Basis Of Pharmacology Flashcards
2 general divisions of nervous system
CNS
PNS
Divisions of PNS
Autonomic
Somatic
Enteric
Divsions of CNS
Brain
Spinal cord
Functions of frontal lobe
Personality Concentration Memory Judgement Abstract thoughts Motor function Motor control of speech
What results can happen if frontal lobe damaged
No expression of language Motor weakness Personality changes Behavorial changes Cant plan sequence of complex movements Cant focus Cant do tasks Cant problem solve Mood changes
Functions of parietal lobe
Coordination of sensory informatioon
Analysis and interpretation of sensory information
Centre for memory
Spatial awareness
Results of damage to parietal lobe
Anomia Agraphia Cant read or draw objects Cant differentiate left or right Mathematics difficulties Loss of spatial awareness Eye and hand coordination loss Visual field deficitis
Occipital lobes functions
Visual interpretations
Perception of retina signal s
Results of damage to occipitla lobe
Visual agnosia Visual field deficits Cnt locate objects in visual fields Visual hallucinations Word blindness Reading, writing, recognizing objects difficulties
Functions of temporal lobes
Auditory receptive areas
Interpretation of visual, auditoru , and somatic integration
Temporal lobe damage can lead to
Auditory hallucinations Prosopagnosia Wernickes aphasia Short term memory loss Personality changes Can identify and verbalize seen objects
Thalamus functions
Alertness
Sensations
Hypothalamus functions
Hormones regulation Fluid balance Sleep wake cycle Blood pressure regulation Emotional responses Temperature rgulation ANS regulation
Damage to hypothalamus leads to
Diabetes insipidus
Temperature control loss
Pons functions
Heart
Respiration
Blood pressure
Damage to pons lead to
Facial sensation loss Corneal reflex loss Facial muscle droopimng Cant gaze outwards Corneal reflex loss
Midbrain functions
Auditory reflex
Visual reflexes
Midbrain damages lead top
Ptosis
Diplopia
Dilated pupils
Cant gaze up down or inward
Medulla oblongata functions
Connects brain and spinal cors with sensory and motor fibers
Medulla oblongata damage lead to
Cant swallow Loss of gag and cough reflex Vomiting Tongue protrusion Respiratory pattern changes
Cerebellum functions
Coordination of movements
Controls balance, posture, muscle tone, awareness
Cognitive functions like attenttion, language, emotion
Cerebellum damage lead to
Disturbed gait and walking Impaired balance Incoordination Cant reach out and grab objevts\ Dizziness Vertigo Slurred speech Cant make rapid movements
2 major cells classes
Neurons
Neuroglial cells
Neuroglial cells
Astrocytes
Oligodendrocytes
Ependymal cells
Microglia
Neurons functions
Excitation
Nerve impulse conductions
Amount of neurons in the brian
About 100 billion neurons
Astrocytes function
BBB integrity Take up, store, release some neurotransmitter Remove and disperse excessive ion Neuronal guidance Presenting antigen to immune system
Most common clinical disorder with astrocytes
Astrocytomas - tumors
Oligodendrocytes functions
Myelination of CNS neurons
Clinical disorders of oligodendrocytes
Multiple sclerosis
Oligodendroglioma
Schwann cells functions
myelination of peripheral nerves
Schwann cells disorders
Benign tumor - schwannomas ( loss of tumor supressor gene neurofibromin)
Leucodystrophies
Microglia functions
Macrophages of brain
Neuroglia that cause inflammation seen in parkinsons disease
Microglia
Ependymal cells functions
Movement of CSF
Line central canal in spinal cord
enzyme responsible for transferring acetyl-coa to choline
Choline acetyltransferase
Origin of choline
Blood and synthetized in the liver by methylation of ethanolamine by decarboxylation of serine
Enzyme that terminates cholinergic signal
Acetylcholine esterase
2 receptor types for cholinergic signaling
Muscarinic
Nicotinic
Type of muscarinc receptors
M1 M2 M3 M4 M5
M1 rceptors found in
CNS specially Cortex and hippocampus
Decrease in function or density of M1 receptor linked to
Dementia
M2 receptors specialized for which type of cell
Cardiac cells
Action of M2 receptors
Inhibitory response Gi protein
Activates K channels
M3 receptors found in
Exocrine glands
Smooth muscles in GIT and organs
M4 receptor action
Inhibition , activate K+ channels
M5 receptors function
Excitatory
Nicotinic receptors function
