Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Neurology > CNS infections > Flashcards

CNS infections Flashcards

1
Q

What is meningitis

A

Infection of meninges and cerebrospinal fluid space

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is encephalitis

A

Infection of brain parenchyma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is meningoencephalitis

A

Infection of the brain and Meninges

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Main route of infection of the meninges and csf

A

Hematogenous most common
Direct in plantation from trauma lumbar puncture corneal transplant etc.
Local extension from sinuses
Peripheral and cranial nerves from viruses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Classification of meningitis

A

Acute pyogenic meningitis - bacterial purulent
acute aseptic meningitis- viral lymphocytes
chronic meningitis- bacterial , fungal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Main part of the brain affected by pachymeningitis

A

Dura

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Main cause of acute pyigenic meningitis in each age group

A

Neonates E. coli Group B streptococcus
Infant and young children influenza
Older children and adolescents and young adults and meningitidis
Elderly network pneumococci

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Route of transmission of a cute pyogenic meningitis

A

Hematogenous
bacteria from airways
Direct trauma
Basal fracture or brain surgery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Macro Morphology of acute pyogenic meningitis

A 
Brain swollen 
congested Meninges 
clouded meninges 
Purulent exudate accumulation on convexity’s or basal
Ventriculitis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Micro morphology of acute pyogenic meningitis

A

Acute inflammatory exhibit exudatein subarachnoid space and within Pia and arachnoid matter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Lumbar puncture findings in acute pyogenic meningitis

A 
Cerebrospinal fluid cloudy 
increased pressure 
increased cell polymorphs 
increaesed protein
Decreased glucose
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Symptoms and signs of a cute pyogenic meningitis

A 
General malaise 
Fever
meningeal irritation 
agitation 
irritability 
headaches 
clouded sensorium 
photophobia 
stiff neck 
Kernig’s sign
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Complication of a cute pyogenic meningitis

A

Adhesion from fibroblastic proliferation -> constrict cranial nerves , obliterates subarachnoid space -> cause hydrocephalus, deafness ,blindness

Arteritis and pheblitis -> thrombosis and micro infarct-> intracerebral abscess and convulsions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Main causes of aseptic meningitis

A

Viral 70%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Viruses types involved in aseptic meningitis

A

Enteroviruses -echo ,Coxsackie
EBV
herpes simplex
mumps

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Cerebrospinal fluid findings in viral aseptic meningitis

A

Increased lymphocytes
increased protein
sugar content normal
negative culture bacteria and fungi

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Findings of chemical aseptic meningitis

A

Increased polymorphs
increased Protein
normal sugar
no organism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Morphology of aseptic meningitis

A

Swollen brain

moderate to mild lymphocytic infiltration of meninges

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Main causes of brain abscess

A

Direct implantation of organism during trauma surgery ,needle biopsy ,

local extension from Adjacent Foli like sinusitis, otitis

hematogenous from heart valve septic emboli from endocarditis like abscesses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Organisms involved in brain abscess

A

staphylococcus
Streptococcus
Anaerobes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Symptoms and signs of brain abscess

A

Progressive focal deficits

raised intracranial pressure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

CSF findings of brain abscess

A

Increased pressure leukocyte pleocytosis
increased protein
normal sugar

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

MacroMorphology of Brain abscess

A

Discrete lesions

central liqueFactive necrosis surrounded by fibrous and edema

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Complication of brain abscess

A

Rupture

Increased intracranial pressure causing herniation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What is subdural empyema

A

Collection of pus in the subdural space from spread of bacterial or fungal infection of skull, bones or air sinuses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Complication in subdural empyema

A

Space occupying lesion _> thrombophlebitis of bridging veins crossing subdural space -> venous occlusion ->infarction of brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Clinical symptoms of subdural empyema

A

Fever
headache
neck stiffness
focal neurologic deficit’s

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Csf findings in subDural empyema

A

cerebrospinal fluid under pressure
increase White cell
increased proteins
normal glucose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Main association to extradural abscess

A

Osteomyelitis of skull bones after otitis ,sinusitis ,trauma ,surgery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Form of chronic meningoencephalitis seen in adults with HIV

A

Tuberculous meningitis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

How does tuberculous get to the brain

A

hematogenously spread from primary focus usually in the lung

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Microscopic presentation of tuberculous meningitis

