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Neurology > Physiology > Flashcards

Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

Lobes of cerebral cortex

A

Frontal lobe
Parietal lobe
Temporal lobe
Occipital lobe

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2
Q

Primary cortex

A

Basic motor or sensory functions

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3
Q

Association cortex

A

Complex motor functiom

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4
Q

What does the medulla control

A 
Breathing 
blood pressure
 swallowing  
coughing 
vomiting
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5
Q

The pons controls

A

Balance
Posture maintenance
Breathing

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6
Q

Midbrain function

A

Eye movements

Auditirh and visual system relay

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7
Q

Cerebellum function

A 
Coordination of movements 
planning 
execution of movement
 maintenance of posture
 coordination of head andeye movements
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8
Q

Thalamus function

A

Processes all sensory information going to the cerebral cortex

processes all motor information coming from the cerebral cortex to the brain stem

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9
Q

Hypothalamus function

A

Regulates body temperature
food intake
water balance
hormone secretion of pituitary gland

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10
Q

primary motor cortex

A

Contains upper motoneurons which project to the spinal cord and activate lower motor neurons to innervate skeletal muscles

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11
Q

Primary sensory cortex

A

Primary visual cortex primary auditory cortex primary somatosensory cortex

receive information from sensory receptors in Periphery

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12
Q

What are the three deep nuclei of the cerebral hemisphere

A

Basal ganglia
hippocampus
amygdala

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13
Q

Basal ganglia

A

Composed of the cadaute nucleus, the putamen, the Globus pallidus.

receives input from lobes of cerebral cortex and have projection to assist in regulating movement

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14
Q

What deep nuclei of the cerebral hemisphere are part of the limbic system

A

The amygdala and the hippocampus

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15
Q

Hippocampus function

A

Memory

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16
Q

Amygdala function

A

Emotions

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17
Q

Relationship between diameter and conduction velocity of nerve

A

The larger the fiber the highrr the conditions of velicity

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18
Q

What are the different type of sensory and motor nerve fiber

A 
A alpha
A beta
A gamma
A Delta 
B
C
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19
Q

A alpha neurons

A

Alpha motor neurons
Very large
Very fast
Myelinated

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20
Q

A Beta nerve fiber

A

Touch ,pressure
medium diameter
medium velocity
myelinated

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21
Q

A gamma

A

Motoneurons to muscle spindles intrafusal fibers

Medium diameter
Medium velocity
Myelinated

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22
Q

A delta

A

Touch ,pressure ,temperature ,fast pain
small diameter
medium velocity
myelinated

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23
Q

B fiber neurons

A

Preganglionic autonomic nerves
small diameter
medium velocity
myelinated

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24
Q

C fiber neuron

A 
Slow pain 
Postganglionic nerves 
Olfaction
Smallest diameter 
slowest velocity
 no myelination
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25
Q

Medulla function

A

Centers for breathing and blood pressure

Centers for swallowing, coughing, vomiting reflexes

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26
Q

Pons function

A

Balance
Maintenance of posture
Regulation of breathing
Relay information to cerebellum from cortex

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27
Q

Midbrain function

A

Eye movements

Relay nuclei of auditory and visual nuclei

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28
Q

Cerebellum function

A

Coordination of movement
Planning and execution of movement
Maintenance of posture
Coordination of eye and head movements

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29
Q

Thalamus function

A

Processes sensory information going to cerebral cortex to brainstem and spinal cord

