Basis Of Pharmacology Flashcards
1
Q
2 general divisions of nervous system
A
CNS
PNS
2
Q
Divisions of PNS
A
Autonomic
Somatic
Enteric
3
Q
Divsions of CNS
A
Brain
Spinal cord
4
Q
Functions of frontal lobe
A
Personality Concentration Memory Judgement Abstract thoughts Motor function Motor control of speech
5
Q
What results can happen if frontal lobe damaged
A
No expression of language Motor weakness Personality changes Behavorial changes Cant plan sequence of complex movements Cant focus Cant do tasks Cant problem solve Mood changes
6
Q
Functions of parietal lobe
A
Coordination of sensory informatioon
Analysis and interpretation of sensory information
Centre for memory
Spatial awareness
7
Q
Results of damage to parietal lobe
A
Anomia Agraphia Cant read or draw objects Cant differentiate left or right Mathematics difficulties Loss of spatial awareness Eye and hand coordination loss Visual field deficitis
8
Q
Occipital lobes functions
A
Visual interpretations
Perception of retina signal s
9
Q
Results of damage to occipitla lobe
A
Visual agnosia Visual field deficits Cnt locate objects in visual fields Visual hallucinations Word blindness Reading, writing, recognizing objects difficulties
10
Q
Functions of temporal lobes
A
Auditory receptive areas
Interpretation of visual, auditoru , and somatic integration
11
Q
Temporal lobe damage can lead to
A
Auditory hallucinations Prosopagnosia Wernickes aphasia Short term memory loss Personality changes Can identify and verbalize seen objects
12
Q
Thalamus functions
A
Alertness
Sensations
13
Q
Hypothalamus functions
A
Hormones regulation Fluid balance Sleep wake cycle Blood pressure regulation Emotional responses Temperature rgulation ANS regulation
14
Q
Damage to hypothalamus leads to
A
Diabetes insipidus
Temperature control loss
15
Q
Pons functions
A
Heart
Respiration
Blood pressure
16
Q
Damage to pons lead to
A
Facial sensation loss Corneal reflex loss Facial muscle droopimng Cant gaze outwards Corneal reflex loss
17
Q
Midbrain functions
A
Auditory reflex
Visual reflexes
18
Q
Midbrain damages lead top
A
Ptosis
Diplopia
Dilated pupils
Cant gaze up down or inward
19
Q
Medulla oblongata functions
A
Connects brain and spinal cors with sensory and motor fibers
20
Q
Medulla oblongata damage lead to
A
Cant swallow Loss of gag and cough reflex Vomiting Tongue protrusion Respiratory pattern changes
21
Q
Cerebellum functions
A
Coordination of movements
Controls balance, posture, muscle tone, awareness
Cognitive functions like attenttion, language, emotion
22
Q
Cerebellum damage lead to
A
Disturbed gait and walking Impaired balance Incoordination Cant reach out and grab objevts\ Dizziness Vertigo Slurred speech Cant make rapid movements
23
Q
2 major cells classes
A
Neurons
Neuroglial cells
24
Q
Neuroglial cells
A
Astrocytes
Oligodendrocytes
Ependymal cells
Microglia
25
Neurons functions
Excitation
| Nerve impulse conductions
26
Amount of neurons in the brian
About 100 billion neurons
27
Astrocytes function
```
BBB integrity
Take up, store, release some neurotransmitter
Remove and disperse excessive ion
Neuronal guidance
Presenting antigen to immune system
```
28
Most common clinical disorder with astrocytes
Astrocytomas - tumors
29
Oligodendrocytes functions
Myelination of CNS neurons
30
Clinical disorders of oligodendrocytes
Multiple sclerosis
| Oligodendroglioma
31
Schwann cells functions
myelination of peripheral nerves
32
Schwann cells disorders
Benign tumor - schwannomas ( loss of tumor supressor gene neurofibromin)
Leucodystrophies
33
Microglia functions
Macrophages of brain
34
Neuroglia that cause inflammation seen in parkinsons disease
Microglia
35
Ependymal cells functions
Movement of CSF
| Line central canal in spinal cord
36
enzyme responsible for transferring acetyl-coa to choline
Choline acetyltransferase
37
Origin of choline
Blood and synthetized in the liver by methylation of ethanolamine by decarboxylation of serine
38
Enzyme that terminates cholinergic signal
Acetylcholine esterase
39
2 receptor types for cholinergic signaling
Muscarinic
| Nicotinic
40
Type of muscarinc receptors
```
M1
M2
M3
M4
M5
```
41
M1 rceptors found in
CNS specially Cortex and hippocampus
42
Decrease in function or density of M1 receptor linked to
Dementia
43
M2 receptors specialized for which type of cell
Cardiac cells
44
Action of M2 receptors
Inhibitory response Gi protein
| Activates K channels
45
M3 receptors found in
Exocrine glands
| Smooth muscles in GIT and organs
46
M4 receptor action
Inhibition , activate K+ channels
47
M5 receptors function
