Biochemistry 4th LE 2016 (with laboratory) Flashcards
A 25-year old model was diagnosed to have Bolemia. She induces excessive vomiting after eating. What is the possible acid-base disorder in this patient?
Metabolic alkalosis
A child’s diarrhea stopped and continuously drank ORS. This situation would lead to:
A. Decreased Osmolality
B. Increased Osmolality
C. Increased Intracellular Volume ( no issue if equilibrated immediately)
D. Increased Sodium
D. Increased Sodium
What happens in Hyperkalemia (lesser losses than intake)
A. Urine concentration of K+ less than intake of K+ with a TTK gradient > 2
B. Fractional exclusion of Potassium is
A. Urine concentration of K+ less than intake of K+ with a TTK gradient > 2
Which of the following relationships of K+ in the kidneys is true?
A. Increase in Aldosterone -> Increased reabsorption of K+
B. Decreased intake -> Increased secretion
C. pH is Alkalotic -> Low Serum K+ levels
D. Increase Insulin -> Increase hormones
C. pH is Alkalotic -> Low Serum K+ levels
A patient with Hyperkalemia will show weak ECG changes
Peaked T waves, depressed U wave
Which is the correct therapy: mechanism of action pair?
A. Calcium group: Ancillary process
B. Insulin: Cellular Uptake of K+
B. Insulin: Cellular Uptake of K+
Water absorption through aquaporins does NOT occur in what part of the nephron?
Ascending Loop of Henle
A patient was noted to have excessive urination with decreased ADH levels. What aquaporin is involved?
Aquaporin 2
A 65-year old male has congestive heart failure-- which is the correct disease manifestation? A. Increased thirst B. Decreased ADH release C. Renal blood flow increased D. Urine output increased
B. Decreased ADH release
Which of the following characteristics of water is true?
A. Its tetrahedral structure enables it to be in the solid phase
B. Water is more of a proton donor than an acceptor
C. Oxygen and Hydrogen has the same sharing of electrons
A. Its tetrahedral structure enables it to be in the solid phase
On a very hot day, a person undergoing heavy physical exertion may lose 4L/hr or sweat which would result to:
A. Decreased plasma volume
B. Decreased plasma osmolality
C. Decreased circulating levels of ADH
D. Decreased circulating Aldosterone levels
A. Decreased plasma volume
The best stimuli to assure a normal (with access to water) individual to have adequate intake is: A. Hypotension B. Decreased osmolality C. Insensible water loss D. Thirst
D. Thirst
child was admitted because of dehydration. Serum electrolytes reveal Na= 162, Cl= 126, HCO3= 12, BUN =29, Serum glucose= 85. What is the Sodium disorder?
B. Hypernatremia (increased)
D. Hyponatremia
B. Hypernatremia (increased)
*compute for anion gap
Patient was diagnosed to have diabetes mellitus and has been given insulin for so long. What is the anion gap?
A. Increased
B. Decreased
C. Normal
A. Increased
Baby Floro has been maintained on assisted ventilation. To support baby Floro’s nutritional status, he was put on a high carbohydrate-low protein diet.
What is the macromolecule: coenzyme pair due to the diet
Carbohydrate: Thiamine
Baby Floro has been maintained on assisted ventilation. To support baby Floro’s nutritional status, he was put on a high carbohydrate-low protein diet.
On the 5th day of life, baby Floro had megaloblastic anemia this could be attributed to
Decreased synthesis of Cobalamin : High Intestinal bacteria
Baby Floro has been maintained on assisted ventilation. To support baby Floro’s nutritional status, he was put on a high carbohydrate-low protein diet.
To reduce complications from ribose oxygen therapy, he would require which of the following vitamins?
A. Vitamin A
B. Vitamin B
C. Vitamin E
D. Vitamin K
C. Vitamin E
A 50-year old male with gastric carcinoma underwent a resection. What vitamin should be supplemented?
Cobalamin
To prevent neural tube defect in children, all pregnant women should have adequate daily intake of what vitamin
Folic acid
A 5-year old patient has petichia and gum bleeding. What process is impaired?
Interhydroxylation of glycine and proline residues (Vit. C-related collagen formation)
What is responsible for the regulation of keratin synthesis?
Retinoic acid
What is the effect of chronic alcoholism on micronutrients? A. increase pyridoxine B. increase metabolism of vitamin a C. inhibit synthesis of folate D. impaired iron storage
D. impaired iron storage
Nicotinic acid lowers LDL cholesterol by what mechanism?
Non-competitive inhibition of DAG acyltransferase II
A.B., a 5 y/o boy with iron deficiency type of anemia (microcytic and hypochromic).
What lab result confers this diagnosis?
Decrease serum Ferritin
A.B., a 5 y/o boy with iron deficiency type of anemia (microcytic and hypochromic).
If A.B.’s condition improves, which protein is expected to increase?
Hepcidin
What fat soluble vitamin is a potent scavenger for reactive oxygen species?
Vitamin E
What diagnostic test is used to check for riboflavin deficiency?
Glutathione reductase
What vitamin is needed by the exercising muscle to generate free acetyl CoA?
Carnitine
Conversion of homocysteine to cysteine requires what coenzyme?
Pyridoxal Phosphate
Which of these vitamin: coenzyme function pairs is not correct?
A. Biotin: Hydroxylation
B. Riboflavin: Methylation
C. Pyridoxine: Transamination
B. Riboflavin: Methylation
A.B. a 45 y/o female patient is diagnosed to have 4th stage breast cancer. She has anorexia and her food intake consists of 5 tbsp of porridge every 4 hours. She is likely to suffer from what nutritional disorder?
