Animal Science (Dairy Portion) Flashcards
Philippine dairy industry consists of two distinct sectors
- huge importing
2. processing sector
milk products and the small milk producing sector composed
- formal
2. informal groups
smallholder producers
1 to 10 head
smallholder producers with growing dairy herds
20 to about 75 head of milk animals
maintains farm, operating milk pasteurizing plant,
undertake marketing of milk in urban centers
producer-processors
procure raw milk from smallholders
producer-processors
Philippines’ milk producing sector may be characterized, on the whole, as a __________
smallholder-based sector
average milk production of cattle per day
12 liters/day
average milk production of carabao per day
4.5 liters/day
average milk production of goat per day
1 to 2 liters/day
top Philippine dairy export items in 2021
cream, ice drops/ice milk, and
condensed milk
conventional dairy breeds of cattle were developed mainly from
taurine
species
considered as milk cattle in Bos indicus breeds
Sahiwal and Red Sindhi
choosing cattle
breed adaptability and high salvage value
Sahiwal + Holstein-Friesian
Australian Friesian Sahiwal (AFS)
Domesticated cattle are normally classified into two major groups
- European or
temperate (Bos Taurus) and
2) Zebu (Bos indicus).
“the humped cattle”
Tropical dairy cattle breeds (Bos indicus)
characteristic of inferior breeding efficiency
Infertility or lowered fertility rate
Infertility or lowered fertility rate
animals that are not sterile but produce semen of lower quality
Spermatozoa are produced in the _____________ _____________of the testis
seminiferous tubules
pertains to estrous and menstrual cycles which provide females with repeated opportunities to become pregnant.
Reproductive cyclicity
used to identify a condition related to estrus.
Estrual
period of a milking cow is
305 days
This period allows mammary gland sufficient time to repair, recover, and acquire new cells, which allows maximum milk production for the following lactation.
50 to 60 day dry period
heifers must reach sexual maturity and become pregnant at __________
14 to 15 months of age to calve at 24 months of age
breeding should begin when the bodyweight of the heifers is around _____________
250 to 300 kg.
period between two successive parturitions.
Calving interval
proportion of cows open for more than 120 days should be less than ____________
10% of the herd
period between calving and
the time cows are allowed to be inseminated.
voluntary waiting period (VWP)
Complete uterine involution takes approximately _________
45 days
annual culling rate due to reproductive problems (e.g.,
fertility) should not be higher than
10%
_____ amd ______ were the top reasons
identified for cow mortality.
Mastitis and calving problems
The incidence of mastitis in the herd should be less than
5%.
Calving interval
12 to 13 months
Average days open
85 to 110 days
Average days open to 1st breeding (VWP)
45 to 60 days
synthesis, secretion and removal of milk from the mammary gland
Lactation
__________ are ingested by the
neonate and are transported unaltered into the cells of the gut mucosa to provide
immunity.
Immunoglobulins
Peak milk production occurs around weeks______ of lactation.
6 to 8 weeks
refers to the ability of the cow to maintain its milk production after reaching its peak.
Persistency
Allowing a period of rest will help the uterus to return to its normal size and condition after giving birth
uterine involution
preparation stage should last between
2-6 hours
Normal calving duration for heifer is
3 to 4 hours
the cow’s calving duration is
30 mins to 2 hours
Fetal membranes should be expelled within
8 to 12 hrs to avoid retained placenta
difficulty in calving
dystocia
stimulates the respiratory center in the brain.
Doxapram hydrochloride
On the 2nd and 8th milking, colostrum changes into
transitional milk
colustrum can be frozen at a temperature
temperature of -20 °C.
Thaw first and then warm to 45 °C
uses caustic soda or caustic potash which has corrosive properties to destroy the actively growing cells along the horn buttons.
Chemical disbudding
female cattle under two years old that has not yet given birth.
Heifers
Heifer herd can be grouped into three namely:
- growing animals (3 to 12 months),
- yearling heifers (12 months to breeding size),
- breedable heifers (breeding size to calving).
Separate female from male animals beginning __________ of age
6 months
caused by Pasteurella multocida, characterized by an acute, highly fatal septicemia (blood poisoning) with high morbidity and mortality.
Hemorrhagic septicaemia
produces a bald area along the surface of the skin due to the destruction of hair follicles.
fire branding
Liquid nitrogen (-196 °C) is used in this form of branding to create a mark on the skin.
Freeze Branding
complete absence of reproductive ability, describes animals
that cannot reproduce.
Sterility
Infertility or lowered fertility rate,
characteristic of inferior breeding
efficiency, describes animals that are not sterile but produce semen of lower quality
pertains to estrous and menstrual cycles which provide females with repeated opportunities to become pregnant.
Reproductive cyclicity
run from 18 to 24 days or an average of 21 days (heifers has a range of 20 ± 2 days while cows has 21 ± 4 days).
Estrous cycle
During this phase, the primary ovarian structures are growing dominant follicles that produce the primary reproductive hormone, estradiol.
Follicular Phase
During this phase, the primary ovarian structures are
The dominant ovarian structures during this phase are the corpora lutea (CL) and the primary reproductive hormone is progesterone.
Luteal Phase
estrus that the female displays a characteristic mating posture
lordosis
This is done by manually examining the reproductive tract of the cow particularly the ovaries, corpus luteum and uterus through the rectum
Rectal Palpation Method
