Anatomy 4th LE 2018 Flashcards by Vin James Penalosa

Choose the correct [boundary of the abdominal cavity]:[structure/area] combination.

a. Anterior: anterolateral abdominal wall
b. Inferior: interspinous plane
c. Posterior: Thoracic Vertebrae
d. Superior: Transpyloric plane

a. Anterior: anterolateral abdominal wall

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Which of the following organ does the transpyloric plane transect?

a. Cecum
b. Gallbladder
c. Sigmoid colon
d. Spleen

b. Gallbladder

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Which of the following structures forms the inguinal canal?

a. External oblique aponeurosis
b. internal oblique aponeurosis
c. Scarpa’s Fascia

a. External oblique aponeurosis

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What muscle functions to stabilize and control the tilt of the pelvis (antilordosis)?

rectus abdominis

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The ilioinguinal nerve originates from which spinal cord level?

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The neurovascular plane of the abdominal wall is formed between which two layers?

Internal oblique and Transversus abdominis

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The T10 spinal nerve provides sensory innervation to the skin over what structure?

Umbilicus

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The following structures form a boundary of Hesselbach’s (inguinal) triangle except?

a. Inguinal (Poupart) ligament
b. Inferior epigastric
c. Linea Alba

c. Linea Alba

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A bulging mass is felt at the tip of the examining finger inserted through the superficial inguinal ring on physical examination. Which of the following types of hernia is MOST LIKELY present?

Indirect

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Which of the following ligaments is a four-layered peritoneal fold that forms part of the greater omentum?

Gastrocolic

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Which of the following statements is true regarding peritoneum?

a. The serous membrane is composed of simple columnar epithelium
b. The peritoneum carries neurovascular supply to the intestines
c. The parietal peritoneum is derived from splanchnic
d. The visceral peritoneum is sensitive to stretching and chemical irritation

d. The visceral peritoneum is sensitive to stretching and chemical irritation

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Which of the following nerves passes between the iliacus and psoas muscles at the posterior abdominal wall?

a. Femoral
b. iliohypogastric
c. ilioinguinal
d. sciatic

a. Femoral

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What layer of the anterior abdominal wall forms the tunica vaginalis?

peritoneum

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A cross sectional image of abdomen is made from transverse cut along the transumbilical plane in CT scan. Which of the following structures would LEAST LIKELY be seen in the image?

a. jejunum
b. Psoas muscle
c. Right Kidney
d. Vermiform appendix

d. Vermiform appendix

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Below the level of the ASIS, the rectus abdominis muscle lies directly anterior to what anterolateral abdominal layer?

Transversalis fascia

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Choose the correct statement regarding the esophageal hiatus of the diaphragm.

a. It allows passage of phrenic nerve
b. It arises from the right crus of the diaphragm
c. It is located at the 11th thoracic vertebral level
d. It is the location of the gastroesophageal sphincter

b. It arises from the right crus of the diaphragm

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Which of the following posterior abdominal wall muscles is most medial?

a. Iliacus
b. Psoas
c. Quadratus lumborum
d. Transversus abdominis

b. Psoas

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Which of the following muscles PRIMARILY forms the floor of the oral cavity?

a. Digastric
b. Geniohyoid
c. Myolohyoid
d. Stlylohyoid

c. Myolohyoid

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Which of the following glands empty their secretions directly into the oral cavity proper?

a. Buccal
b. Labial
c. Palatine
d. Parotid

c. Palatine

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What structure closes the nasopharynx from the oropharynx during swallowing?

Soft palate

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The sensory innervation of the teeth and their corresponding alveolar processes and gingivae comes from what nerve?

Trigeminal

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What group of nodes would most likely enlarge first if a patient is suffering from bacterial infection of the palatine tonsils?

Jugulo-digastric

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What nerve may be injured due to injudicious removal of foreign body lodged in the piriform fossa?

Internal laryngeal

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The cobblestone appearance of the base of the tongue is brought about by what structure?

Lymphoid follicles

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In cases of partial hypertension, portal venous blood drains to the systemic circulation of the area of the abdominal esophagus primarily through what vein?

