Physiology Flashcards
1
Q
Lobes of cerebral cortex
A
Frontal lobe
Parietal lobe
Temporal lobe
Occipital lobe
2
Q
Primary cortex
A
Basic motor or sensory functions
3
Q
Association cortex
A
Complex motor functiom
4
Q
What does the medulla control
A
Breathing blood pressure swallowing coughing vomiting
5
Q
The pons controls
A
Balance
Posture maintenance
Breathing
6
Q
Midbrain function
A
Eye movements
Auditirh and visual system relay
7
Q
Cerebellum function
A
Coordination of movements planning execution of movement maintenance of posture coordination of head andeye movements
8
Q
Thalamus function
A
Processes all sensory information going to the cerebral cortex
processes all motor information coming from the cerebral cortex to the brain stem
9
Q
Hypothalamus function
A
Regulates body temperature
food intake
water balance
hormone secretion of pituitary gland
10
Q
primary motor cortex
A
Contains upper motoneurons which project to the spinal cord and activate lower motor neurons to innervate skeletal muscles
11
Q
Primary sensory cortex
A
Primary visual cortex primary auditory cortex primary somatosensory cortex
receive information from sensory receptors in Periphery
12
Q
What are the three deep nuclei of the cerebral hemisphere
A
Basal ganglia
hippocampus
amygdala
13
Q
Basal ganglia
A
Composed of the cadaute nucleus, the putamen, the Globus pallidus.
receives input from lobes of cerebral cortex and have projection to assist in regulating movement
14
Q
What deep nuclei of the cerebral hemisphere are part of the limbic system
A
The amygdala and the hippocampus
15
Q
Hippocampus function
A
Memory
16
Q
Amygdala function
A
Emotions
17
Q
Relationship between diameter and conduction velocity of nerve
A
The larger the fiber the highrr the conditions of velicity
18
Q
What are the different type of sensory and motor nerve fiber
A
A alpha A beta A gamma A Delta B C
19
Q
A alpha neurons
A
Alpha motor neurons
Very large
Very fast
Myelinated
20
Q
A Beta nerve fiber
A
Touch ,pressure
medium diameter
medium velocity
myelinated
21
Q
A gamma
A
Motoneurons to muscle spindles intrafusal fibers
Medium diameter
Medium velocity
Myelinated
22
Q
A delta
A
Touch ,pressure ,temperature ,fast pain
small diameter
medium velocity
myelinated
23
Q
B fiber neurons
A
Preganglionic autonomic nerves
small diameter
medium velocity
myelinated
24
Q
C fiber neuron
A
Slow pain Postganglionic nerves Olfaction Smallest diameter slowest velocity no myelination
25
Medulla function
Centers for breathing and blood pressure
Centers for swallowing, coughing, vomiting reflexes
26
Pons function
Balance
Maintenance of posture
Regulation of breathing
Relay information to cerebellum from cortex
27
Midbrain function
Eye movements
| Relay nuclei of auditory and visual nuclei
28
Cerebellum function
Coordination of movement
Planning and execution of movement
Maintenance of posture
Coordination of eye and head movements
29
Thalamus function
Processes sensory information going to cerebral cortex to brainstem and spinal cord
30
Hypothalamus function
Body temp regulation
Food intake
Water balance
Release hormone
31
3 deep nuclei of the cerebral hemispheres
Basal ganglia
Hippocampus
Amygdala
32
Basal ganglia nucleus
Caudate nucleus
Putamen
Globus pallidus
33
Hipoccampus function
Memory
34
Phasic receptors
Adapt rapidly to stimulus
35
Tonic receptors
Adapty slowly to stimulus
36
\most rapidly adapting mechanoreceptor
Pacinian corpuscle
37
Types of nocireceptor
Thermal / mechanical
| Polymodal
38
Type of nerve fiber for mechanical nocireceptor
A delta
39
Type of nerve fiber for polymodal nocireceptor
Unmyelinated c fiber
40
Inflammatory compound that directly activates nocireceptor
Histamin
41
2 pathways for transmission of somatosensory information to cns
Dorsal column pathway
| Spinothalamic tract pathway
42
Dorsal colum pathway function
```
Discriminative touch
Pressure
Vibration
2 point discrimination
Propioception
```
43
Where in the body, do second order neuron of dorsal colum pathway decussate
Medulla
44
Spinothalamic pathway function
Pain
Temperature
Light touch
45
Fiber rsponsible for fast pain
A delta fiber
46
Slow pain fiber
C fibers
47
What is referred pain
Pain of visceral origin perceived as coming from somatic location
48
Type of nerves that innervantes muscle fibers
Motoneurons
49
What is the neuromuscular junction
The synapse between a motoneuron and a muscle fiber
50
What is the action and effect of botulinum toxin
Block release of acetylcholine from presynaptic terminal’s
blockade of neuromuscular transmission
paralysis of skeletal muscle
death from respiratory failure
51
