Physiology Flashcards
Difference between Physiology & Anatomy
Anatomy- deals with form & structure
Physiology- Deals with function & integrated behavior
Toward the head
Cranial
toward the tail
Caudal
toward or beyond the backbone
Dorsal
away from the backbone or toward the abdomen
Ventral
Two types of body weight determination
Weighing scale
Estimation
Two types of estimation
- eyeball estimate/ocular evaluation
- body measurements= predict live weight gain (regression models)
Formula to determine the regression model (live weight) for cattle
kg= -466+4.70 (HG)
Formula to determine the regression model (live weight) for swine
Sandro
kg= -84.068 + 0.902 (HG) + 0.711 (BL)
Caubalejo
kg= -92.732 + 1.002 (HG) + 0.479 (BL)+0.250 (FG)
exchange of gases between the
blood and lungs and other organ
systems
breathing
resulting balance of heat
production and heat dissipation
heat
HOW DO WE GET RESPIRATION RATE OF SHEEP/CATTLE/PIG?
Without disturbing the animal, count the rising of the hind flank
HOW DO WE GET PULSE RATE of CATTLE?
coccygeal artery at the base of tail
HOW DO WE GET PULSE RATE of Goat/Sheep?
femoral artery at the anterior border of the pubis
sa singit
HOW DO WE GET PULSE RATE of Pig?
auscultation by using a stethoscope held at the chest area
HOW DO WE GET BODY TEMPERATURE of Cattle/sheep/pig?
CAREFULLY insert the (digital) thermometer into the rectum (2
minutes)
Function of testis
spermatogenesis and androgen secretion
It is where the spermatozoa maturate
Epididymis
propels spermatozoa from the
epididymis to the ejaculatory duct
Ductus deferens
organ of erection and ejaculation; introduces the
spermatozoa into the vagina
Penis
Function of digestion
mechanical and chemical breakdown of food
seizing and conveying of feed into the mouth
prehension
chewing and mixing of feed
with saliva
Mastication (chewing) & Insalivation (swallowing)
Enumerate the types of stomach structures and give one example of animal under it.
Monogastric- pigs
HERBIVOROUS MONOGASTRICS – horses and rabbits
MODIFIED MONOGASTRICS – poultry species
RUMINANTS – cattle, carabao, sheep and goats
muscular part of the stomach (chicken) that uses grit to grind grains and fiber into smaller particles
gizzard
for storage
proventriculus
Principally the organ where food is broken into smaller units.
stomach
provide mucus which aid in the swallowing
process, contains enzyme ptyalin
SALIVARY GLANDS
produces digestive enzymes needed in the digestive
processes that take place in the small intestine
PANCREAS
secretes bile for emulsification of fat in the small intestine
LIVER
Scientific name of water buffalo
Bubalus bubalis carabanensis (swamp type)
Scientific name of cattle
Bos taurus taurus indicus
Scientific name of goat
Capra circus
Scientific name of sheep
Ovis aries
Scientific name of pig
Sus scrofa domesticus
Scientific name of horse
Equus caballus
Scientific name of rabbits
Oryctolagus cuniculus
Scientific name of chicken
Gallus gallus domesticus
Scientific name of turkey
Meleagris gallopavo
Scientific name of quail
Coturnix coturnix
Scientific name of duck
Anas platyrhynchos (mallard)) Cairina moschata
a long convoluted tube, which connects the vasa efferentia
of the testis with the ductus deferens (vas deferens). It serves as a place for maturation of the spermatozoa before ejaculation
Epididymis
a muscular tube, which merges with the
epididymis. It extends upward to the abdominal cavity and finally empties in the urethra. During ejaculation, this muscular tube propels the spermatozoa from the epididymis to the ejaculatory duct in the urethra
Ductus deferens
canal starting from the junction of the ampulla and ends at the opening of the penis. It serves as a common passage of semen and urine.
Urethra
an enlarged portion of the ductus deferens just before its entrance into the urethra. It serves as a temporary storage of sperm until ejaculation time. This is absent in pigs.
Ampulla
are paired glands, which are located on either side
of the ampulla. They produce a secretion high in fructose, which acts as vehicle for sperm transport.
Seminal Vesicles
an unpaired gland, which more or less completely surrounds the urethra. It produces a viscous secretion, which stimulates sperm activity and gives the semen its characteristic odor. This is absent in goat.
Prostate Gland
small-paired gland located
on either side of pelvic urethra. This gland responsible for the boar taint. This becomes underdeveloped when pigs are castrated at an early age.
Cowper’s Gland/ Bulbourethral Gland
is the site for ova maturation and secretes the female sex hormones like estrogen.
Ovary
structure that conducts the
ova from each ovary to the respective horn of the uterus. It serves as a site of fertilization and site of early embryonic development. This is well developed in poultry species for egg production and divided into different
parts:
Uterine Tubes/Oviduct/Fallopian Tubes
portion of the uterine tube adjacent to the ovary whose expanded form is like a funnel-shaped structure. It picks up the egg when released by the ovary at the time of ovulation.
Infundibulum
site for albumen secretion.
Magnum
side for outer and inner shell membrane secretion.
Isthmus
Its function
includes the following: site of implantation and serves in a nutritive and productive capacity for the developing embryo. In poultry species, this is known as the shell gland where eggshell is formed.
Uterus
the neck of the uterus.
passage way of semen. It protects the uterus from foreign material. During pregnancy, it
secretes a sticky mucus seal.
Cervix
tube extending from the cervix down to the vulva. It receives the penis in copulation and provides a passageway for the fully developed fetus during parturition. In poultry species, the cuticle or “bloom” is secreted onto the shell for easy passage in the cloaca (urodeum) or vent and also serves as protection for the egg.
Vagina
common passage way for the products of reproduction and urine.
Vulva
rudimentary organ situated ventrally to the vulva, is homologous to the penis in the male.
Clitoris
mechanical breakdown of feed into finer particles
Mastication or chewing
mixing of feed with the saliva.
Insalivation
formation of “balls” of feed out of the
masticated feed particles.
Bolus formation
process, which permits an animal to forage and ingest
feed rapidly, then complete chewing at a later time. It embraces those
mechanical factors of digestion whereby feed in the stomach is regurgitated, remasticated, reinsalivated and reswallowed.
Rumination
for prehension, mastication, and insalivation. In ruminants, this part of the digestive tract is used in the bolus formation. The mouth may also serve as a defensive and
offensive weapon.
Mouth and Buccal Cavity
common passage for feed and air. Inspired air crosses the pharynx to enter the larynx while feed crosses the pharynx to enter the esophagus.
Pharynx
site of further digestion and absorption of certain
products from the stomach digestion
Small Intestine
site of water absorption, storage of waste material, and bacterial digestion of fiber. The cecum and colon are parts of the large
intestine.
Large intestine
produces digestive enzymes needed in the digestive processes
that take place in the small intestine.
Pancreas
secretes bile needed for the emulsification of fat in the small intestine.
Liver
