B. lipids
80
```
Consumption of this lipid should be limited to less than 10 percent of the energy requirement for individuals with increased LDL cholesterol:
A. Monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA)
B. Omega 3 fatty acid
C. Short chain FA
D. Trans FA
```
D. Trans FA
81
Nutritional consideration for geriatric adults include:
C. ↓protein consumption
82
```
The dietary supply of this mineral should be increased among adolescents
A. calcium
B. iron
C. magnesium
D. manganese
```
A. calcium
83
```
A. If items 1, 2, and 3 are correct
B. If items 1 and 3 are correct
C. If items 2 and 4 are correct
D. If only item 4 is correct
E. If all items are correct
```
Which essential amino acid(s) is/are deficient in a vegetarian diet?
1. lysine
2. methionine
3. tryptophan
4. valine
A
84
```
A. If items 1, 2, and 3 are correct
B. If items 1 and 3 are correct
C. If items 2 and 4 are correct
D. If only item 4 is correct
E. If all items are correct
```
BMR increases in which of the following conditions?
1. Hypothyroidism
2. Children
3. ++++++++++
4. Increased muscle mass
C
85
Sammy’s mother started working to augment the family income. With shift to cow’s milk he became sickly, weak, anorectic, with frequent episodes of LBM and abdominal colics. He would be fasted for several days during diarrhea, given only clear soup and carbonated beverages. A doctor presented ORS and zinc, and advised continuous fluid intake.
```
A. If items 1, 2, and 3 are correct
B. If items 1 and 3 are correct
C. If items 2 and 4 are correct
D. If only item 4 is correct
E. If all items are correct
```
Carbonated beverages, commercial juices, and sports drinks all aggravate fluid losses via which type of dehydration?
1. Osmotic
2. Hypernatremic
3. Hyperosmolar
4. Hypoosmolar
A
86
Sammy’s mother started working to augment the family income. With shift to cow’s milk he became sickly, weak, anorectic, with frequent episodes of LBM and abdominal colics. He would be fasted for several days during diarrhea, given only clear soup and carbonated beverages. A doctor presented ORS and zinc, and advised continuous fluid intake.
```
A. If items 1, 2, and 3 are correct
B. If items 1 and 3 are correct
C. If items 2 and 4 are correct
D. If only item 4 is correct
E. If all items are correct
```
Which of the following is the role of zinc supplementation in diarrhea?
1. Decreases duration, severity and risk of dehydration
2. Decreases the risk of diarrhea occurrence→ ↓morbidity
3. Inhibits cAMP-induced, Cl-dependent, H2O secretion
4. Replaces lost amount during episodes of diarrhea
E
87
Sammy’s mother started working to augment the family income. With shift to cow’s milk he became sickly, weak, anorectic, with frequent episodes of LBM and abdominal colics. He would be fasted for several days during diarrhea, given only clear soup and carbonated beverages. A doctor presented ORS and zinc, and advised continuous fluid intake.
```
A. If items 1, 2, and 3 are correct
B. If items 1 and 3 are correct
C. If items 2 and 4 are correct
D. If only item 4 is correct
E. If all items are correct
```
Food should be continuously given during diarrhea to:
1. Enhance bile and pancreatic secretions
2. Induce intestinal mucosal repair
3. Prevent protein and energy deficits
4. Stimulate GIT absorption of Na and H2O
E
88
```
A. If items 1, 2, and 3 are correct
B. If items 1 and 3 are correct
C. If items 2 and 4 are correct
D. If only item 4 is correct
E. If all items are correct
```
What determines the localization of Na-K-ATPases on the basolateral membrane of all cells?
1. recruitment of actin to the E-cadherens bonds
2. signaling of pumps by cytoskeleton and sNARES
3. changing of actin cytoskeleton by catenins
4. providing assembly machine by E-cadherens bonds
C
89
```
A. If items 1, 2, and 3 are correct
B. If items 1 and 3 are correct
C. If items 2 and 4 are correct
D. If only item 4 is correct
E. If all items are correct
```
Which best describes Na+ efflux across the basolateral pole of enterocytes?