A. Kwashiorkor
B. Marasmus
C. Protein-energy malnutrition
C. Protein-energy malnutrition
C.D., a 50 y/o male with a weight of 62 kg., is diagnosed to be hypertensive. How much salt in grams per day would you advise him? A. 1 B. 2 C. 3 D. 4
C. 3
Which is the correct statement about dietary proteins?
A. A biological value of proteins is the amount of protein obtained over the amount ingested
B. It is the protein requirement which is equivalent to .8 mg per day regardless of total caloric content
C. The protein quality is equals the essential over non-essential amino acids
D. vegetable proteins are more digestible than animal protein
C. The protein quality is equals the essential over non-essential amino acids
Sound nutrition means intake of the proper dietary regiment for which purpose?
A. Avoidance of adverse health risks
B. Enhancement of emotional, social and mental health
C. Maintenance of normal interactions and relationships with others
D. Sustenance of normal growth, development and health
D. Sustenance of normal growth, development and health
MM, 23 yr old female, who had a full lunch composed of rice, fried chicken, vegetables and a banana, with 2 glasses of water after meal.
What is the possible result on Na absorption if absorption of SCFA’s of MM is defective?
decrease d/t inhibition of ENAC by increased pH
MM, 23 yr old female, who had a full lunch composed of rice, fried chicken, vegetables and a banana, with 2 glasses of water after meal.
Which is correct about K absorption in GIT of MM
a. dietary K has no effect on K absorption
b. H-K ATPase is stimulated by K in the distal colon
e. . apical K channels promote K and Cl absorption
b. H-K ATPase is stimulated by K in the distal colon
A.A., 60year old, with Osmotic diarrhea; ate cake and ice cream (with lactose)
What is the cause of the diarrhea of A.A.?
Luminal hyperosmolarity
A.A., 60year old, with Osmotic diarrhea; ate cake and ice cream (with lactose)
What is the best measure to stop diarrhea of A.A.
NPO
A., 60year old, with Osmotic diarrhea; ate cake and ice cream (with lactose).
If diarrhea of AA persists despite NPO for 4 hrs, what is the most praobable reason for diarrhea?
Lactase deficiency
What is the effect of a carbohydrate diet on the permeability of the tight junction?
↑ SGLT1 activity => TJ permeability
Cholera el torr infection results to dark swollen diarrhea because of what mechanism?
cAMP
What is the final event in the determination of permeability of tight junction, which involves regulation
scaffolding w/ IC signaling molecule
How is water transported in SI & colon?
H2O absorption via SGLT1
Why ↑Na/nutrient contransport increases H2O absorption?
↑permeability of TJ of GIT
Which statement is correct regarding NKCC1?
a. Na and K absoprtion
b. electroneutral transporters
b. electroneutral transporters
A mother delivered twins with twin A smaller and breasfeed with milk and twin B receives cow’s milk.
The ↑ rate of weight gain of twin A is due to?
↑whey:casein
A mother delivered twins with twin A smaller and breasfeed with milk and twin B receives cow’s milk.
Low levels of breastmilk component will protect the baby from renal handling of solutes
sodium
A mother delivered twins with twin A smaller and breasfeed with milk and twin B receives cow’s milk.
Twin A is protected from developing dental caries due to high levels of this breastmilk component?
Lactose
A mother delivered twins with twin A smaller and breasfeed with milk and twin B receives cow’s milk.
The anemia in twin B is primarily due to low levels of what component?
lactoferrin
A mother delivered twins with twin A smaller and breasfeed with milk and twin B receives cow’s milk.
The frequent GIT and respiratory tract infection of twin B is due to
↓ mucosal protection by secretory IgA
A mother delivered twins with twin A smaller and breasfeed with milk and twin B receives cow’s milk.
If the milk component causes twin B to frequent episodes of allergy , this is primarily because of?
β-lactoglobulin
B.B with infectious diarrhea serum Na+ :↓ serum Cl-: ↑
What is the regulatory mechanism that is defective in the case?
↑cyclic AMP inhibits NHE3 via PKA
B.B with infectious diarrhea serum Na+ :↓ serum Cl-: ↑
What molecule will not contribute to the diarrhea of B.B.?
Aldosterone
B.B with infectious diarrhea serum Na+ :↓ serum Cl-: ↑
If the diarrhea of B.B. was precipitated by invasive pathogen, what will be the mechanism?
↑ sensitivity to secretagog
The synthesis of niacin requires the ffg. nutrients
Iron, Pyridoxine, Riboflavin
↓ prevalence of deficiency among Filipinos
Iron
optimal status among Filipinos of all ages
Iodine
deficient among pure vegan
Calcium
Significant ↑ in adults
Dyslipidemia
Prevalent among pregnant Filipinos
hypothyroidism
elevated in vegetable oil
polyunsaturated fatty acid
digestible proteins
whey proteins
high protein formula
whey proteins
premature formula
whey proteins
chloride-rich stools
DRA
hypertension in children
ENaC
sodium-rich alkali stools
NHE3
osmotic diarrhea
SGLT1
lactation amenorrhea
related to breastmilk
nature’s fast food
related to breastmilk
bioavailability
related to breastmilk
maternal-infant bonding
related to breastmilk
obesity
related to cow’s milk
low iron levels
both breastmilk and cow’s milk
NaHCO3/H2CO3
the main buffer system of the body
A buffer is said to be most efficient if
the pH of the solution is equal to its pKa
Buffer capacity
the measurement of the resistance of the buffer to pH changes due to addition or increment of strong acid or base
What is the working pH of the buffer if its pH is 9.6?
8.6-10.6 (pH ± 1)