Left gastric

A contrast study of esophagus/ barium swallow show posterior displacement of the lower esophagus. Which of the following conditions would most commonly cause the displacement? a. Aortic arch aneurism or dilatation b. Dilated left auricle c. Left main bronchus tumor d. Thoracic vertebral abcess

b. Dilated left auricle

The approximate distance from the upper incisors to the cardia of the stomach in the adult is __ cm

40 cm

The gastric furrows in the lesser curvature of the stomach are caused by the absence of muscle layer?

Inner oblique

What mucosal modifications prolong the exposure of the food bolus to digestive enzyme in the small intestine?

Plicae Circulares

Which of the following anatomical features differentiates the JEJUNUM from ileum? a. Abundant peyer’s patches b. Greater in number of arterial arcades c. Short Vasa Recta d. Tall and deep mucosal fold

d. Tall and deep mucosal fold

What structure attaches the duodenojejunal junction to the diaphragm?

Suspensory ligament of duodenum

What artery is a direct branch of superior mesenteric artery?

Middle colic

Which of the following gross features/characteristics immediately identifies the LARGE INTESTINE from other gastrointestinal segments externally? a. Blood supply from the SMA b. Mesenteric attachment c. Semilunar folds d. Tenia coli

d. Tenia coli

Which segment of the large intestine has the widest dimension?

Cecum

The appendicular artery is direct terminal branch of which of what artery?

ileocolic

What nerve give parasympathetic innervation to the sigmoid colon?

Pelvic splanchnic

The greater sac communicates with the lesser sac through what structure?

Foramen of Winslow

The duodenum receives blood coming from the superior mesenteric artery by which of the following artery? a. Gastroduodenal b. Inferior pancreaticoduodenal c. Superior pancreaticoduodenal d. Supraduodenal

b. Inferior pancreaticoduodenal

What part of the duodenum is intraperitoneal?

1st part

Which of the following arteries allows viability of the descending colon in cases where the left colic artery is disrupted by injuring during surgery? a. Marginal b. Middle colic c. Right colic d. Sigmoid

a. Marginal

Which of the following gut segments is lined by stratified squamous epithelium? a. Esophagus b. Jejunum c. Rectum d. Stomach

a. Esophagus

Which of the following segments of the digestive tract has submucosal mucous glands? a. Colon b. Esophagus c. Ileum d. Jejunum

b. Esophagus

The muscularis propria of the colon has how many layers?

Which among the lingual papillae is devoid of taste buds?

Filiform

At which of the following layers of the SMALL INTESTINE are the aggregated lymphoid nodules located? a. Adventitia b. Mucosa c. Muscularis mucosa

b. Mucosa

The presence of what characteristic distinguishes the appendix from the large intestine?

Irregular lumen

Which mucosal intestinal cell release hormone-containing granules by exocytosis? a. Enterocyte b. Enteroendocrine c. Goblet d. Paneth

b. Enteroendocrine

Which of the following cells predominates in the lower region of the gastric glands and contains pepsinogen in the cytoplasm? a. Paneth b. Parietal c. Stem d. Zymogenic

d. Zymogenic

What histologic region of the stomach has the greatest number of cells which secrete hydrochloric acid (HCl)?

Fundus

Which of the following pair best describes the transition of the epithelium from the rectum to the anus? a. Simple columnar to simple squamous b. Simple columnar to stratified squamous c. Simple squamous to simple columnar d. Stratified squamous

b. Simple columnar to stratified squamous

What structure increases the absorptive area of the small intestine THE MOST?

Microvilli

On microscopic examination, a tissue section from the wall of a hollow organ that appears to have a lamina propria rich in MALT and the epithelium rich in goblet cells would most likely be from which segment of the digestive tract? a. Colon b. Duodenum c. Esophagus d. Stomach

a. Colon

Which of the following cells in the taste buds synapses with the afferent sensory axon? a. Basal b. Gustatory c. Supporting

b. Gustatory

The GASTRIC GLANDS are BEST classified as

Simple branched tubular

A sumo wrestler, who trains a lot, was seen at the emergency room due to a bulging recto-anal mass. The physician explained that it was hemorrhoids. From which layer of the gastrointestinal tract do the structures that form hemorrhoids originate? a. Epithelium b. Muscularis mucosae c. Muscularis propria d. Submucosa

d. Submucosa

Which of the following features best describes the colonocytes? a. Columnar with short irregular microvilli b. Located at the base of intestinal glands c. Lysozyme releasing d. Mucus secreting