Ionotropic receptors
Open cation channel
2 types of nicotinic receptors
Muscular
Neuronal
3 ways neurotransmitters are cleared at synapse
1- reuptake
2- breadown and eventual reuptake of part of products
3- destruction by glial cells
2 types of postsynaptic receptors
Receptor directly linked to ion channel
Receptor linked to GPCR which lead to activation and modulation of iom channel
Acetylcholine released by
Neurons in voluntary muscles for contraction
Neurons that control Heartbeats
Where do you find muscular nicotinic receptors
In the neuromuscular junction
Where do you find the meuronal nicotinic receptors
In the post synaptic terminal in autonomic ganglia
Type of neuron involved in short term memory consolidation
Cholinergic neuron
type of neuron that is found in tegmétum of brainstem which lowers portion of the central nervous system affecting arousal sleep cycle and initiation of REM sleep phase
Cholinergic neurons
Disease caused by blocking of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors by antibodies
Myasthenia gravis
Symptoms of myasthenia gravis
Fatigue muscle weakness Eyelid and mouth drooping difficulty swallowing double vision unsteady walk
What type of neuron is dying in alzheimer patient
Ach releasing neuron
Main drugs action in treating Alzheimer’s disease
Drugs that inhibits acetylcholinesterase and increases acetylcholine in the brain
Example of drugs that’s inhibit acetylcholinesterase
Donepezil
Rivastigmine
What are some examples of drugs that’s our acetylcholinesterase inhibitors and are very toxic
Organophosphates (Chlorpyrifos parathion diazinon)
Example of organophosphate used as nerve gases
Sarin
Tabun
VX
What is the main accidentally neurotransmitter in the central nervous system
Glutamate
What is the main function of ultimate in the central nervous system
Synaptic plasticity with the removal of old unused synapse and potentiation and formation of new synapse
What prevents the glutamate from traversing from blood to the brain
Blood brain barrier
Precursor molecule of glutamate
Glutamine
Where is glutamate formed
In the astrocytes and then transported into
Explain the glutamate cycle neuron astrocytes
Glutamate Is released in the synaptic cleft
small part of glutamate taken up by presynaptic neuron
most of the glutamate enter astrocytes by EAAT1 and EAAT2 transporters
Glutamate transforms into glutamine by glutamine synthetase inside astrocytes which requires ATP and ammonia
Glutamine exported interneuron which complete cycle
Regarding glutamate synthesis What happens when there’s too much ammonia
LIVER ENCEPHALOPATHY
Ammonia crosses BBB and transfrom glutamate to glutamine so decreased ATP and glutamate and GABA dysregulation
What are the types of glutamate receptors
AMPA receptors
NDMA Receptors
Kainate receptors
Metabotropic receptors
Ampa receptor action
Ligand gated ion channel that allow influx of calcium and sodium
Efflux of potassium
NMDA receptor action
Ionotropic receptor
major inhibitory neurotransmitter
GABA
GABA synthesis
Glutamate to GABA By glutamate decarboxylase
Types of GABA Receptors
GABA a
GABA b
GABA c
GABA A RECEPTOR ACTION
Chloride influx
GABA B receptor action
Gi protein Inhibit adenylate cyclase
Increase potassium permeability
Less calcium activity
Gaba c receptors action
Ionotropic receptor
Connected to chloride channel
Types of catecholamines
Noradrenaline
Adrenaline
Dopamine
Catechomines are derived from this AA
Tyrosine
Catecholamines formation pathway
Tyrosine Ring hydroxylation -> dopa
Dopa decarboxylation -> dopamine
Dopamine hydroxylation -> norepinephrione
NE methylation -> epinephrine
What competitive inhibitor act on dopa decarboxylase
Alpha methyldopa
What is the link netween parkinsons disease and catecholamine
Insufficient formation of dopaine in the brain
What is L dopa a good a good treatment for parkinsons disease
Because can cross BBB
2 enzymes involved in inactivation of catecholamines
COMT
MOA
MAO inhibitors are used in the treatment of
Depression
Subtypes of adrenergic receptors
A1
A2
B1
B2
A1 receptor action
Postsynaptic neuron
Excitatory action of NE
A2 receptor action
Presynaptic neuron
Inhibitory effect of NE
B1 receptor action
Neuronal receptor with excitatory effects
B2 receptor action
Integration of nervous and immune system
Alpha 2 agonist used as veretinary anelgesic
Medetomidine
