Embryology

Question 1

3 germ cells layer

Answer 1

Endoderm
Mesoderm
Ectoderm

Question 2

The nervous system is derived from this germ layer

Answer 2

Ectoderm

Question 3

Neural plate is formed during

Answer 3

3rd week

Question 4

Name of longitudinal formation that appears in neural plates

Answer 4

Neural groove

Question 5

These structures bound both sides of neural plate

Answer 5

Neural folds

Question 6

How is the neural tube formed

Answer 6

The neural folds fuse which converts the neural groove into the neural tube

Question 7

How is the neural crest formed

Answer 7

Lateral margin of neural plate do not get incorporated in neural tube and form a strip of ectodermal cells between the neural tube and covering ectoderm

Question 8

What do neural crest differentiate into

Answer 8

Posterior roots ganglia 
sensory ganglia of cranial nerves
 Autonomic ganglia 
Cells of suprarenal medulla 
 melanocytes

Question 9

What does the cephalic ends of the neural tube form after dilatation

Answer 9

Three primary brain vesicles
forebrain vesicles
midbrain vesicles
hidbrsin vesicle

Question 10

What does the rest of the neural tube form after elongation

Answer 10

Spinal cord

Question 11

When does myelin sheath start forming

Answer 11

Before birth and first year postnatally

Question 12

What is the embryonic period

Answer 12

Period Up to ninth week of gestation

Question 13

What is the fetal period

Answer 13

When external genitalia are distinguishable

Question 14

At what time does the neural plate form

Answer 14

Third week of life fetal life

Question 15

From what germ layer does the neural plate forms

Answer 15

The ectodermal surface

Question 16

What structure are formed from the infolding of the neural plates

Answer 16

The neural tube

the neural crest

Question 17

What does the neural tube form in the future

Answer 17

The central nervous system

Question 18

What does the neural crest form in the future

Answer 18

The peripheral nervous system

Question 19

What do the neuroectodermal cells differentiate into

Answer 19

Neurons e, astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, ependymal cells

Question 20

What’s neurological sells there is derived from the mesoderm

Answer 20

Microglial cells

Question 21

In what week of fetal life can you see the subdivisions of forebrain midbrain and Hindbrain , the dorsal and ventral horn of the spinal cord , and peripheral and sensory nerves

Answer 21

5th week

Question 22

When does Myelinization begins and how long does it last

Answer 22

Midgestation and continues for years

Question 23

When does myelinization of the cortex starts

Answer 23

7 to 8 months Gestation

Question 24

What nutrients are required for myelinization to occur

Answer 24

Cholesterol

iron

Question 25

What week of gestation is the gross structure of the nervous system established

Answer 25

Eighth week

Question 26

Why what month is the behavioral evidence of neural function detectable

Answer 26

The third month

Question 27

Can physicist respond to external stimuli and if yes by what time

Answer 27

By the third trimester they respond to external stimuli by raising heart rates and having body movements

Question 28

When do Fetuses open their eyes

Answer 28

By the seventh month

Question 29

What are the primitive reflexes of fetuses

Answer 29

Palmar grasp Rooting Moro

Question 30

What is the palmar grasp reflex

Answer 30

The infants fingers reflexively grasp an object placed into their palm

Question 31

When does the palmar grasp start and how long does it last

Answer 31

By 32 week and last for 2 to 3 months

Question 32

What is the rooting reflex

Answer 32

Baby turned ahead and opened her mouth to follow and routes in the direction of the stroking of their mouth so that they can breasts or bottle feed

