Animal Breeding Flashcards
1
Q
Study of principles of INHERITANCE and VARIATION in farm ANIMALS
A
Animal Genetics
2
Q
GOAL OF ANIMAL BREEDING
A
- keep and use animal records (essential step)
- selection (the best, the most superior)
- system of mating
3
Q
application of the principles of animal genetics with the goal of IMPROVEMENT of animals
A
Animal Breeding
4
Q
art and science of the GENETIC IMPROVEMENT
A
Animal Breeding
5
Q
activities expected of
animal breeders
A
- Determine the genetic variation
- Develop statistical model for predicting breeding values
- Measure & predict genetic progress
- Organize testing & recording program
- Provide result
(DDMOP)
6
Q
-backbone of modern animal breeding
A
Quantitative & Statistical genetics
7
Q
Austrian monk
garden pea
-inheritance of character
A
Gregor Mendel (1865)
8
Q
Rediscovered the work of Mendel
A
1901
- Hugo de Vries
- Carl E. Correns
- Erich von Tschermak
9
Q
- Studied the inheritance of some traits of CHICKEN
- Mendelian law is applied in animals
A
William Bateson (1906)
10
Q
introduced GENE, GENOTYPE, PHENOTYPE
A
Wilhelm Johannsen
11
Q
Chemical structure & function of the gene (double helix)
A
James Watson & Francis Crick (1956)
12
Q
Father of Animal Breeding
A
Robert Bakewell (1725-1795)
13
Q
Father of modern Animal Breeding
A
Jay Lush
14
Q
Los Banos Breeding Animals
A
Philamin cattle, Berkjala pigs, LB-cantonese chickens
15
Q
Who created the “bitik” “tikbi”
A
Dr. Cecilio R. Arboleda
16
Q
Formulated the mule ducks/laguna ducks from peki, pateros and muscovy
A
Dr. Angel L. Lambio
17
Q
Develop the itik Pinas
A
Dr. Rene C. Santiago
18
Q
Group of animals of common origin that possesses DISTINGUISHABLE CHARACTERISTICS
A
breed
19
Q
occur only in one country
A
Local breed
20
Q
breed that occur in more than one country
A
Transboundary breed
21
Q
Example of Transboundary breed
A
Landrace
22
Q
Difference between Bos indicus and Bos taurus
A
Bos indicus may hump while taurus wala
23
Q
Variations in Phenotype
A
Qualitative and Quantitative traits
24
Q
actual variation we observe
among animals for each trait of interest.
A
Phenotypic variation
25
refers to the genes that make up the animal.
Genotype
26
amount of variation that is controlled
| by genes.
Genetic variation
27
Different forms
| of the same gene are called
alleles
28
It is a part of the cell which is the complete set of genetic instruction
Genome
29
it carry genetic material except sex
Autosomes
30
summing up of effects of alleles of a gene and of effects of
| genes at different chromosome locations to make up a trait
additive gene action
31
collection of semen from the male and artificially
| introducing it into females to obtain pregnancy
artificial insemination (AI)
32
most accurate statistical method
used for the prediction of breeding values and genetic trends in livestock breeding
populations
Best Linear Unbiased Prediction (BLUP)
33
⅝ Berkshire and ⅜ Philippine native pigs from Jala-jala, Rizal
Bekjala pigs
34
group of animals that only breed among themselves and show persistent
differences from other members of similar breeds or species
breed
35
ability of two or more breeds to combine well to produce
| superior crossbred progeny
breed complementarity
36
crossing of two different breeds or lines of animals
crossbreeding
37
process of cooling and storing cells (sperms and embryos),
| tissues, or organs at very low (freezing) temperatures to maintain their viability
cryopreservation
38
opposite of selection
culling
39
number of females that are removed from the herd
culling rate
40
line, breed or crossbreds selected for a combination of good female
reproductive performance
dam line
41