What is myasthenia gravis
In auto immune disorder in which antibodies are produced to bind to acetylcholine receptors creating competition
Acetylcholine cannot bind therefore creating muscle weakness and fatigability
52
Treatment of myasthenia gravis
Pyridostigmine
53
What are excitatory postsynaptic potential
Synaptic input that depolarize the postsynaptic cell by bringing membrane potential closer to threshold for firing an action potential
They are produced by opening of Na + and K+ channels
54
What are some excitatory neurotransmitters
```
Acetylcholine
norepinephrine
epinephrine
dopamine
glutamate
serotonin
```
55
What are inhibitory postsynaptic potential
Synaptic input that’s hyperpolarized bassinets excel by taking membrane potential away from threshold
Produced by opening of Cl- Channels
56
What are some inhibitory neurotransmitter
GABA
| Glazing
57
What is spatial summation
2 excitatory potential will add up
| What excitatory and one inhibitory potential will cancel each other out
58
Onl’y neurotransmitter used at the neuromuscular junction
Acetylcholine
59
Neurotransmitter released from all preganglionic neurons
Acetylcholine
60
Two parts of what the Autonomic nervous system
Parasympathetic and sympathetic
61
Type of neuron in somatic innervation
Motoneuron
62
Type of receptor at skeletal muscle in somatic innervation
N1 with acetylcholine
63
Sympathetic innervation preganglionic receptor
N2 with acetylcholine
64
Sympathetic innervation post ganglionic receptors at smooth muscles and glands
NE receptors ( a1,a2,b1,b2)
65
Sympathetic postganglionic receptors at sweat glands ( no preganglionic )
Muscarinic
| Acetylcholine
66
Parasympathetic preganglionic receptor
N2
| Acetylcholine
67
Parasympathetic postganglionic receptor At smooth muscle endurance
Muscarinic
| Acetylcholine
68
Where do the pre-ganglionic neurons of sympathetic come from
Thoracolumbar spinal cord
69
Where do the parasympathetic neurons come from
Brainstem and sacral spinal court
70
Location of autonomic ganglia of sympathetic division
Paravertebral and prevertebral
71
Location of autonomic ganglia in parasympathetic division
Near or in effector organs
72
Length of preganglionic and postganglionic sympathetic division
Short preganglionic
| long post ganglionic
73
Cranial nerves with nuclei from which preganglionic neurons of parasympathetic division arise
III
VII
IX
X
74
Spinal cord segments with nuclei from which preganglionic neurons of parasympathetic division arise
S2-S4
75
Types of ganglion found in the parasympathetic division
```
Ciliary ganglion (CNIII)
Submandibular ganglion (CNVII)
Otic ganglion (CNIX)
Pterygopalatine ganglion(CNVII)
```
76
Effect of parasympathetic on heart rate
Decrease heart rate
77
Effects of sympathetic on heart rat e
Increase heart rate
78
Action of sympathetic on the bladder
Relaxation of bladder wall
| contraction of sphincter
79
Action of parasympathetic on the bladder
Contract bladder wall
| relax internal sphincter
80
The sympathetic constricts or dilates pupil
Constricts
81
Which division of autonomic system is responsible for near vision ? Far vision ?
Near vision => parasympathetic by contraction of ciliary muscle
Far vision => sympathetic by relaxation of ciliary muscle
82
What is the location of the centers that regulates and coordinate autonomic regulation of organ system functions
Centers in the hypothalamus and brainstem
83
3 things that impact intensity of signal
Number of receptors activated
Firing rates of sensory neuron
Different types of receptors activated
84
What are phasic receptors
Adapt rapidly to stimulus
85
What are tonic receptors
Adapt slowly
86
Two qualities of light detected by the eyes
Light Brightness
| Light wavelength
87
Outer fibrous layer of the eye is composed of
Cornea
Corneal epithelium
Conjunctiva
Sclera
88
Middle layer of eye composed of
Iris
| Choroid
89
Inner layer of eyes composed of
Retina
90
Part of the retina with highest visual acuity
Macula
91
Depression in macula where light focuses
Fovea
92
2 liquids in eye
Aqueous humor - anterior chamber
| Vitreous humor - posterior chamber
93
Photoreceptors in retina
Rods
| Cones
94
Rods characteristics
```
Low threshold
Low intensity light
Good in darkness
Low acuity
Not involved in color vision
```
95
Cones characteristics
Higher threshold
Good in daylight
Higher visual acuity
Color vision
96
Pathway of vision
Information to eyes (retina) -> axons of retinal ganglion cells -> optics nerves -> optic chiasm ( only temporal field cross , nasal field uncrossed )-> optic tract -> synapse in latera geniculate body of thalamus -> ascend to visua cortex in genicuocalcarine tract