A

Granuloma that gets in sub arachnoid space
Shaggy necrotic yellowish exudate at the base of the brain
Arachnoid fibrosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Why is there a cranial nerve palsies in tuberculous meningitis

A

Arachnoid fibrosis and compression of cranial nerves and brainstem

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Why is there a Hydrocephalus in tuberculous meningitis

A

Due to obliteration of subarachnoid space

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Presentation of tuberculosis meningitis

A 
cranial nerve palsies
Hydrocephalus 
obstructive hydrocephalus
 vasculitis 
parenchymal granulomas 
tuberculosis abscesses 
tuberculosis cerebritis 
Pachymeningitis 
spinal cord infection
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Clinical presentation of tuberculous meningitis

A

Malaise
headache
mental confusion
vomiting

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

CSF findings of tuberculosis meningitis

A

Pleocytosis - mononuclear or mixture of mononuclear and polymorphs
increased protein levels
glucose is reduced or normal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Micro morphology of tuberculous meningitis

A

Subarachnoid space gelatinous or fibrous exudates
discrete whitish granules scattered over meninges
tuberculosis granulomas with central caseation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

What is tuberculoma

A

Well circumscribe intraparenchymal mess associated with meningitis
central caseation necrosis surrounded by granuloma
sometimes calcification

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Percentage of cases of syphilis leading to neurosyphilis

A

30%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Route of spread of syphilis

A

Hematogenous

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

Stage of syphilis with neurosyphilis

A

Second stage

43
Q

Stage of syphilis in meningovascular syphilis or parenchymal syphilis

A

3 stage

44
Q

Meningovascular syphilis micro morphology

A

Lymphocytes and Plasma cell infiltration in meninges

45
Q

Complications of Meningovascular

A

Scarring leading to nerve compression and hydrocephalus

Obliterative endarteritis-> parenchymal infarction -> stroke

46
Q

Tissue invaded in paretic neuro syphilis

A

Parenchyma

47
Q

Morphology of paretic neuro syphilis

A

Loss of neurons
Hyperplastic neuroglia
Peribascular inflammatory infiltrate

48
Q

Clinical presentation 15years after trepanoma infection

A

Progressive dementia
Mood alteration
Delusion
General paresis of insane

49
Q

What’s tabes dorsalis

A

Locomotor ataxia from spinal corD involvement in infection with syphylis

50
Q

Damage occurring in tabes dorsalis

A

Dorsal root damage

Loss of myelin axon

51
Q

Clinical presentation of tabes dorsalis

A 
Ataxia - Impaired joint position
Loss of pain sensation 
Lightening pains in limbs 
Loss of deep tendon reflexes
Urinary retention 
Argyll Robertson pupils
52
Q

Most common fungal infection of brain in ´HIV

A

Cryptococcus

53
Q

Cryptococcus Brain morphology

A

Soap bubble appearance

no inflammation

54
Q

In which patient do you have brain fungal infection called mucormycosis

A

Diabetics with dka

Immunocompromised

55
Q

Common parasitic infection of brain

A

Toxoplasmosis
Plasmodium
Cysticercosis - tænia solium

56
Q

Route of spread of viral encephalitis

A

Hematogenous

Peripheral nervesn

57
Q

Types of p primary enceophalitis

A

Acute viral infections
Persistent viral infections
Slow viral infections

58
Q

Why is there CNS damage in encephalitis due to virus

A

Direct destruction of tissues ( slow viruses. )
Cell lysis by immune rxns
Immune complex in vessel walls
autoimmunity to myelin

59
Q

Csf finding in viral encephalitis

A

Increased mononuclear cells
Normal glucose
Raised or normal protein

60
Q

What is tropism in viral encephalitis

A

The fact that many viruses are site specific so infect specific part of brisn

61
Q

Area of Brain infected by heroes zoster

A

Dorsal root ganglion

62
Q

Area of Brain infected by polio

A

Anterior horn cell

63
Q

Area of Brain infected by papova virus

A

Oligodendrocytes

64
Q

Area of Brain infected by rabies

A

Neurones

65
Q

Area of Brain infected by hsv2

A

All cells

Inferior frontal m temporal lobe

66
Q

Virus infection that can lead to post encephalitic Parkinsonism

A

Influenza

67
Q

Virus infection that can lead to congenital malformations

A

Rubella

68
Q

Histology of viral infections

A

Peri vascular mononuclear infiltrate
Glial nodules with microglial and lymphocytes
Neuronophagia - macrophages cluster around dead neurons
Intranuclear and intracytoplasmic inclusions