type of gene action which describes one allele overriding or dominating another at the same locus
dominance gene action
42
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reproductive technique that allows cloning of the embryo to
produce identical (monozygotic) twins
```
embryo splitting
43
interaction of different genes so that they tend to enhance
| each other or cancel each other out, rather than adding together
epistatic gene action
44
estimate of the genetic value of an animal as a
| potential parent of the next generation
Estimated breeding value
45
manipulating the animal’s estrous cycle to cause the
| majority of breeding females to show standing estrus around the same time
estrus synchronization
46
breed that is not native to a particular area or region; also called
introduced (or invasive)
exotic breed -
47
half the breeding value of an animal; also
| called estimated transmitting ability (ETA)
expected progeny differences (EPDs)
48
basic unit of inheritance composed of linear sequence of nucleotides, each
containing an organic base, a pentose sugar, and a phosphate
gene
49
length of time it takes an individual to be replaced by one of its
offspring
generation interval
50
amount of variation that is controlled by genes
genetic variation
51
genotypes respond differently in different
| environments
genotype x environment interaction
52
mating procedure whereby sires of a high-performing exotic breed
are mated to a local breed of female and their female offspring generation after
generation; also called upgrading
grading-up
53
ratio of genetic variation to phenotypic variation
heritability
54
occurs when the genetic merit (and hence performance) of the cross is
greater than the average of the purebred parents
heterosis
55
mating of related animals
inbreeding
56
measure of the level of inbreeding equal to the probability that alleles carried by that individual will be identical
inbreeding coefficient
57
reductions in fertility, litter size and general viability due to
inbreeding
inbreeding depression
58
process of fertilization where an egg is combined with
| sperm outside the body
in vitro fertilization (IVF)
59
- technique of letting the contents of ovarian follicles and the oocytes inside to mature in vitro (under laboratory conditions)
in vitro maturation (IVM)
60
mating of animals in the same genetic line or selected groups
which are not highly related
line breeding
61
mating of animals from different inbred lines
linecrossing
62
- alternative strategies for the mating of animals selected to be parents as they influence gene combinations received by progeny and, consequently, the degree of homozygosity or heterozygosity of the population; also called systems of mating
mating systems
63
use of gonadotrophic hormones
to stimulate ovulation of large numbers of ova and then transplanting fertilized ova
(early embryos) to recipient females for pregnancy and parturition
multiple ovulation and embryo transfer (MOET)
64
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breed that inhabit or originated from a particular area or region; also
called indigenous (or endemic)
```
native breed
65
method of selecting and using breeding animals,
consisting of a small number of elite (high performing) breeding animals in a nucleus,
or upper tier, and a large number of animals in a lower tier
nucleus breeding program
66
technique of letting the contents of ovarian
| follicles and the oocytes inside to mature in vitro (under laboratory conditions)
oocyte recovery and maturation
67
a more flexible type of nucleus breeding program
| that allows animals from the lower tiers to contribute progeny to the upper tiers.
