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Neuroanatomy General Flashcards

1
Q

2 parts of nervous systems

A

Central nervous system

Peripheral nervous system

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2
Q

Components of CNS

A

Brain and spinal cords

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3
Q

PNS componentc

A

Cranial nerves
Spinal nerves
Associated ganglia

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4
Q

Name of cell units in nervous system

A

Neurons

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5
Q

Name of long processes of neurons

A

Axons

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6
Q

What is gray matter

A

Nerve cells (body)in neuroglia

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7
Q

What is white matter

A

Nerve fibers (axons) in neuroglia

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8
Q

Divisions of autonomic nervous system

A

Sympathetic

Parasympathetic

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9
Q

Layers of meninges

A

Dura mater
Arachnoid mater
Pia mater

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10
Q

Parts of the brain

A

Forebrain (cerebrum, diencephalon)

Midbrain

Hindbrain ( medulla oblongata, pons, cerebellum)

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11
Q

Spinal cord parts

A 
Cervical segments
Thoracic segments 
Lumbar segments 
Sacral segments 
Coccygeal segments
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12
Q

Medulla oblongata role

A

Connect pons to spinal cord
Contains nuclei
Conduit for ascending and descending nerve fibers

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13
Q

Nuclei

A

Collection of nerves

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14
Q

Diencephalon composition

A 
Dorsal thalamus ( gray matter) 
Ventral hypothalamus
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15
Q

Name of white matter that connects two cerebral hemispheres of cerebrum

A

Corpus callosum

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16
Q

Outer covering of brain is …. Matter

A

Gray

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17
Q

Inner core of brain is … matter

A

White

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18
Q

Number of spinal nerves

A

31

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19
Q

Motor fibers are efferent or afférent ? Ventral or dorsal ?

A

Ventral efferent

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20
Q

Sensory fibers are afférent or efferent.? Ventral or dorsal ?

A

Afferent dorsal

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21
Q

Spinal nerve

A

Unification of spinal and motor fibers

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22
Q

Nucleus of a neuron

A

Centrally located large and round

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23
Q

Organelles in the cytoplasm of a neuron

A 
Nissl substance 
Golgi complex 
mitochondria 
microfilaments
 microtubules 
lysosomes 
centrioles 
lipofuscin melanin glycogen lipids
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24
Q