a. Columnar with short irregular microvilli

A medical student examining a histological slide of jejunum appreciates a tall columnar cell with an oval nucleus and a striated border at the luminal side. The cell would most likely be a/an: a. Enterocyte b. Enteroendocrine c. Goblet d. Paneth

a. Enterocyte

Which of the following statements is true regarding the submandibular gland? a. Found anterior and inferior to the external auditory meatus b. Situated anterior to mylohyoid c. Smaller than sublingual salivary glands d. Duct emerge from deep portion of gland

d. Duct emerge from deep portion of gland

# Choose the best statement characterizing the histology if the parotid gland: a. Made up of predominantly mucous cells b. Cells have oral nuclei with basophilic cytoplasm c. The bases of acini have protein-rich secretory granules

b. Cells have oral nuclei with basophilic cytoplasm

Which pair of structures divides the liver into two functional lobes? a. Falciform ligament and ligamentum teres hepatis b. Internal vena cava and gallbladder c. Internal vena cava and hepatic vein d. Ligamentum venosum and ligamentum teres hepatis

b. Internal vena cava and gallbladder

Blood from which of the following veins drains to another vein before draining to the portal vein? a. Left gastric b. Inferior mesenteric c. Splenic d. Superior mesenteric

b. Inferior mesenteric

Which of the following ducts unites with cystic duct to form the common bile duct? a. Accessory pancreatic b. Common hepatic ✔ c. Left hepatic d. Main pancreatic

b. Common hepatic

What artery supplying the head of the pancreas arises from a branch of the common hepatic artery?

Superior pancreaticoduodenal

What ligament attaches the liver to the anterior abdominal wall?

Falciform

Lymph coming from the pancreas is drained mainly into the celiac and what of the group of node?

Superior mesenteric

Which of the following statements is TRUE regarding the blood supply to the LIVER? a. Blood from central vein leaves the hepatic lobule via the sublobular veins b. The blood from the liver returns to the right side of the heart via the superior vena cava c. Mixing of oxygenated with deoxygenated blood occurs at the portal areas d. Nutrients from the gastrointestinal tract reach the liver via the hepatic artery

a. Blood from central vein leaves the hepatic lobule via the sublobular veins

A bedridden patient was brought to the operating room because of a ruptured appendicitis. On opening up the patient, the surgeon noticed accumulation of pus in the right lower abdominal quadrant. Which among the following spaces should the surgeon check thoroughly before closing-up the patient? a. Hepatorenal b. Left subphrenic c. Lesser sac d. Right subphrenic

a. Hepatorenal

A pathologist was examining a section of the lower biopsy of a patient with bile duct obstruction. He noticed that the periphery of the classic hepatic lobule showed evidence of the bile stenosis. In terms of the hepatic acinus instead, which particular zone is affected?

Zone 1

Which of the following statements is TRUE about the HISTOLOGY of the GALLBLADDER? a. Its mucosa is lined with simple cuboidal epithelium with microvilli b. Its submucosal layer is very prominent c. The fundus is completely covered by adventitia d. The mucus-secreting tubuloacinar glands are found in the mucosa

d. The mucus-secreting tubuloacinar glands are found in the mucosa

A senior intern was asked to assist in the surgical removal of the gallbladder of a patient with cholecystitis by locating the cystic artery. He was instructed by the resident to look for the cystohepatic triangle (of Calot). Which of the following arteries traverses this triangle before it gives of the cystic artery? a. Common hepatic b. Left hepatic c. Proper hepatic d. Right hepatic

d. Right hepatic

A patient with cancer of the pancreas presents with jaundice due to obstruction of the bile duct. Knowing the course of the common bile duct as it empties into the small intestine, which portion of the pancreas is most likely infiltrated with cancer?

head

# Choose the correct statement about the HISTOLOGY of the EXOCRINE PANCREAS. a. Its secretion is mixed but predominantly serous b. Basal portion of acini contains zymogen granules c. Centroacinar cells secrete pancreatic enzymes d. Islets of Langerhan form the exocrine portion

c. Centroacinar cells secrete pancreatic enzymes

The perineal body is derived from which of the following embryologic structures?

Urogenital septum

The mesentery proper originates from which of the following germ cell layer?