open nucleus breeding scheme
68
mating of animals less closely related than the average of the group
to which they belong
outbreeding
69
mating of unrelated animals within a particular breed; a form of
outbreeding
outcrossing
70
record of an animal’s ancestral line or bloodline; also called ancestry or
family tree
pedigree
71
actual variation observed among animals for each trait of
| interest
phenotypic variation
72
approx. ½ American Hereford, ⅜ Indian Nellore, and ⅛ Philippine
native cattle from Lipa, Batangas
Philamin cattle
73
millions of copies of the DNA of interest are
| rapidly made from minute starting quantities of DNA
polymerase chain reaction (PCR) -
74
study of gene and genotypic frequencies within a population
and the prediction of these frequencies in subsequent generations; also called see
statistical genetics
population genetics
75
measurable traits that fall into clearly distinguishable categories;
also called categorical trait
qualitative traits
76
study of inheritance of quantitative characters that vary
| continuously
quantitative genetics
77
traits which do not fall into discrete categories but are measured
on a continuous scale
quantitative traits
78
percentage of replacement (or purchased) animals used in
livestock production systems with continuous turnover of breeding animals (usually
females)
replacement rate
79
number of offspring produced by a sire or dam in a year
reproductive rate
80
applied techniques used in vivo or in vitro to alter the
reproductive rate or the whole reproductive process; also called reproductive
biotechnologies or artificial breeding
reproductive technologies
81
process of choosing animals to be the parents of the next generation
selection
82
traits that can be
| improved corresponding to traits in the breeding objectives
selection criteria
83
relative measure of how much the average performance of
those individuals which are selected to be parents, will exceed the average of all
individuals in their generation
selection intensity
84
mating of animals belonging to different species (interspecific
cross) or different genus (inter-generic cross)
species hybridization
85
commercial crossbreeding program wherein the
| crossbred progeny never enters the breeding populations
terminal crossbreeding
86
line, breed or crossbreds that are selected for growth
| performance and used as sires in the terminal crossbreeding program
terminal sire line
87
breed that occur in more than one country or region
transboundary breed
88
Biochemical compound consisting of a CHAIN OF NUCLEOTIDES or polynucleotide
DNA
89
Nucleotide is consists of what?
phosphate, sugar, base
90
Four bases
PUAG
PUrines
Adenine and Guanine
91
alternative form of a gene
Allele
92
Individual carrying similar alleles
Homozygote
93
individual carrying different alleles
heterozygote
94
fails to express itself
recessive allele (b)
95
expresses itself completely or partially over the other allele
Dominant allele, A & B
96
reference for resemblance between parent & offspring
Heritability
97
Formula of heritability
Additive genetic/ phenotypic variance
98
Bases for selection
1. Physical characteristics
2. Individual performance
3. EBV
4. MAS, marker, gene
99
set of rules for making mating decisions
mating system
100
mating animals having similar phenotype
Positive Assortative Mating
101
mating animals having dissimilar phenotype
Negative assortative mating
102
Correct faults of parents on offspring
corrective mating
103
type of inbreeding which it increased the homozygosity & prepotency of offspirng
Inbreeding
104
sum of independent or additive effects of genes
| -genetic merit based on sum of genes
Breeding value
105
highly heritable
carcass quality
106
moderately heritable
growth, milk production
107
lowly heritable
fertility or reproduction
108
it is the same with independent gene effect
Additive genetic effects
109
dependent of interaction
| -expression of genes at one locus depends on gene combination
Dominance and epistasis
110
Different forms
| of the same gene are called
Allele
111
summing up of effects of alleles of
a gene and of effects of genes at different chromosome locations to make up
a trait.
Additive gene action
112
one allele overriding or dominating
| another at the same locus.
Dominance gene action
113
refers to the interaction of different genes so that
they tend to enhance each other or cancel each other out, rather than adding
together.
Epistatic gene action
114
-most important
for genetic improvement since it can be influenced by selection programs
-most of the genetic variation behind
most of the economically important traits in swine so it is the best place for us
to focus our efforts.
Additive gene action
115
- part of the cell
| - complete set of genetic instruction
Genome
116
-one pair of genes segregate independently of the other pairs
Law of Independent Assortment
117
What are the four bases of selection
1. Physical characteristics
2. Individual performance
3. EBV
4. MAS, marker, gene
118
-derived from phenotype without knowledge of the genes that affect traits of interest.
Estimated Breeding Value
119
True or false.
| Molecular genetic information is not affected by the environment
TRUE
120
correct faults of parents
corrective mating
121
causes certain genotypes to perform well under certain environments than other genotypes
Genotype and Environment Interaction (GxE)
122
technique when embryo is collected from donor parent and implanted into the uterus of recipient parent
embryo transfer
123
a 16-32 cell embryo is removed from donor and each cell is separated from each other
Nuclear transfer
124
- laboratory strategy for creating a viable embryo from a body cell and an egg cell
- nucleus of somatic cell is removed and transferred to an enucleated egg cell
somatic cell nuclear transfer
125
detecting DNA variants
genotyping
