Brainstem

Question 1

The brain stem is composed of

Answer 1

The midbrain
the pons
the medulla oblongata

Question 2

The two primary brain vesicles of the brain stem

Answer 2

Mesencephalon

Rhombencephalon

Question 3

Midbrain secondary brain vesicles

Answer 3

Mesencephalon

Question 4

Pons secondary brain vesicles

Answer 4

Merencephalon

Question 5

Medulla oblongata secondary brain vesicles

Answer 5

Myelencephalon

Question 6

Where is the brainstem located

Answer 6

Between the cerebrum and spinal cord

Question 7

Nuclei of which cranial nerve are found in the Brain stem

Answer 7

Cranial nerve 3 to 12

Question 8

The midbrain is located between

Answer 8

The diencephalon and pons

Question 9

What building structure do you find on the ventral side of the midbrain

Answer 9

2 cerebral peduncles

Question 10

What do you find in the cerebral peduncles of the midbrain

Answer 10

Descending fibers that go to the cerebellum via the pons

descending pyramidal tracts

Question 11

Which structure of the midbrain connect the third and the fourth ventricles of the brain

Answer 11

The cerebral aqueduct

Question 12

Name of the roof of the cerebral aqueduct

Answer 12

Tectum

Question 13

What structure do you find in the tectum

Answer 13

Corpora quadrigemina

Question 14

What is the corpora quadrigeminal composed of

Answer 14

2 superior colliculi

2 inferior colliculi

Question 15

What does the two superior colliculi control

Answer 15

The movement of the ice head and neck due to visual stimuli

Question 16

What does the inferior colliculi control

Answer 16

Reflects movement of the head and neck and trunk in response to auditory stimuli

Question 17

Why is the red nucleus of the midbrain red

Answer 17

Contains numerous blood vessels

Question 18

Function of red nucleus

Answer 18

Received information from cerebrum and cerebellum

issues subconscious motor comments concerns with muscle tone and posture

Question 19

Why is the substantia nigra black or dark

Answer 19

Contains melanin pigments

Question 20

What is secreted by the substantia nigra

Answer 20

Dopamin to inhibits excitatory neurons of the basil nuclei

Question 21

What would damage to the substantia nigra cause

Answer 21

Spasm

Question 22

What cranial nerve exit from the midbrain

Answer 22

Cranial nerve three and four

Question 23

What is the red nucleus

Answer 23

Rounded mass of gray matter

Question 24

What does pons mean

Answer 24

Bridge

Question 25

Location of pons

Answer 25

Between midbrain and Medulla

Question 26

What cranial nerves do you find in the pons

Answer 26

Cranial nerve 5, 6,7 and eight

Question 27

What respiratory nuclei do you find in the pons

Answer 27

Apneustic and pneumotaxic centers

Question 28

How do you call the posterior part of the pons

Answer 28

The tegmentum

Question 29

What does the pontine tegmentum form

Answer 29

The floor of the fourth ventricle

Question 30

What do you find in the tegmentum

Answer 30

Pontine reticular formation ``` Nuclei: Facial Pontine abducens vestibular trapezoid trigeminal ( senosry spinal and motor ) ```

Question 31

What is the most inferior region of the brain stem

Answer 31

The medulla oblongata

Question 32

What are the two ventral ridges of the medulla oblongata

Answer 32

Medullary pyramids

Question 33

What forms the medullary pyramid

Answer 33

Large motor corticospinal tract where they decussate at the medulla spinal cord junction

Question 34

What are the autonomic nuclei of the medulla oblongata

Answer 34

Cardiovascular centers respiratory rythmicity centers additional centers of emesis , deglutition, coughing , hiccupping, sneezing

Question 35

What are the sensory and motor nuclei of the five cranial nerves found in medulla oblongata

Answer 35

``` Auditory/ vestibular glossopharyngeal Vagus accessory hypoglossal ```

Question 36

What are the relay nuclei of the middle of oblongata

Answer 36

Nucleus gracilis nucleus cuneatus for somatic sensory information to thalamus  Olivary nuclei For relay from spinal cord cerebral cortex and brainstem to cerebellar cortex

Question 37

What is the reticular formation

Answer 37

An extensive network of neurons that runs through the medulla and projects to thalaMus nuclei that influence large areas of the cerebral cortex

Question 38

What is the function of the reticular formation

Answer 38

Filter repetitive stimuli Allow passages of infrequent or important stimuli to the cerebral cortex Keep the cerebral cortex alert and awake Somatic motor control which gives rise to reticulospinal tract for tone, balance , posture , Relays eyes and ears signals to cerebellum Gaze center to track and fixate object central pattern generator for rythmic signals to the muscles of breathing and swallowing Visceral autonomic function to control sympathetic and parasympathetic outflow Sleep and consciousness through projection to the thalamus and cerebral cortex Pain modulation By allowing pain signals from lower body to go to the cerebral cortex and is also the origin of the descending analgesic pathways by blocking transmission of some pain signals to the brain

Question 39

What are the two centers in the reticular formation

Answer 39

The respiratory center | the cardiac center

Question 40

What irreversible states happens when there’s injury to the reticular formation

Answer 40

Coma

Question 41

What is habituation

Answer 41

Brain learned to ignore repetitive meaningless stimuli while remaining sensitive to others

Question 42

What are the two possible side of her nation in the brain

Answer 42

Transtentorial Foramen magnum

Question 43

What is the locked in syndrome

Answer 43

syndrome that follows coma With largely immobile and limited responsiveness Due to injury to pons anterior nrainstem

Question 44

What are the signs and symptoms of a vegetative state

Answer 44

``` Unresponsiveness to exterior stimuli open eyelids when feeding experiences sleep wake cycle grinding teeth shedding tears don’t require life supportive device intact brainstem no cognitive function ```

Question 45

What is bulbar palsy

Answer 45

Defects of cranial nerve 9 to 12

Question 46

Bulbar palsy sumptoms

Answer 46

Dysphagia nasal regurgitation slurred speech Absence gag reflects

Question 47

What are the key brainstem Symptoms

Answer 47

``` Nystagmus internuclear ophtalmoplegia disorder of conjugate gaze vertigo facial weakness dysarthria gait disturbance ataxia signs of brain stem test ```

Question 48

What are the signs of brainstem death

Answer 48

Irreversible loss of consciousness Apnea no brainstem reflexes like pupillary light reflex, corneal reflex, cough reflex, gag reflex , no motor response to pain

Question 49

Primary symptoms of Parkinson’s disease

Answer 49

``` Tremor at rest Muscle rigidity stooped posture expression less face slow movements poor balance and coordination ```