Mesoderm

At birth, an infant was noted to have omphalocoele, the bowel herniating into a diluted umbilical sac. The bowel should have completely returned to the abdominal cavity by which week of development? a. 6th b. 8th c. 10th d. 12th

c. 10th

Which of the following structures develops within the dorsal mesogastrium but later becomes extra-peritoneal or retroperitoneal? a. Duodenal cap b. Pancreas c. Spleen d. Stomach

b. Pancreas

The liver develops within the fold of what embryonic structure?

Septum transversum

The liver bud originates from which part of the primitive gut?

Foregut

The structures derived from the midgut are supplied by what artery?

Superior mesenteric

During its maturation and development, the intestinal tract undergoes a total rotation of about how many degrees? a. 90 b. 180 c. 210 d. 270

d. 270

patient experiences colicky abdominal pain due to stones lodged in the ureteropelvic junction. Pain sensation arising from the renal pelvis and ureter proceed via visceral afferent nerve fibers to which spinal cord segments? a. T9-T10 b. T11-L2 c. L3-L4 d. S2-S4

b. T11-L2

Ejaculatory ducts in males open into the verumontanum found in what portion of the urethra?

Prostatic

The internal urethral sphincter is innervated by what nerve

Hypogastric plexus

A urologist, while surgically approaching the left kidney from the back, observes three nerves lying diagonally across its posterior surface. Which of the following nerves is one of them? a. 11th intercostal b. Genitofemoral c. Ilioinguinal d. Sympathetic trunk

c. Ilioinguinal

The inferior suprarenal artery supplying the adrenal gland is a direct branch of what artery

Renal

# Choose the best statement describing the blood supply to the kidney: a. Different arterioles gives off vasa recta in the medulla b. Glomerular capillaries arise directly from arcuate artery c. Interlobular arteries arise from segmental arteries d. Segmental arteries do not anastomose

d. Segmental arteries do not anastomose

A 32-year-old male developed perinephric abscess on the right kidney. Pus from the abscess would MOST LIKELY find its way to which of the following spaces? a. Left paracolic gutter b. Omental bursa c. Pelvic d. Subdiaphragmatic space

c. Pelvic

The smooth walled part of the urinary bladder that is bounded by the ureteric orifices and urethral sphincter is found at which region?

Base

# Choose the best statement regarding the loop of Henle: a. The cells are flattened with indistinct lateral border b. The entire loop is lined by simple squamous epithelium c. Juxtamedullary nephron forms many loops in the medulla d. Origins at the urinary poles of the renal corpuscle

c. Juxtamedullary nephron forms many loops in the medulla

What BEST differentiates PROXIMAL CONVOLUTED TUBULES from distal convoluted tubules?

Bigger cells

What structure are modified smooth muscle cells of the afferent arteriole that forms part of the juxtaglomerular

Juxtaglomerular cells

Damage of the underlying epithelium of the ureters and urinary bladder brought about by the toxic effects of urine is protected by the presence of what cells

Umbrella

The lining epithelium of the female urethra at its opening into the vestibule is BEST classified as:

Stratified squamous non-keratinized

Proteins and glucose found in the urine on routine urinalysis may indicate damage to what part of the uriniferous tubule?

Capillary endothelium

The ureteric bud is an outgrowth of what embryologic structure?

Mesonephric duct

The Z line seen on esophagogram (barium swallow) represents transition from/between:

Esophageal epithelium to gastric epithelium

You were asked by the faculty preceptor to identify a notch along the lower margins of the stomach on an upper gastrointestinal series radiograph. Your groupmate whispered to you, “incisura angularis.” If right, then the notch is BEST found on which portion of the stomach? a. Anterior surface b. Greater curvature c. Lesser curvature d. Posterior surface

c. Lesser curvature

The whole duodenum is visualized as barium progresses during an upper gastrointestinal series. At which part of the duodenum will the barium cross the midline from left to right?

3rd

While reviewing a barium enema radiograph, your groupmate identifies a tortuous band segment on the left lower quadrant as intraperitoneal. If she is correct she would most likely be pointing to what structure?

Sigmoid colon

A family friend with a calculus along the urinary tract shows his intravenous urogram to you. You note that the active length of his right ureter was visualized while the left ureter showed segmental interruptions. Recalling that stones usually lodge with areas of ureteral narrowing, you could tell him that his stone is most LIKELY at the:

Right uretovesical junction