Cowdry A - intranuclear eosinophilic inclusion with hyaline of granular appearance with halo

Cowdry B - small round indistinct intranuclear inclusion

69
Q

Virus that cause the most encephalitis and spread to spread person

A

Enteroviruses

70
Q

Polio manifestation in CNS

A

Large motor neurones in spinal cord and brainstem -> Lower motor neurons paralysis

71
Q

Polio micro morphology

A

neurones loss
Gliosis loss
AStrocytes loss
Neurogenic atrophy of muscle

72
Q

Causes of death in polio I

A

Respiratory muscle paralysis

Myocarditis

73
Q

Coxsackie virus presentation in the CNS

A

Meningoencephalitis

myocarditis

74
Q

Mumps CNS presentation

A

Mild transient meningitis

75
Q

Ganglion affected by herpes type one

A

Trigeminal ganglion

76
Q

CNS Presentation of herpes virus 1

A 
Focal neurologic deficit 
bizarre behavior 
seizures 
impaired sensorium
 coma
77
Q

Microscopy morphology of herpes virus one

A

hemorrhaging necrosis l
edema
Cowdry a inclusions

78
Q

Effective treatment of herpes virus one

A

Acyclovir

79
Q

Ganglia with herpesvirus 2

A

Sacral ganglia

80
Q

CNS presentation of herpes virus 2

A

Necrotizing encephalitis in AIDS patients
encephalitis in 50% newborns
severe meningitis ,necrotizing encephalitis

81
Q

Ganglia with varicella zoster

A

Dorsal root ganglia

82
Q

Can can you have encephalitis with varicella zoster

A

Rarely

83
Q

Presentation of CMV

A 
Syndrome of microcephaly 
Periventricular calcification 
hepatosplenomegaly
 Purpura 
Pneumonitis
choroidoretinitis
84
Q

Animals involved in rabies bite

A

Animal like dog cat fox bat

85
Q

Incubation period of rabies

A

1-3 months

86
Q

symptoms of rabies

A

Headache fever malaise

Progression to profound sensitivity , pain, convulsions photophobia ,coma and death

87
Q

Rabies morphology

A

Edematous brain

congested brain with neuronal degeneration especially in basal ganglia ,midbrain ,and the floor of the fourth ventricle

88
Q

What is the diagnostic criteria in micro morphology of rabies

A

Negri bodies(70% cases) - Intracytoplasmic multiple rounds to oval eosinophilic inclusions

89
Q

What can cause persistent viral encephalitis

A

Chronic viral infection like in measles

90
Q

CNS presentation of measles

A 
Intellectual deterioration 
personality change 
involuntary movements
 gait disturbances 
eventual death in months to 2 to 3 years
91
Q

Immunoglobin presents highly in measles

A

IgG

92
Q

Morphology of measles

A

Granular firm brain
perivascular and parenchymal infiltration by inflammatory cells
inclusion bodies mostly in oligodendrocytes but also neurons and astrocytes
neuronophagia
Nerve cell loss
Dense fibrillary gliosis

93
Q

Why can’t measles virus be cleared and therefore spreads in the brain

A

Because csf do not have M proteins antibodies so produce defective virus

94
Q

Type of encephalitis in in persistent viral encephalitis

A

Sub acute sclerosing panencephalitis

95
Q

Virus involved in slow virus infection causing progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy

A

JC virus of Popovaviruses

96
Q

JC virus infect which cell of the CNS

A

Oligodendrocytes

97
Q

Patience affected by JC virus

A

Immuno compromised patients

98
Q

Morphology of JC virus

A

Multifocal lesions in cerebrum cerebellum and spinal cord white matter
foci of demyelination
lipid laden macrophages
cystic areas sometimes in progression
enlarged oligodendrocyte nuclei with glassy amphophilic viral inclusions
bizarre giant astrocytes

99
Q

Percentage of patients with eight presenting with CNS involvement

A

60

100
Q

Syndromes CNS in HIV

A

Acute aseptic meningitis and encephalitis
subacute encephalitis
Vacuolar myelopathy
peripheral neuropathy

101
Q

Percentage of HIV patients with aseptic meningitis

A

10

102
Q

What is the cause of 2/3 of aids patients developing dementia

A

Subacute encephalitis also Cold aids dementia

103
Q

Read the rest o

A

Neurology (31 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions