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Neurology > Brainstem > Flashcards

Brainstem Flashcards

1
Q

The brain stem is composed of

A

The midbrain
the pons
the medulla oblongata

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2
Q

The two primary brain vesicles of the brain stem

A

Mesencephalon

Rhombencephalon

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3
Q

Midbrain secondary brain vesicles

A

Mesencephalon

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4
Q

Pons secondary brain vesicles

A

Merencephalon

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5
Q

Medulla oblongata secondary brain vesicles

A

Myelencephalon

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6
Q

Where is the brainstem located

A

Between the cerebrum and spinal cord

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7
Q

Nuclei of which cranial nerve are found in the Brain stem

A

Cranial nerve 3 to 12

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8
Q

The midbrain is located between

A

The diencephalon and pons

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9
Q

What building structure do you find on the ventral side of the midbrain

A

2 cerebral peduncles

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10
Q

What do you find in the cerebral peduncles of the midbrain

A

Descending fibers that go to the cerebellum via the pons

descending pyramidal tracts

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11
Q

Which structure of the midbrain connect the third and the fourth ventricles of the brain

A

The cerebral aqueduct

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12
Q

Name of the roof of the cerebral aqueduct

A

Tectum

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13
Q

What structure do you find in the tectum

A

Corpora quadrigemina

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14
Q

What is the corpora quadrigeminal composed of

A

2 superior colliculi

2 inferior colliculi

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15
Q

What does the two superior colliculi control

A

The movement of the ice head and neck due to visual stimuli

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16
Q

What does the inferior colliculi control

A

Reflects movement of the head and neck and trunk in response to auditory stimuli

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17
Q

Why is the red nucleus of the midbrain red

A

Contains numerous blood vessels

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18
Q

Function of red nucleus

A

Received information from cerebrum and cerebellum

issues subconscious motor comments concerns with muscle tone and posture

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19
Q

Why is the substantia nigra black or dark

A

Contains melanin pigments

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20
Q

What is secreted by the substantia nigra

A

Dopamin to inhibits excitatory neurons of the basil nuclei

21
Q

What would damage to the substantia nigra cause

A

Spasm

22
Q

What cranial nerve exit from the midbrain

A

Cranial nerve three and four

23
Q

What is the red nucleus

A

Rounded mass of gray matter

24
Q

What does pons mean

A

Bridge

25
Q

Location of pons

A

Between midbrain and Medulla

26
Q

What cranial nerves do you find in the pons

A

Cranial nerve 5, 6,7 and eight

27
Q

What respiratory nuclei do you find in the pons

A

Apneustic and pneumotaxic centers

28
Q

How do you call the posterior part of the pons

A

The tegmentum

29
Q

What does the pontine tegmentum form

A

The floor of the fourth ventricle

30
Q

What do you find in the tegmentum

A

Pontine reticular formation

Nuclei:
Facial 
Pontine 
abducens
vestibular 
trapezoid 
trigeminal ( senosry spinal and motor )
31
Q

What is the most inferior region of the brain stem

A

The medulla oblongata

32
Q

What are the two ventral ridges of the medulla oblongata

A

Medullary pyramids

33
Q

What forms the medullary pyramid

A

Large motor corticospinal tract where they decussate at the medulla spinal cord junction

34
Q

What are the autonomic nuclei of the medulla oblongata

A

Cardiovascular centers
respiratory rythmicity centers
additional centers of emesis , deglutition, coughing , hiccupping, sneezing

35
Q

What are the sensory and motor nuclei of the five cranial nerves found in medulla oblongata

A 
Auditory/ vestibular 
glossopharyngeal
 Vagus
 accessory 
hypoglossal
36
Q

What are the relay nuclei of the middle of oblongata

A

Nucleus gracilis nucleus cuneatus for somatic sensory information to thalamus 

Olivary nuclei For relay from spinal cord cerebral cortex and brainstem to cerebellar cortex

37
Q

What is the reticular formation

A

An extensive network of neurons that runs through the medulla and projects to thalaMus nuclei that influence large areas of the cerebral cortex

38
Q

What is the function of the reticular formation

A

Filter repetitive stimuli
Allow passages of infrequent or important stimuli to the cerebral cortex
Keep the cerebral cortex alert and awake
Somatic motor control which gives rise to reticulospinal tract for tone, balance , posture ,
Relays eyes and ears signals to cerebellum

Gaze center to track and fixate object

central pattern generator for rythmic signals to the muscles of breathing and swallowing

Visceral autonomic function to control sympathetic and parasympathetic outflow

Sleep and consciousness through projection to the thalamus and cerebral cortex

Pain modulation By allowing pain signals from lower body to go to the cerebral cortex and is also the origin of the descending analgesic pathways by blocking transmission of some pain signals to the brain

39
Q

What are the two centers in the reticular formation

A

The respiratory center

the cardiac center

40
Q

What irreversible states happens when there’s injury to the reticular formation

A

Coma

41
Q

What is habituation

A

Brain learned to ignore repetitive meaningless stimuli while remaining sensitive to others

42
Q

What are the two possible side of her nation in the brain

A

Transtentorial

Foramen magnum

43
Q

What is the locked in syndrome

A

syndrome that follows coma With largely immobile and limited responsiveness
Due to injury to pons anterior nrainstem

44
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of a vegetative state

A 
Unresponsiveness to exterior stimuli
 open eyelids when feeding 
experiences sleep wake cycle 
grinding teeth 
shedding tears 
don’t require life supportive device 
intact brainstem 
no cognitive function
45
Q

What is bulbar palsy

A

Defects of cranial nerve 9 to 12

46
Q

Bulbar palsy sumptoms

A

Dysphagia
nasal regurgitation
slurred speech
Absence gag reflects

47
Q

What are the key brainstem Symptoms

A 
Nystagmus 
internuclear ophtalmoplegia
disorder of conjugate gaze 
vertigo 
facial weakness 
dysarthria
gait disturbance 
ataxia 
signs of brain stem test
48
Q

What are the signs of brainstem death

A

Irreversible loss of consciousness
Apnea
no brainstem reflexes like pupillary light reflex, corneal reflex, cough reflex, gag reflex , no motor response to pain

49
Q

Primary symptoms of Parkinson’s disease

A 
Tremor at rest
Muscle rigidity 
stooped posture 
expression less face 
slow movements 
poor balance and coordination

Neurology (31 decks)

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