What is the nissl substance

A

Granules found throughout the cytoplasm of cell body

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25
Role of nissl substance
Synthesis of proteins
26
Neuroglia
None excitable cells which supports neurons in the central nervous system
27
Type of neuroglia
astrocytes oligodendrocytes microglia Epemdyma
28
Type of astrocytes
Fibrous | protoplasmic
29
Where are fibrous astrocytes located
White matter
30
Where do you find protoplasmic | Astrocytes
In the gray matter
31
Functions of astrocytes
Supporting framework for nerve cells and fibers electrical insulators which creates a barrier between neurons Regulate K+ balance Metabolize neurotransmitters Blood brain barrier
32
Functions of Oligodendrocytes
Formation of myelin sheath of nerve fibers in central nervous system
33
Particularity of oligodendrocytes compared to Schwann cells
They could form segments which can work on different axons all at once
34
Microglia functions
Act like macrophages | Phagocyte - clear away dead cells
35
Epemdymal cells functions
Produce CSF | form epithelial membrane that lines cerebral cavities and central canal
36
Tracts
Bundle of nerve fibers (axons )
37
Name of supporting cell in the peripheral system
Schwann cells
38
What are the non myelinated Structure of the nervous system
Smaller axons of the CNS Post ganglionic axons of autonomic parts of nervous system Some fine sensory axons associated with pain
39
Dense connective tissue that’s covers the nerve trunk
Epineurium
40
Bundles of nerve fibers inside sheath are covered with
Perineurium
41
Loose connective tissue that covers individual nerve fibers
Endoneurium
42
Number of spinal nerve
31 pairs
43
Name of nerve fibers that carry impulses away from the CNS
Efferent fibers
44
Name of nerve fibers that carry impulses to the central nervous system
Afferent fibers
45
Number of cranial nerves
12
46
purely afferent nerve fibers cranial nerves
Olfactory Optic vestibulocochlear
47
purely efferent fibers cranial nerves
``` Oculomotor Trochlear Abducent Accessory Hypoglossal ```
48
Cranial nerves with both afferent and efferent fibers
Trigeminal facial glossopharyngeal Vagus
49
CNI
Olfactory
50
CN II
Optic
51
CNIII
Oculomotor
52
CN IV
Trochlear
53
CNV
Trigeminal
54
CN VI
Abducent
55
CN VII
Facial
56
CN VIII
Vestibulovochlear
57
CN IX
Glossopharyngeal
58
CNX
Vagus
59
CNXI
Accessory
60
CNXI
Accessory
61
CN XII
Hypoglossal
62
Number of sensory neurons
100million
63
Number of motor neuron
500,000
64
Number of interneuron
500 billion
65
Are neuglial cells smaller than neurons
Yes
66
More neuroglual cells or more neurons
More neuroglia (50x more)
67
Can neuroglia divide ?
Yes
68
Cancer of neuroglia
Gliomas
69
Cells type in PNS
Schwann cells | Satellite cells
70
Most common neuroglia
Oligodendrocytes
71
Satellite cells function
Support neurons in PNS Ganglia
72
Schwann cells function
Produces part of myelin sheath around axon in Pns
73
Do you have nissl bodies in dendrites
Yes
74
Do you have nissl bodies in axons
No
75
Cerebellum function
Coordination of muscle activity And movement
76
Brainstem function
Relay information
77
Brainstem parta
Midbrain Pons Medulla oblongata
78
Cerebrum function
Higher processing
79
Structure that seperates cerebrum into 2 hemispheres
Medial longitudinal fissure
80
Folds in cerebrum name
Gyri
81
Depression in cerebrum
Sulcus
82
Gyri and sulcus function
Increase surface area for neurons
83
Lobes in brain
Frontal parietal temporal occipital
84
Frontal lobe function
``` Motor control planning concentration language rational and executive control ```
85
Where does the brainstem lie in the cranium
Indy posterior cranial fossa
86
Which part of the brain stem is a continuation of the spinal cord
The medulla oblongata
87
Groove in the anterior surface of medulla oblongata
Interior median fissure
88
Bilateral groove in the anterior surface of medulla oblongata
Anterolateral sulcus
89
Roots of this nerve emerge from the anterolateral sulcus
Hypoglossal nerve
90
Tracts present in the medullary pyramids
Corticospinal tract
91
What happens at the level of pyramidal decussation
Corticospinal tract fibers cross over to the other side
92
The three cranial nerves that don’t originates in the brain stem
olfactory nerve optic optic nerve accessory nerve
93
Only nerve that emerges from the posterior surface of the brain stem
Trochlear
94
Cranial Nerves that emerges from the medulla oblongata
Hypoglossal nerve Vagus nerve Glossopharyngeal nerve Accessory nerve ( just cross it )
95
Border between pons and medulla oblongata
Pontomedullary Junction
96
Cranial nerves that emerge from the | Inferior pontine sulcus
Abducens Facial nerve Vestibulocochlear
97
Pons definition from latin
Bridge
98
Midline of pons
Basillar groove
99
Nerve emerging from anterolateral aspects of pons
Trigeminal nervev
100
Second name of midbrain
Mesencephalon
101
Function of midbrain
Motor control sounds and visual processing thermal regulation
102
2 halves of midbrain
Cerebral peduncle
103
Cranial nerve emerging from mid brain
Ocolumotor | Trochlear
104
Division of tectum in midbrain
Superior colliculi | inferior colliculi