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30
Q

Hypothalamus function

A

Body temp regulation
Food intake
Water balance
Release hormone

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31
Q

3 deep nuclei of the cerebral hemispheres

A

Basal ganglia
Hippocampus
Amygdala

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32
Q

Basal ganglia nucleus

A

Caudate nucleus
Putamen
Globus pallidus

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33
Q

Hipoccampus function

A

Memory

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34
Q

Phasic receptors

A

Adapt rapidly to stimulus

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35
Q

Tonic receptors

A

Adapty slowly to stimulus

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36
Q

\most rapidly adapting mechanoreceptor

A

Pacinian corpuscle

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37
Q

Types of nocireceptor

A

Thermal / mechanical

Polymodal

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38
Q

Type of nerve fiber for mechanical nocireceptor

A

A delta

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39
Q

Type of nerve fiber for polymodal nocireceptor

A

Unmyelinated c fiber

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40
Q

Inflammatory compound that directly activates nocireceptor

A

Histamin

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41
Q

2 pathways for transmission of somatosensory information to cns

A

Dorsal column pathway

Spinothalamic tract pathway

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42
Q

Dorsal colum pathway function

A 
Discriminative touch 
Pressure
Vibration
2 point discrimination
Propioception
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43
Q

Where in the body, do second order neuron of dorsal colum pathway decussate

A

Medulla

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44
Q

Spinothalamic pathway function

A

Pain
Temperature
Light touch

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45
Q

Fiber rsponsible for fast pain

A

A delta fiber

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46
Q

Slow pain fiber

A

C fibers

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47
Q

What is referred pain

A

Pain of visceral origin perceived as coming from somatic location

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48
Q

Type of nerves that innervantes muscle fibers

A

Motoneurons

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49
Q

What is the neuromuscular junction

A

The synapse between a motoneuron and a muscle fiber

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50
Q

What is the action and effect of botulinum toxin

A

Block release of acetylcholine from presynaptic terminal’s
blockade of neuromuscular transmission
paralysis of skeletal muscle
death from respiratory failure

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51
Q

What is myasthenia gravis

A

In auto immune disorder in which antibodies are produced to bind to acetylcholine receptors creating competition
Acetylcholine cannot bind therefore creating muscle weakness and fatigability

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52
Q

Treatment of myasthenia gravis

A

Pyridostigmine

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53
Q

What are excitatory postsynaptic potential

A

Synaptic input that depolarize the postsynaptic cell by bringing membrane potential closer to threshold for firing an action potential

They are produced by opening of Na + and K+ channels

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54
Q

What are some excitatory neurotransmitters

A 
Acetylcholine 
norepinephrine 
epinephrine 
dopamine 
glutamate 
serotonin
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55
Q

What are inhibitory postsynaptic potential

A

Synaptic input that’s hyperpolarized bassinets excel by taking membrane potential away from threshold

Produced by opening of Cl- Channels

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56
Q

What are some inhibitory neurotransmitter

A

GABA

Glazing

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57
Q

What is spatial summation

A

2 excitatory potential will add up

What excitatory and one inhibitory potential will cancel each other out

58
Q

Onl’y neurotransmitter used at the neuromuscular junction

A

Acetylcholine

59
Q

Neurotransmitter released from all preganglionic neurons

A

Acetylcholine

60
Q

Two parts of what the Autonomic nervous system

A

Parasympathetic and sympathetic

61
Q

Type of neuron in somatic innervation

A

Motoneuron

62
Q

Type of receptor at skeletal muscle in somatic innervation

A

N1 with acetylcholine

63
Q

Sympathetic innervation preganglionic receptor

A

N2 with acetylcholine

64
Q

Sympathetic innervation post ganglionic receptors at smooth muscles and glands

A

NE receptors ( a1,a2,b1,b2)

65
Q

Sympathetic postganglionic receptors at sweat glands ( no preganglionic )

A

Muscarinic

Acetylcholine

66
Q

Parasympathetic preganglionic receptor

A

N2

Acetylcholine

67
Q

Parasympathetic postganglionic receptor At smooth muscle endurance

A

Muscarinic

Acetylcholine

68
Q

Where do the pre-ganglionic neurons of sympathetic come from

A

Thoracolumbar spinal cord

69
Q

Where do the parasympathetic neurons come from

A

Brainstem and sacral spinal court

70
Q

Location of autonomic ganglia of sympathetic division

A

Paravertebral and prevertebral

71
Q

Location of autonomic ganglia in parasympathetic division

A

Near or in effector organs

72
Q

Length of preganglionic and postganglionic sympathetic division

A

Short preganglionic

long post ganglionic

73
Q

Cranial nerves with nuclei from which preganglionic neurons of parasympathetic division arise

