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Neurology > Embryology > Flashcards

Embryology Flashcards

1
Q

3 germ cells layer

A

Endoderm
Mesoderm
Ectoderm

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2
Q

The nervous system is derived from this germ layer

A

Ectoderm

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3
Q

Neural plate is formed during

A

3rd week

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4
Q

Name of longitudinal formation that appears in neural plates

A

Neural groove

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5
Q

These structures bound both sides of neural plate

A

Neural folds

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6
Q

How is the neural tube formed

A

The neural folds fuse which converts the neural groove into the neural tube

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7
Q

How is the neural crest formed

A

Lateral margin of neural plate do not get incorporated in neural tube and form a strip of ectodermal cells between the neural tube and covering ectoderm

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8
Q

What do neural crest differentiate into

A 
Posterior roots ganglia 
sensory ganglia of cranial nerves
 Autonomic ganglia 
Cells of suprarenal medulla 
 melanocytes
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9
Q

What does the cephalic ends of the neural tube form after dilatation

A

Three primary brain vesicles
forebrain vesicles
midbrain vesicles
hidbrsin vesicle

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10
Q

What does the rest of the neural tube form after elongation

A

Spinal cord

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11
Q

When does myelin sheath start forming

A

Before birth and first year postnatally

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12
Q

What is the embryonic period

A

Period Up to ninth week of gestation

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13
Q

What is the fetal period

A

When external genitalia are distinguishable

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14
Q

At what time does the neural plate form

A

Third week of life fetal life

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15
Q

From what germ layer does the neural plate forms

A

The ectodermal surface

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16
Q

What structure are formed from the infolding of the neural plates

A

The neural tube

the neural crest

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17
Q

What does the neural tube form in the future

A

The central nervous system

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18
Q

What does the neural crest form in the future

A

The peripheral nervous system

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19
Q

What do the neuroectodermal cells differentiate into

A

Neurons e, astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, ependymal cells

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20
Q

What’s neurological sells there is derived from the mesoderm

A

Microglial cells

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21
Q

In what week of fetal life can you see the subdivisions of forebrain midbrain and Hindbrain , the dorsal and ventral horn of the spinal cord , and peripheral and sensory nerves

A

5th week

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22
Q

When does Myelinization begins and how long does it last

A

Midgestation and continues for years

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23
Q

When does myelinization of the cortex starts

A

7 to 8 months Gestation

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24
Q

What nutrients are required for myelinization to occur

A

Cholesterol

iron

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25
Q

What week of gestation is the gross structure of the nervous system established

A

Eighth week

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26
Q

Why what month is the behavioral evidence of neural function detectable

A

The third month

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27
Q

Can physicist respond to external stimuli and if yes by what time

A

By the third trimester they respond to external stimuli by raising heart rates and having body movements

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28
Q

When do Fetuses open their eyes

A

By the seventh month

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29
Q

What are the primitive reflexes of fetuses

A

Palmar grasp
Rooting
Moro

30
Q

What is the palmar grasp reflex

A

The infants fingers reflexively grasp an object placed into their palm

31
Q

When does the palmar grasp start and how long does it last

A

By 32 week and last for 2 to 3 months

32
Q

What is the rooting reflex

A

Baby turned ahead and opened her mouth to follow and routes in the direction of the stroking of their mouth so that they can breasts or bottle feed

33
Q

When does the rooting reflex start and how long does it last

A

Starts at 36 weeks and last for 10 months

34
Q

What is the Moro reflex

A

Baby spread their arms out
Pulls their arms back in tight to the chest
cry

35
Q

When does the moro reflex start and how long does it last

A

37 week

Last for six months

36
Q

What is the behavior pattern of a baby

A 
1 month - watches person
2 month - smile
4 month - lol
7 month - roll over, reach and grasp
10 months - sit with no support, responds to name, says mama dada , waves bye
1 yr - walks 
2 yrs - walks up and down
18-24 months -  Balance ,agility ,85% of adult head circumference ,object permanence ,cause-and-effect understood
37
Q

What determines the growth and shape of skull

A

The brain

38
Q

One month total brain percentage

A

36% of adult brain

39
Q

One year total brain percentage

A

72% of adults brain

40
Q

Two years total brain percentage

A

83% of adult brain

41
Q

When do you complete 90% of your brain growth

A

By age 6 age 6

42
Q

What is a fontanelle

A

Non ossified areas of newborn skull

43
Q

What are the major fontanelles

A

Anterior

posterior

44
Q

At what age does the posterior fontanelle close

A

2-6 month

45
Q

At what time does the Anterior fontanelle close

A

By age 18 month

46
Q

What can cause delayed closure of the anterior fontanelle

A

Increased intracranial pressure

hypothyroidism

47
Q

What can cause premature closure of the anterior fontanelle

A

Craniosynostosis

hypophosphatemia

48
Q

What is the most dramatic developments in the. 18 to 24 month

A

Speech development

49
Q

What are the two components of language development

A

Receptive - auditory comprehension

expressive - speech and language production

50
Q

What is adolescence

A

Period of concrete thinking of school age children to form a logical operations of adults
they develop moral thinking’s parallels general cognitive development

51
Q

What are some causes of dysfunction of the neuro system

A 
Genetic
Perinatal
Medical 
psychologic
environmental 
social cultural
52
Q

What are some chromosomal abnormalities that leads to neurological dysfunction

A

Trisomies

53
Q

What are the perinatal risk factors

A 
Low birthweight 
severe intrauterine growth restriction 
birth asphyxia
 prenatal exposure to alcohol drugs lead 
teratogenesis
54
Q

What are some learning disorder

A

Dyslexia
dysgraphia
spelling
mathematics dyscalculia

55
Q

Type of brain waves in infancy

A

Delta waves

56
Q

Type of brain waves at 3 yearsold

A

Alpha waves

57
Q

Type of brain waves at four years old

A

Beta waves

58
Q

Type of brain waves Between four and eight years old

A

Theta waves

59
Q

How do you measure the electrical activity of a brain

A

Electroencephalogram EEG

60
Q

How does abnormal electrical activity of the brain manifest

A

TTonic clonic attack
atonic attack( abscehces )
abnormal Posturing such as infantile spasms

61
Q

What is cerebral palsy

A

Disorder of movement and posture due to dysfunction of the brain before age 2 years old

62
Q

What are the clinical signs and symptoms of cerebral palsy

A 
Spastic hemiplegia 
spastic diplegia 
spastic quadriplagia
 Choreoathetoid 
 ataxic and mixed
63
Q

What are the steps of the formation the brain and the spinal cord

A 
Dorsal induction 
Ventral induction
Neuronal proliferation 
Differentiation , histogenesis 
Neuronal migration
Axonal myelination
64
Q

What is dorsal induction

A

Formation of notochord, neural plate, neural groove, neural folds, neural tube

65
Q

When does dorsal induction occur

A

Between week 4-7

66
Q

What is primary neurulation in dorsal induction

A

Neural plate creases inward
Edges come into contactand fuse
Form future brain and spinal cord

67
Q

What is secondary neurulation in dorsal induction

A

Hollowing process leading to formation of lower sacral and coccygeal cord

68
Q

When does ventral induction occur

A

5-10 weeks

69
Q

What is ventral induction

A

Formation of vesicles

70
Q

What are the brain vesicles forned in ventral induction

A

Prosencephalon (Telencephalon , Diencephalon)

mesencephalon

Rhombencephalon (Metencephalon , Myelencephalon )

Neurology (31 decks)

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