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Neurology > Neuroanatomy General > Flashcards

Neuroanatomy General Flashcards

1
Q

2 parts of nervous systems

A

Central nervous system

Peripheral nervous system

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2
Q

Components of CNS

A

Brain and spinal cords

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3
Q

PNS componentc

A

Cranial nerves
Spinal nerves
Associated ganglia

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4
Q

Name of cell units in nervous system

A

Neurons

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5
Q

Name of long processes of neurons

A

Axons

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6
Q

What is gray matter

A

Nerve cells (body)in neuroglia

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7
Q

What is white matter

A

Nerve fibers (axons) in neuroglia

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8
Q

Divisions of autonomic nervous system

A

Sympathetic

Parasympathetic

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9
Q

Layers of meninges

A

Dura mater
Arachnoid mater
Pia mater

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10
Q

Parts of the brain

A

Forebrain (cerebrum, diencephalon)

Midbrain

Hindbrain ( medulla oblongata, pons, cerebellum)

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11
Q

Spinal cord parts

A 
Cervical segments
Thoracic segments 
Lumbar segments 
Sacral segments 
Coccygeal segments
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12
Q

Medulla oblongata role

A

Connect pons to spinal cord
Contains nuclei
Conduit for ascending and descending nerve fibers

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13
Q

Nuclei

A

Collection of nerves

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14
Q

Diencephalon composition

A 
Dorsal thalamus ( gray matter) 
Ventral hypothalamus
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15
Q

Name of white matter that connects two cerebral hemispheres of cerebrum

A

Corpus callosum

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16
Q

Outer covering of brain is …. Matter

A

Gray

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17
Q

Inner core of brain is … matter

A

White

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18
Q

Number of spinal nerves

A

31

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19
Q

Motor fibers are efferent or afférent ? Ventral or dorsal ?

A

Ventral efferent

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20
Q

Sensory fibers are afférent or efferent.? Ventral or dorsal ?

A

Afferent dorsal

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21
Q

Spinal nerve

A

Unification of spinal and motor fibers

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22
Q

Nucleus of a neuron

A

Centrally located large and round

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23
Q

Organelles in the cytoplasm of a neuron

A 
Nissl substance 
Golgi complex 
mitochondria 
microfilaments
 microtubules 
lysosomes 
centrioles 
lipofuscin melanin glycogen lipids
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24
Q

What is the nissl substance

A

Granules found throughout the cytoplasm of cell body

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25
Q

Role of nissl substance

A

Synthesis of proteins

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26
Q

Neuroglia

A

None excitable cells which supports neurons in the central nervous system

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27
Q

Type of neuroglia

A

astrocytes
oligodendrocytes
microglia
Epemdyma

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28
Q

Type of astrocytes

A

Fibrous

protoplasmic

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29
Q

Where are fibrous astrocytes located

A

White matter

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30
Q

Where do you find protoplasmic

Astrocytes

A

In the gray matter

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31
Q

Functions of astrocytes

A

Supporting framework for nerve cells and fibers
electrical insulators which creates a barrier between neurons

Regulate K+ balance
Metabolize neurotransmitters
Blood brain barrier

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32
Q

Functions of Oligodendrocytes

A

Formation of myelin sheath of nerve fibers in central nervous system

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33
Q

Particularity of oligodendrocytes compared to Schwann cells

A

They could form segments which can work on different axons all at once

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34
Q

Microglia functions

A

Act like macrophages

Phagocyte - clear away dead cells

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35
Q

Epemdymal cells functions

A

Produce CSF

form epithelial membrane that lines cerebral cavities and central canal

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36
Q

Tracts

A

Bundle of nerve fibers (axons )

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37
Q

Name of supporting cell in the peripheral system

A

Schwann cells

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38
Q

What are the non myelinated Structure of the nervous system

A

Smaller axons of the CNS

Post ganglionic axons of autonomic parts of nervous system
Some fine sensory axons associated with pain

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39
Q

Dense connective tissue that’s covers the nerve trunk

A

Epineurium

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40
Q

Bundles of nerve fibers inside sheath are covered with

A

Perineurium

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41
Q

Loose connective tissue that covers individual nerve fibers

A

Endoneurium

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42
Q

Number of spinal nerve

A

31 pairs

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43
Q

Name of nerve fibers that carry impulses away from the CNS

A

Efferent fibers

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44
Q

Name of nerve fibers that carry impulses to the central nervous system

A

Afferent fibers

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45
Q

Number of cranial nerves

A

12

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46
Q

purely afferent nerve fibers cranial nerves

A

Olfactory
Optic
vestibulocochlear

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47
Q

purely efferent fibers cranial nerves

A 
Oculomotor
Trochlear
Abducent
Accessory 
Hypoglossal
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48
Q