A

III
VII
IX
X

74
Q

Spinal cord segments with nuclei from which preganglionic neurons of parasympathetic division arise

A

S2-S4

75
Q

Types of ganglion found in the parasympathetic division

A 
Ciliary ganglion (CNIII)
Submandibular ganglion (CNVII)
Otic ganglion (CNIX)
Pterygopalatine ganglion(CNVII)
76
Q

Effect of parasympathetic on heart rate

A

Decrease heart rate

77
Q

Effects of sympathetic on heart rat e

A

Increase heart rate

78
Q

Action of sympathetic on the bladder

A

Relaxation of bladder wall

contraction of sphincter

79
Q

Action of parasympathetic on the bladder

A

Contract bladder wall

relax internal sphincter

80
Q

The sympathetic constricts or dilates pupil

A

Constricts

81
Q

Which division of autonomic system is responsible for near vision ? Far vision ?

A

Near vision => parasympathetic by contraction of ciliary muscle

Far vision => sympathetic by relaxation of ciliary muscle

82
Q

What is the location of the centers that regulates and coordinate autonomic regulation of organ system functions

A

Centers in the hypothalamus and brainstem

83
Q

3 things that impact intensity of signal

A

Number of receptors activated

Firing rates of sensory neuron

Different types of receptors activated

84
Q

What are phasic receptors

A

Adapt rapidly to stimulus

85
Q

What are tonic receptors

A

Adapt slowly

86
Q

Two qualities of light detected by the eyes

A

Light Brightness

Light wavelength

87
Q

Outer fibrous layer of the eye is composed of

A

Cornea
Corneal epithelium
Conjunctiva
Sclera

88
Q

Middle layer of eye composed of

A

Iris

Choroid

89
Q

Inner layer of eyes composed of

A

Retina

90
Q

Part of the retina with highest visual acuity

A

Macula

91
Q

Depression in macula where light focuses

A

Fovea

92
Q

2 liquids in eye

A

Aqueous humor - anterior chamber

Vitreous humor - posterior chamber

93
Q

Photoreceptors in retina

A

Rods

Cones

94
Q

Rods characteristics

A 
Low threshold 
Low intensity light 
Good in darkness 
Low acuity 
Not involved in color vision
95
Q

Cones characteristics

A

Higher threshold
Good in daylight
Higher visual acuity
Color vision

96
Q

Pathway of vision

A

Information to eyes (retina) -> axons of retinal ganglion cells -> optics nerves -> optic chiasm ( only temporal field cross , nasal field uncrossed )-> optic tract -> synapse in latera geniculate body of thalamus -> ascend to visua cortex in genicuocalcarine tract

97
Q

Photo reception steps

A

Light strikes retina
11-cis retinal -> all trans retinal
Transducin G protein activated
Transducin stimulates phosphodiesterase
Phosphodiesterase catalyzes cGMP -> 5’-GMP
Closure of Na+ => hyperpolarization
Decreased release of glutamate

98
Q

Consequence of optic nerve lesion

A
99
Q

What composed the right optic tract

A

Left nasal Hemiretina fibers

Right temporal hemiretina fibers

100
Q

Optic nerve lesion consequence

A

Blindness in same side

All sensory information lost

101
Q

Optic chiasm lesion consequence

A

Heteronymous / both eyes bitempora/ both temporal visual fields hemianopia

All information lost from crossing fibers

102
Q

Optic tract lesion consequence

A

Homonymous contralateral hemianopia

So if left side cut -> temporal field loss from right side, nasal field loss from left side

103
Q

Units of sound pressure

A

Decibes

104
Q

Measure of sound frequency

A

Hertz

105
Q

External ear structure

A

Pinna

External auditory meatus

106
Q

Function external ear

A

Direct sound waves into auditory cana

107
Q

Medium filling external ear

A

Air

108
Q

Structure of middle ear

A

Tympanic membrane
Malleus
Incus
Stapes

109
Q

Middle ear medium filling it

A

Air

110
Q

Inner ear structure s

A

Semicircular canals (bony labyrinths )