105
Glands surrounded by superior | Colliculi
Pineal gland
106
Function of superior Colliculi
Visual reflexes
107
Function of inferior colliculi
Relay station for audio pathway
108
What are the cerebral peduncles
Collection of fibers that carry ascending and descending | Pathways between brain stem and thalamus
109
Name a floor of the fourth ventricle
Rhomboids fossa
110
Motor cranial nerves
``` OCulomotor Trochlear Abducens Accessory Hypoglossal ```
111
Semsoey crania nerves
Optic | Vestibulococochlear
112
Mixed cranial mervsa
Trigeminal Facial Glossopharyngeal Vagus
113
General somatic efferent | Innervates?
Skeletal muscle
114
Special visceral efferent | Innervates ?
Innervate pharyngeal arches
115
General visceral efferent | Innervates?
Visceral smooth muscle
116
General somatic afferent cranial nerves do ?
Pain touch temperature
117
Special somatic afferent cranial nerves do ?
Vision Hearing Balance
118
General visceral afferent does?
Pain | Refkec sensation ftom viscera
119
Special visceral afferent
Smell taste
120
The spinal cord extends from … to.. in an adult
Foramen magnum | First lumbar vertebra L1
121
Where does the spinal cord stop in a child
Third lumbar vertebra L2 L3
122
Lateral spinothalamic
pain temperature
123
Ventral Spinothalamic
pressure and crude touch
124
Dorsal column
Proprioception vibration two points discrimination
125
Spinocerebellar
I proprioception in joints and muscles
126
Cuneocerebellar
Proprioception in joints and muscles
127
Spinotectal
Tactile painful thermal stimuli
128
Spinoreticular
Integration of stimulus from joints and muscles into the reticular formation
129
Spino olivary Tract
Additional information to the cerebellum as an accessory but we
130
Corticospinal tract
Voluntary discreet skills motor activity
131
Reticulo spinal tract
I will relation to voluntary movements and
132
Rubro spinal tract
Promotion a flexor and inhibition of extensor
133
 Vestibular spinal tract
Inhibition of flexor promotion of extensor
134
Tecto spinal tract
Postural movements from visual stimuli
135
Filamentous extension of spinal cord that starts at L1 and terminates at point of insertion in coccyx
Filum terminale
136
Terminal end of spinal cord that starts at L1
Conus medullaris
137
Sack of nerves at the end of spinal cord
Cauda equina
138
Structure that connects each parts of the gray matter
Gray Commissure
139
What structure is the continuation of the fourth ventricle
The central canal
140
Divisions of the White mater in spinal cord
Anterior funiculi posterior funiculi Natural funiculi
141
Divisions of the posterior Funiculi
Gracilis fasciculus | Cuneatus fasciculus
142
ascending sensory tract
``` Lateral Spinothalamic tract Ventral spinothalamic tract Cuneocerebellar tract Ventral spinocerebellar tract Dorsal spinocerebellar ```
143
Lateral Spinothalamic tract pathway
Painful or terminal stimuli to dorsal root Synapse with dorsal horn of gray matter Second order neurons did you say it to contralateral side and reach spinothalamic tract Ascend Synopsis on third order neurons in thalamus
144
Ventral spinothalamic tract parhwaya
Touch and pressure stimuli in dorsal root Synapse in substantia gelatinosa Passage trhough grey comissure and get to anterior funiculus Ascend
145
Cuneocerebellar tract pathway
Fine touch vibration and two point discrimination stimuli thriugh dorsal root Form fasciculus gracilis and cuneatus Go to gracilis and cuneatus nuclei in medulla oblongata
146
Dorsal spinocerebellar tract pathway
Unconscious propioception stimuli to dorsal root Get to posterolateral aspect of ipsilateral lateral funiculis Form dorsal spinocerebellar tract Ascend Get to vermis
147
Descendind tracts
``` Corticospinal tract Vestibulospinal tract Rubrospinal tract Reticulospinal tract Tectospinal tract ```
148
What is considered the little brain
The cerebellum
149
What is the cerebellum derived from
Metencephalon
150
Where is cerebellum in cranium
Post. Cranial fossa
151
Ventricle in diencephalon
Third ventricle
152
4 structures of diencephalon
Thalamus Epithalamus Subthalamus Hypothalamus
153
4 nuclei of thalamus
Anterior Medial Lateral Intralaminar nuclei of thalamus
154
Thalamus function
Relay of sensory and motor information to and from cerebral cortex
155
Structures in epithalamus
Pineal body Stria medullaris Habenular trigone
156
Epithalamus function
Control of sleep wake cycle | Movement initiation and control
157
Function of subthalamus
Control, integration, and accuracy of motor activity
158
Hypothalamus function
Regulate stress response Metabolism Reproduction
159
What is basal ganglia
Group of nuclear masses of grey matter present in lower part of cerebrum, diencephalon and midbrain
160
Nuclei part of basal ganglia
``` Caudate nucleus Putamen Globus pallidus Substantia nigra Subthalamic nucleus ```
161
Nuclei that forms striatum
Caudate nucleus | Putamen nucleus
162
Nuclei that forms lentiform nucleus
Putamen | Globus pallidus
163
Is basal ganglia in extrapyramidal motor system or pyramidal motor system ?
Extrapyramidal

Neurology (31 decks)

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