Question 33

When does the rooting reflex start and how long does it last

Answer 33

Starts at 36 weeks and last for 10 months

Question 34

What is the Moro reflex

Answer 34

Baby spread their arms out Pulls their arms back in tight to the chest cry

Question 35

When does the moro reflex start and how long does it last

Answer 35

37 week | Last for six months

Question 36

What is the behavior pattern of a baby

Answer 36

``` 1 month - watches person 2 month - smile 4 month - lol 7 month - roll over, reach and grasp 10 months - sit with no support, responds to name, says mama dada , waves bye 1 yr - walks 2 yrs - walks up and down 18-24 months - Balance ,agility ,85% of adult head circumference ,object permanence ,cause-and-effect understood ```

Question 37

What determines the growth and shape of skull

Answer 37

The brain

Question 38

One month total brain percentage

Answer 38

36% of adult brain

Question 39

One year total brain percentage

Answer 39

72% of adults brain

Question 40

Two years total brain percentage

Answer 40

83% of adult brain

Question 41

When do you complete 90% of your brain growth

Answer 41

By age 6 age 6

Question 42

What is a fontanelle

Answer 42

Non ossified areas of newborn skull

Question 43

What are the major fontanelles

Answer 43

Anterior | posterior

Question 44

At what age does the posterior fontanelle close

Answer 44

2-6 month

Question 45

At what time does the Anterior fontanelle close

Answer 45

By age 18 month

Question 46

What can cause delayed closure of the anterior fontanelle

Answer 46

Increased intracranial pressure | hypothyroidism

Question 47

What can cause premature closure of the anterior fontanelle

Answer 47

Craniosynostosis | hypophosphatemia

Question 48

What is the most dramatic developments in the. 18 to 24 month

Answer 48

Speech development

Question 49

What are the two components of language development

Answer 49

Receptive - auditory comprehension | expressive - speech and language production

Question 50

What is adolescence

Answer 50

Period of concrete thinking of school age children to form a logical operations of adults they develop moral thinking’s parallels general cognitive development

Question 51

What are some causes of dysfunction of the neuro system

Answer 51

``` Genetic Perinatal Medical psychologic environmental social cultural ```

Question 52

What are some chromosomal abnormalities that leads to neurological dysfunction

Answer 52

Trisomies

Question 53

What are the perinatal risk factors

Answer 53

``` Low birthweight severe intrauterine growth restriction birth asphyxia prenatal exposure to alcohol drugs lead teratogenesis ```

Question 54

What are some learning disorder

Answer 54

Dyslexia dysgraphia spelling mathematics dyscalculia

Question 55

Type of brain waves in infancy

Answer 55

Delta waves

Question 56

Type of brain waves at 3 yearsold

Answer 56

Alpha waves

Question 57

Type of brain waves at four years old

Answer 57

Beta waves

Question 58

Type of brain waves Between four and eight years old

Answer 58

Theta waves

Question 59

How do you measure the electrical activity of a brain

Answer 59

Electroencephalogram EEG

Question 60

How does abnormal electrical activity of the brain manifest

Answer 60

TTonic clonic attack atonic attack( abscehces ) abnormal Posturing such as infantile spasms

Question 61

What is cerebral palsy

Answer 61

Disorder of movement and posture due to dysfunction of the brain before age 2 years old

Question 62

What are the clinical signs and symptoms of cerebral palsy

Answer 62

``` Spastic hemiplegia spastic diplegia spastic quadriplagia Choreoathetoid ataxic and mixed ```

Question 63

What are the steps of the formation the brain and the spinal cord

Answer 63

``` Dorsal induction Ventral induction Neuronal proliferation Differentiation , histogenesis Neuronal migration Axonal myelination ```

Question 64

What is dorsal induction

Answer 64

Formation of notochord, neural plate, neural groove, neural folds, neural tube

Question 65

When does dorsal induction occur

Answer 65

Between week 4-7

Question 66

What is primary neurulation in dorsal induction

Answer 66

Neural plate creases inward Edges come into contactand fuse Form future brain and spinal cord

Question 67

What is secondary neurulation in dorsal induction

Answer 67

Hollowing process leading to formation of lower sacral and coccygeal cord

Question 68

When does ventral induction occur

Answer 68

5-10 weeks

Question 69

What is ventral induction

Answer 69

Formation of vesicles

Question 70

What are the brain vesicles forned in ventral induction

Answer 70

Prosencephalon (Telencephalon , Diencephalon) mesencephalon Rhombencephalon (Metencephalon , Myelencephalon )