Cranial nerves with both afferent and efferent fibers

A

Trigeminal
facial
glossopharyngeal
Vagus

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49
Q

CNI

A

Olfactory

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50
Q

CN II

A

Optic

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51
Q

CNIII

A

Oculomotor

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52
Q

CN IV

A

Trochlear

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53
Q

CNV

A

Trigeminal

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54
Q

CN VI

A

Abducent

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55
Q

CN VII

A

Facial

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56
Q

CN VIII

A

Vestibulovochlear

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57
Q

CN IX

A

Glossopharyngeal

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58
Q

CNX

A

Vagus

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59
Q

CNXI

A

Accessory

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60
Q

CNXI

A

Accessory

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61
Q

CN XII

A

Hypoglossal

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62
Q

Number of sensory neurons

A

100million

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63
Q

Number of motor neuron

A

500,000

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64
Q

Number of interneuron

A

500 billion

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65
Q

Are neuglial cells smaller than neurons

A

Yes

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66
Q

More neuroglual cells or more neurons

A

More neuroglia (50x more)

67
Q

Can neuroglia divide ?

A

Yes

68
Q

Cancer of neuroglia

A

Gliomas

69
Q

Cells type in PNS

A

Schwann cells

Satellite cells

70
Q

Most common neuroglia

A

Oligodendrocytes

71
Q

Satellite cells function

A

Support neurons in PNS Ganglia

72
Q

Schwann cells function

A

Produces part of myelin sheath around axon in Pns

73
Q

Do you have nissl bodies in dendrites

A

Yes

74
Q

Do you have nissl bodies in axons

A

No

75
Q

Cerebellum function

A

Coordination of muscle activity And movement

76
Q

Brainstem function

A

Relay information

77
Q

Brainstem parta

A

Midbrain
Pons
Medulla oblongata

78
Q

Cerebrum function

A

Higher processing

79
Q

Structure that seperates cerebrum into 2 hemispheres

A

Medial longitudinal fissure

80
Q

Folds in cerebrum name

A

Gyri

81
Q

Depression in cerebrum

A

Sulcus

82
Q

Gyri and sulcus function

A

Increase surface area for neurons

83
Q

Lobes in brain

A

Frontal parietal temporal occipital

84
Q

Frontal lobe function

A 
Motor control 
planning 
concentration 
language 
rational and executive control
85
Q

Where does the brainstem lie in the cranium

A

Indy posterior cranial fossa

86
Q

Which part of the brain stem is a continuation of the spinal cord

A

The medulla oblongata

87
Q

Groove in the anterior surface of medulla oblongata

A

Interior median fissure

88
Q

Bilateral groove in the anterior surface of medulla oblongata

A

Anterolateral sulcus

89
Q

Roots of this nerve emerge from the anterolateral sulcus

A

Hypoglossal nerve

90
Q

Tracts present in the medullary pyramids

A

Corticospinal tract

91
Q

What happens at the level of pyramidal decussation

A

Corticospinal tract fibers cross over to the other side

92
Q

The three cranial nerves that don’t originates in the brain stem

A

olfactory nerve
optic optic nerve
accessory nerve

93
Q

Only nerve that emerges from the posterior surface of the brain stem

A

Trochlear

94
Q

Cranial Nerves that emerges from the medulla oblongata

A

Hypoglossal nerve

Vagus nerve

Glossopharyngeal nerve

Accessory nerve ( just cross it )

95
Q

Border between pons and medulla oblongata

A

Pontomedullary Junction

96
Q

Cranial nerves that emerge from the

Inferior pontine sulcus

A

Abducens
Facial nerve
Vestibulocochlear

97
Q

Pons definition from latin

A

Bridge

98
Q

Midline of pons

A

Basillar groove

99
Q

Nerve emerging from anterolateral aspects of pons

A

Trigeminal nervev

100
Q

Second name of midbrain

A

Mesencephalon

101
Q

Function of midbrain

A

Motor control
sounds and visual processing
thermal regulation

102
Q

2 halves of midbrain

A

Cerebral peduncle

103
Q

Cranial nerve emerging from mid brain

A

Ocolumotor

Trochlear

104
Q

Division of tectum in midbrain

A

Superior colliculi

inferior colliculi

105
Q

Glands surrounded by superior

Colliculi

A

Pineal gland

106
Q

Function of superior Colliculi

A

Visual reflexes

107
Q

Function of inferior colliculi

A

Relay station for audio pathway

108
Q

What are the cerebral peduncles

A

Collection of fibers that carry ascending and descending

Pathways between brain stem and thalamus

109
Q

Name a floor of the fourth ventricle

A

Rhomboids fossa

110
Q

Motor cranial nerves

A 
OCulomotor
Trochlear 
Abducens
Accessory 
Hypoglossal
111
Q

Semsoey crania nerves

A

Optic

Vestibulococochlear

112
Q

Mixed cranial mervsa

A

Trigeminal
Facial
Glossopharyngeal
Vagus

113
Q

General somatic efferent

Innervates?

A

Skeletal muscle

114
Q

Special visceral efferent

Innervates ?

A

Innervate pharyngeal arches

115
Q

General visceral efferent

Innervates?

A

Visceral smooth muscle

116
Q

General somatic afferent cranial nerves do ?

A

Pain touch temperature

117
Q

Special somatic afferent cranial nerves do ?