Membranous labyrinths -> Scala vestibule, scala tympani, scala media

Cochlea with organ of corti

111
Q

Medium in inner ear

A

Fluid

112
Q

Fluid in scala vestibuli and tympani

A

Perilymph

113
Q

Fluid in scala media

A

Endolymph

114
Q

Structure responsible for sensory transduction of sound

A

Organ of corti in cochlea

115
Q

Receptor cells in organ of corti

A

Inner hair cells

Outer hair cells

116
Q

Auditory transduction steps

A

Sound waves -> organ of corti vibration -> bending of cilia on hair cells -> change in K+ conductance -> cochlear microphonic potential -> intermittent glutamate release -> intermittent action potential

117
Q

Auditory pathway

A

Information -> hair cells -> afferent cochlear nerves -> synapse on dorsal and ventral cochlear nuclei in medulla -> ascend in CNS -> some cross and ascend in lateral leminscus -> go to inferior colliculi ->ascend to medial geniculate nucleus of thalamus -> ascend to auditory cortex ->

118
Q

Structure which function is to detect angular and rotational acceleration of head

A

Semicircular canals perpendicular to each other

119
Q

Structure that detect linear acceleration

A

Otolith organ
Utricle
Saccule

120
Q

Vestibular pathway

A

Afferent nerves from vestibular hair cells -> vestibular nuclei of medulla (superior, medial, lateral)

input from semicircular canals -> Medial and superior -> medial longitudinal fasciculus -> project to nerves in extraocular muscles

Utricle, saccules , semicircular canals -> Inferior vestibular nucleus ->medial longitudinal fasciculus -> brainstem , cerebellum

121
Q

What is nystagmus

A

Response to rotational and angular acceleration in which the eyes go the opposite direction to maintain constant direction (slow component ) then go to the same direction to fix new position in space (rapid component )

122
Q

Anosmia

A

Absence of smell

123
Q

Hyposmia

A

Impaired sense of smell

124
Q

Dysomia

A

Distorted sense of smell

125
Q

Olfactory sense pathway

A

Odorant molecules -> cilia -> olfactory nerve -> cribiform plate -> olfactory bulb -> lateral and medial olfactory tract->

126
Q

Ageusia

A

Absence of taste

127
Q

Hypogeusia

A

Decreases taste sensitivity

128
Q

Taste pathway

A

Chemical signal in taste buds -> CN IX (posterior 2/3) , CN VII (anterior 1/3), CN X (epiglottis , throat back ) -> brain stem -> solitary tract -> solitary nucleus of medulla -> thalamus -> taste cortex

129
Q

Types of motoneurons

A

Alpha motoneurons

Gamma motoneurons

130
Q

Alpha motoneurons innervate …

A

Extrafusal skeletal muscle fibers

131
Q

Gamma motoneurons innervates…

A

Specialized intrafusal muscle fibers in muscle spindle ( adjust sensitivity )

132
Q

Function of muscle spindle

A

Sense muscle length

133
Q

Function of extrafusal fibers

A

Generate force , found in skeletal muscle

134
Q

2 types of intrafusal fibers

A 
Nuclear bag fibers
Nuclear chains (more numerous )
135
Q

Two types of gamma motoneurons

A

Static In chain fibers

Dynamic in in bag fibers

136
Q

Group Ia innervates

A

Central region of nuclear bag and chain fibers

137
Q

Function of group Ia afferent fibers

A

Detect velocity of length change

Send signal to alpha motoneurons to contract

138
Q

Group II afferent innervates

A

Nuclear chain fibers

139
Q

Group II afferent function

A

Detect length of muscle fiber

140
Q

Golgi tendon organ function

A

Stretch receptor in tendons which senses contraction ( shortening ) and activate group Ib afferent -> inhibitory interneurons activated -> inhibit firing of a motoneurons -> relaxation of muscle

Neurology (31 decks)

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