97
Photo reception steps
Light strikes retina
11-cis retinal -> all trans retinal
Transducin G protein activated
Transducin stimulates phosphodiesterase
Phosphodiesterase catalyzes cGMP -> 5’-GMP
Closure of Na+ => hyperpolarization
Decreased release of glutamate
98
Consequence of optic nerve lesion
99
What composed the right optic tract
Left nasal Hemiretina fibers
| Right temporal hemiretina fibers
100
Optic nerve lesion consequence
Blindness in same side
| All sensory information lost
101
Optic chiasm lesion consequence
Heteronymous / both eyes bitempora/ both temporal visual fields hemianopia
All information lost from crossing fibers
102
Optic tract lesion consequence
Homonymous contralateral hemianopia
| So if left side cut -> temporal field loss from right side, nasal field loss from left side
103
Units of sound pressure
Decibes
104
Measure of sound frequency
Hertz
105
External ear structure
Pinna
| External auditory meatus
106
Function external ear
Direct sound waves into auditory cana
107
Medium filling external ear
Air
108
Structure of middle ear
Tympanic membrane
Malleus
Incus
Stapes
109
Middle ear medium filling it
Air
110
Inner ear structure s
Semicircular canals (bony labyrinths )
Membranous labyrinths -> Scala vestibule, scala tympani, scala media
Cochlea with organ of corti
111
Medium in inner ear
Fluid
112
Fluid in scala vestibuli and tympani
Perilymph
113
Fluid in scala media
Endolymph
114
Structure responsible for sensory transduction of sound
Organ of corti in cochlea
115
Receptor cells in organ of corti
Inner hair cells
| Outer hair cells
116
Auditory transduction steps
Sound waves -> organ of corti vibration -> bending of cilia on hair cells -> change in K+ conductance -> cochlear microphonic potential -> intermittent glutamate release -> intermittent action potential
117
Auditory pathway
Information -> hair cells -> afferent cochlear nerves -> synapse on dorsal and ventral cochlear nuclei in medulla -> ascend in CNS -> some cross and ascend in lateral leminscus -> go to inferior colliculi ->ascend to medial geniculate nucleus of thalamus -> ascend to auditory cortex ->
118
Structure which function is to detect angular and rotational acceleration of head
Semicircular canals perpendicular to each other
119
Structure that detect linear acceleration
Otolith organ
Utricle
Saccule
120
Vestibular pathway
Afferent nerves from vestibular hair cells -> vestibular nuclei of medulla (superior, medial, lateral)
input from semicircular canals -> Medial and superior -> medial longitudinal fasciculus -> project to nerves in extraocular muscles
Utricle, saccules , semicircular canals -> Inferior vestibular nucleus ->medial longitudinal fasciculus -> brainstem , cerebellum
121
What is nystagmus
Response to rotational and angular acceleration in which the eyes go the opposite direction to maintain constant direction (slow component ) then go to the same direction to fix new position in space (rapid component )
122
Anosmia
Absence of smell
123
Hyposmia
Impaired sense of smell
124
Dysomia
Distorted sense of smell
125
Olfactory sense pathway
Odorant molecules -> cilia -> olfactory nerve -> cribiform plate -> olfactory bulb -> lateral and medial olfactory tract->
126
Ageusia
Absence of taste
127
Hypogeusia
Decreases taste sensitivity
128
Taste pathway
Chemical signal in taste buds -> CN IX (posterior 2/3) , CN VII (anterior 1/3), CN X (epiglottis , throat back ) -> brain stem -> solitary tract -> solitary nucleus of medulla -> thalamus -> taste cortex
129
Types of motoneurons
Alpha motoneurons
| Gamma motoneurons
130
Alpha motoneurons innervate …
Extrafusal skeletal muscle fibers
131
Gamma motoneurons innervates…
Specialized intrafusal muscle fibers in muscle spindle ( adjust sensitivity )
132
Function of muscle spindle
Sense muscle length
133
Function of extrafusal fibers
Generate force , found in skeletal muscle
134
2 types of intrafusal fibers
```
Nuclear bag fibers
Nuclear chains (more numerous )
```
135
Two types of gamma motoneurons
Static In chain fibers
Dynamic in in bag fibers
136
Group Ia innervates
Central region of nuclear bag and chain fibers
137
Function of group Ia afferent fibers
Detect velocity of length change
| Send signal to alpha motoneurons to contract
138
Group II afferent innervates
Nuclear chain fibers
139
Group II afferent function
Detect length of muscle fiber
140
Golgi tendon organ function
Stretch receptor in tendons which senses contraction ( shortening ) and activate group Ib afferent -> inhibitory interneurons activated -> inhibit firing of a motoneurons -> relaxation of muscle