A

Vision
Hearing
Balance

118
Q

General visceral afferent does?

A

Pain

Refkec sensation ftom viscera

119
Q

Special visceral afferent

A

Smell taste

120
Q

The spinal cord extends from … to.. in an adult

A

Foramen magnum

First lumbar vertebra L1

121
Q

Where does the spinal cord stop in a child

A

Third lumbar vertebra L2 L3

122
Q

Lateral spinothalamic

A

pain temperature

123
Q

Ventral Spinothalamic

A

pressure and crude touch

124
Q

Dorsal column

A

Proprioception vibration two points discrimination

125
Q

Spinocerebellar

A

I proprioception in joints and muscles

126
Q

Cuneocerebellar

A

Proprioception in joints and muscles

127
Q

Spinotectal

A

Tactile painful thermal stimuli

128
Q

Spinoreticular

A

Integration of stimulus from joints and muscles into the reticular formation

129
Q

Spino olivary Tract

A

Additional information to the cerebellum as an accessory but we

130
Q

Corticospinal tract

A

Voluntary discreet skills motor activity

131
Q

Reticulo spinal tract

A

I will relation to voluntary movements and

132
Q

Rubro spinal tract

A

Promotion a flexor and inhibition of extensor

133
Q



Vestibular spinal tract

A

Inhibition of flexor promotion of extensor

134
Q

Tecto spinal tract

A

Postural movements from visual stimuli

135
Q

Filamentous extension of spinal cord that starts at L1 and terminates at point of insertion in coccyx

A

Filum terminale

136
Q

Terminal end of spinal cord that starts at L1

A

Conus medullaris

137
Q

Sack of nerves at the end of spinal cord

A

Cauda equina

138
Q

Structure that connects each parts of the gray matter

A

Gray Commissure

139
Q

What structure is the continuation of the fourth ventricle

A

The central canal

140
Q

Divisions of the White mater in spinal cord

A

Anterior funiculi
posterior funiculi
Natural funiculi

141
Q

Divisions of the posterior Funiculi

A

Gracilis fasciculus

Cuneatus fasciculus

142
Q

ascending sensory tract

A 
Lateral Spinothalamic tract
Ventral spinothalamic tract
Cuneocerebellar tract
Ventral spinocerebellar tract 
Dorsal spinocerebellar
143
Q

Lateral Spinothalamic tract pathway

A

Painful or terminal stimuli to dorsal root
Synapse with dorsal horn of gray matter
Second order neurons did you say it to contralateral side and reach spinothalamic tract
Ascend
Synopsis on third order neurons in thalamus

144
Q

Ventral spinothalamic tract parhwaya

A

Touch and pressure stimuli in dorsal root
Synapse in substantia gelatinosa
Passage trhough grey comissure and get to anterior funiculus
Ascend

145
Q

Cuneocerebellar tract pathway

A

Fine touch vibration and two point discrimination stimuli thriugh dorsal root
Form fasciculus gracilis and cuneatus
Go to gracilis and cuneatus nuclei in medulla oblongata

146
Q

Dorsal spinocerebellar tract pathway

A

Unconscious propioception stimuli to dorsal root
Get to posterolateral aspect of ipsilateral lateral funiculis
Form dorsal spinocerebellar tract
Ascend
Get to vermis

147
Q

Descendind tracts

A 
Corticospinal tract
Vestibulospinal tract 
Rubrospinal tract 
Reticulospinal tract
Tectospinal tract
148
Q

What is considered the little brain

A

The cerebellum

149
Q

What is the cerebellum derived from

A

Metencephalon

150
Q

Where is cerebellum in cranium

A

Post. Cranial fossa

151
Q

Ventricle in diencephalon

A

Third ventricle

152
Q

4 structures of diencephalon

A

Thalamus
Epithalamus
Subthalamus
Hypothalamus

153
Q

4 nuclei of thalamus

A

Anterior
Medial
Lateral
Intralaminar nuclei of thalamus

154
Q

Thalamus function

A

Relay of sensory and motor information to and from cerebral cortex

155
Q

Structures in epithalamus

A

Pineal body
Stria medullaris
Habenular trigone

156
Q

Epithalamus function

A

Control of sleep wake cycle

Movement initiation and control

157
Q

Function of subthalamus

A

Control, integration, and accuracy of motor activity

158
Q

Hypothalamus function

A

Regulate stress response
Metabolism
Reproduction

159
Q

What is basal ganglia

A

Group of nuclear masses of grey matter present in lower part of cerebrum, diencephalon and midbrain

160
Q

Nuclei part of basal ganglia

A 
Caudate nucleus 
Putamen 
Globus pallidus 
Substantia nigra
Subthalamic nucleus
161
Q

Nuclei that forms striatum

A

Caudate nucleus

Putamen nucleus

162
Q

Nuclei that forms lentiform nucleus

A

Putamen

Globus pallidus

163
Q

Is basal ganglia in extrapyramidal motor system or pyramidal motor system ?

A

Extrapyramidal

Neurology (31 decks)

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