Excitatory
48
Nicotinic receptors function
Ionotropic receptors
| Open cation channel
49
2 types of nicotinic receptors
Muscular
| Neuronal
50
3 ways neurotransmitters are cleared at synapse
1- reuptake
2- breadown and eventual reuptake of part of products
3- destruction by glial cells
51
2 types of postsynaptic receptors
Receptor directly linked to ion channel
Receptor linked to GPCR which lead to activation and modulation of iom channel
52
Acetylcholine released by
Neurons in voluntary muscles for contraction
| Neurons that control Heartbeats
53
Where do you find muscular nicotinic receptors
In the neuromuscular junction
54
Where do you find the meuronal nicotinic receptors
In the post synaptic terminal in autonomic ganglia
55
Type of neuron involved in short term memory consolidation
Cholinergic neuron
56
type of neuron that is found in tegmétum of brainstem which lowers portion of the central nervous system affecting arousal sleep cycle and initiation of REM sleep phase
Cholinergic neurons
57
Disease caused by blocking of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors by antibodies
Myasthenia gravis
58
Symptoms of myasthenia gravis
```
Fatigue
muscle weakness
Eyelid and mouth drooping
difficulty swallowing
double vision
unsteady walk
```
59
What type of neuron is dying in alzheimer patient
Ach releasing neuron
60
Main drugs action in treating Alzheimer’s disease
Drugs that inhibits acetylcholinesterase and increases acetylcholine in the brain
61
Example of drugs that’s inhibit acetylcholinesterase
Donepezil
| Rivastigmine
62
What are some examples of drugs that’s our acetylcholinesterase inhibitors and are very toxic
Organophosphates (Chlorpyrifos parathion diazinon)
63
Example of organophosphate used as nerve gases
Sarin
Tabun
VX
64
What is the main accidentally neurotransmitter in the central nervous system
Glutamate
65
What is the main function of ultimate in the central nervous system
Synaptic plasticity with the removal of old unused synapse and potentiation and formation of new synapse
66
What prevents the glutamate from traversing from blood to the brain
Blood brain barrier
67
Precursor molecule of glutamate
Glutamine
68
Where is glutamate formed
In the astrocytes and then transported into
69
Explain the glutamate cycle neuron astrocytes
Glutamate Is released in the synaptic cleft
small part of glutamate taken up by presynaptic neuron
most of the glutamate enter astrocytes by EAAT1 and EAAT2 transporters
Glutamate transforms into glutamine by glutamine synthetase inside astrocytes which requires ATP and ammonia
Glutamine exported interneuron which complete cycle
70
Regarding glutamate synthesis What happens when there’s too much ammonia
LIVER ENCEPHALOPATHY
| Ammonia crosses BBB and transfrom glutamate to glutamine so decreased ATP and glutamate and GABA dysregulation
71
What are the types of glutamate receptors
AMPA receptors
NDMA Receptors
Kainate receptors
Metabotropic receptors
72
Ampa receptor action
Ligand gated ion channel that allow influx of calcium and sodium
Efflux of potassium
73
NMDA receptor action
Ionotropic receptor
74
major inhibitory neurotransmitter
GABA
75
GABA synthesis
Glutamate to GABA By glutamate decarboxylase
76
Types of GABA Receptors
GABA a
GABA b
GABA c
77
GABA A RECEPTOR ACTION
Chloride influx
78
GABA B receptor action
Gi protein Inhibit adenylate cyclase
Increase potassium permeability
Less calcium activity
79
Gaba c receptors action
Ionotropic receptor
| Connected to chloride channel
80
Types of catecholamines
Noradrenaline
Adrenaline
Dopamine
81
Catechomines are derived from this AA
Tyrosine
82
Catecholamines formation pathway
Tyrosine Ring hydroxylation -> dopa
Dopa decarboxylation -> dopamine
Dopamine hydroxylation -> norepinephrione
NE methylation -> epinephrine
83
What competitive inhibitor act on dopa decarboxylase
Alpha methyldopa
84
What is the link netween parkinsons disease and catecholamine
Insufficient formation of dopaine in the brain
85
What is L dopa a good a good treatment for parkinsons disease
Because can cross BBB
86
2 enzymes involved in inactivation of catecholamines
COMT
| MOA
87
MAO inhibitors are used in the treatment of
Depression
88
Subtypes of adrenergic receptors
A1
A2
B1
B2
89
A1 receptor action
Postsynaptic neuron
| Excitatory action of NE
90
A2 receptor action
Presynaptic neuron
| Inhibitory effect of NE
91
B1 receptor action
Neuronal receptor with excitatory effects
92
B2 receptor action
Integration of nervous and immune system
93
Alpha 2 agonist used as veretinary anelgesic
Medetomidine