1. creates a (-) intracellular channel
2. is a secondary active transporter
3. provides energy for ion absorption
4. is an electric neutral process
B
90
```
A. If items 1, 2, and 3 are correct
B. If items 1 and 3 are correct
C. If items 2 and 4 are correct
D. If only item 4 is correct
E. If all items are correct
```
Formation of solid stools is the result of which transport processes?
1. decreased permeability of the T.J. in the distal colon
2. 98-99% efficient absorption of fluids and ions in S.I.
3. absorption of Na via ENaC principally in the distal colon
4. Absence of electroneutral NaCl absorption in the L.I.
A
91
```
A. If items 1, 2, and 3 are correct
B. If items 1 and 3 are correct
C. If items 2 and 4 are correct
D. If only item 4 is correct
E. If all items are correct
```
If the etiologic agent of diarrhea is Salmonella, what is the mechanism involved?
1. increased permeability of tight junctions
2. increased secretory response of enterocytes
3. decreased intracellular calcium levels
4. decreased barrier function of enterocytes
C
92
```
A. If items 1, 2, and 3 are correct
B. If items 1 and 3 are correct
C. If items 2 and 4 are correct
D. If only item 4 is correct
E. If all items are correct
```
Which of the following transport processes in the GIT is/are stimulated by increased cAMP?
1. electrogenic Na absorption
2. chloride secretion by CFTR
3. Na+-solute coupled absorption
4. electroneutral NaCl absorption
A
93
```
A. If items 1, 2, and 3 are correct
B. If items 1 and 3 are correct
C. If items 2 and 4 are correct
D. If only item 4 is correct
E. If all items are correct
```
Which of the following is freely filtered and is maximally reabsorbed?
1. Glucose
2. Amino Acids
3. Phosphate
4. Potassium
E
94
```
A. If items 1, 2, and 3 are correct
B. If items 1 and 3 are correct
C. If items 2 and 4 are correct
D. If only item 4 is correct
E. If all items are correct
```
An ideal marker of renal function has the following characteristics:
1. Freely filtered
2. Not secreted
3. Not reabsorbed
4. Fully excreted
E
95
```
A. If items 1, 2, and 3 are correct
B. If items 1 and 3 are correct
C. If items 2 and 4 are correct
D. If only item 4 is correct
E. If all items are correct
```
The rate of renal glucogenesis is dependent on:
1. Glucose concentration
2. Substrate availability
3. Hormonal control
4. Serum pH levels
A
96
```
The amount of dissolved solutes or solids in the urine is measured by:
A. Creatinine content
B. Specific gravity
C. Titratable acidity
D. Urine volume
```
B. Specific gravity
97
Which condition leads to decreased plasma urea?
A. Diabetes mellitus
B. Impaired renal function
C. Liver damage
C. Liver damage
98
The following correctly describe creatinine EXCEPT:
A. Produced by creatinine metabolism in skeletal muscles
B. Reabsorbed by renal tubules
C. Undergoes glomerular filtration
D. Useful index of renal function
B. Reabsorbed by renal tubules
99
What is the basis of color reaction in serum creatinine determination?
A. Forms a colored dye after addition of hydrogen peroxide
B. Forms cholamine producing a blue chromophore
C. Reacts with picric acid under alkaline conditions
D. Titrated with an alkali using phenolphthalein as indicator
C. Reacts with picric acid under alkaline conditions
100
```
Which uric parameter is increased if the diet is rich in fruits and vegetables?
A. Creatinine
B. pH
C. Titratable acidity
D. Total protein
```
B. pH
101
```
Which compound was used for the experiment in urine titratable acidity?
A. H2O2
B. HCl
C. MgOH2
D. NaOH
```
D. NaOH
102
Alkaline urine is expected in which condition?
A. High protein diet
B. High purine diet
C. Low protein diet
C. Low protein diet
103
```
Increased urine volume is expected in the following conditions EXCEPT:
A. Cold weather
B. Emotional stress
C. Extremely hot weather
D. Low protein diet
```
C. Extremely hot weather
104
```
Increased turnover of nucleic acids leads to serum accumulation of:
A. Creatinine
B. Total protein
C. Uric acid
D. Urea nitrogen
```
C. Uric acid
