LECTURE A & B Flashcards
1
Q
Agriculture came from a latin word agricultura which _____ means a field and _______ means cultivation
A
ager- a field
cultura- cultivation
2
Q
basic human
need
A
Food
3
Q
elements to start agriculture
A
plants
man
environment
4
Q
encouragement of growth
A
Cultivation
5
Q
selection of particularly useful plants by
man
A
Domestication
6
Q
source of energy
A
Cereals
7
Q
source of proteins
A
Legumes
8
Q
Goals, are a universal call to action to end poverty, protect the planet and
ensure that all people enjoy peace and prosperity
A
Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) or Global Goals
9
Q
any of several brassicas (as broccoli, kale, brussels sprouts, cabbage, cauliflower, and kohlrabi) derived from the same wild cabbage (Brassica oleracea
A
crucifers
10
Q
refers to
the plants whose
fruit is enclosed in
a pod.
A
Legumes
11
Q
refers only
to the dried seed
A
pulse
12
Q
erect
perennial leafy-
stemmed bulbous
herbs
A
Lilies
13
Q
fast-growing crops grown simultaneously with or growing crops
A
catch
14
Q
provide ground cover to
improve soil properties,
A
cover
15
Q
incorporated
into the soil to improve soil fertility
A
green manure
16
Q
a crop planted in proximity to another due
to the benefits it confer to the other plant (insect repelling
qualities)
A
Companion
17
Q
a plant grown to protect the main crop from biotic
and abiotic factors
A
Trap
18
Q
forage crops which are cut when green and
succulent and are fed to livestock without curing
A
Soilage
19
Q
crops harvested, processed and stored in
succulent condition for feeds to livestock
A
Silage
20
Q
A discipline dealing with the scientific approaches to improve the quality of crops and their management for more economical production
A
crop science
21
Q
two branches of crops science
A
agronomy & horticulture
22
Q
Deals with the principles and practices of
managing field crops and soils
A
agronomy
23
Q
AGRONOMY comes from the Greek word ‘agros ’ meaning _____
‘nomos ’ _________
A
field
to manage
24
Q
Horticulture comes from Latin words ‘hortus ’ ______, derived from the Anglo saxon word gyrdan (to enclose) and
‘colere ’ ________
A
garden
to cultivate
25
implies a more intensive cultivation of crops as contrasted
| to the extensive cultivation of field crops
horticulture
26
Study of parts and functions in organisms
Physiology
27
produce their own food (glucose) through
| photosynthesis
Autotrophs
28
-small molecules combined
anabolic
29
-stores CHEMICAL energy
endergonic
30
The chloroplast has TWO
| membranes
bi-layer
31
______ are sub organelles
| where PS takes place
Thylakoids
32
The ______ is the space
| surrounding the grana
stroma
33
stack of thylakoids
granum/ grana
34
Photosynthesis is most efficient in the ___ range (425 450 nm)
and ____ range (600 700 nm)
blue & red
35
clusters of thylakoid membranes (with
| chlorophyll pigments) that harvest light energy
photosystem
36
________ produce energy and
| reducing power that will be used in the Calvin cycle
Light (dependent) reactions
37
There are 3 major reactions in the Calvin Cycle
1. fixation or carboxylation reaction
2. reduction. conversion of sugar to different forms
3. regeneration. use of energy to regenerate RUBP
38
is a process wherein Rubisco acts as an oxygenase to produce 1 molecule of 3 PG and 1 molecule of CO
Photorespiration
39
TWO STAGES OF PHOTSYTHESIS
Light Dependent Reactions & Light Independent Reactions/Calvin Cycle
40
occur inside the thylakoid within the chloroplast
Light Dependent Reactions
41
occur in the stroma of the chloroplast
Calvin Cycle
42
The enzymatic breakdown of glucose in the
presence of oxygen to produce cellular energy or
ATP
Respiration or dark respiration
43
The main product of respiration is _____, the energy
currency that is required for cellular and
metabolic processes in the plant
ATP
44
THREE
| Stages of Dark Respiration
1. Glycolysis 2
2. Kreb’s cycle, also known as: 2
a) Tricarboxylic acid cycle
b) Citric acid cycle
3. Electron transport system (ETS) 32
45
•Process where water moves in liquid form in plants, and
released in vapor form through aerial parts, but mostly in
leaves, to the atmosphere
-energy dependent process
TRANSPIRATION
46
Importance of ________
1. Keeps cells ______
2. Maintains ______ ____ _____ for the transport of nutrients absorbed by the roots from the soil
3. ______ the plant
Transpiration
1. hydrated
2. favorable turgor pressure
3. Cools
47
❑Loss of water through cuticle
| ❑5-10% of the water loss
Cuticular transpiration
48
❑Lenticels-pores in the outer layer of a woody plant stem
❑In deciduous species (trees which sheds off leaves) and in some fruits, water loss through lenticels may be quite substantial.
Lenticular transpiration
49
❑Through the stomata
| ❑As much as 90% of the water lost from plants.
❑Stomatal transpiration
50
actual water vapor in the air: water vapor pressure in leaf
Relative humidity (RH) (%)
51
Actual water vapor pressure at saturation at the same temperature
Vapor pressure deficit (VPD) ( pascal (Pa))
52
water moves through non living parts,
| e.g. capillary spaces of the cell walls and intercellular spaces
Extracellular or apoplastic route
53
1) symplastic pathway- plasmodesmata
2) transmembrane or transcellular pathway-
vacuolar membrane (tonoplast)
and the plasma membranes
Intracellular route
54
Movement of water from root xylem to leaf xylem
transpiration cohesion adhesion theory
55
movement of assimilates ( sugars and other
chemicals) from the leaf through the phloem to other
areas for storage, utilization and consumption by the
plant
TRANSLOCATION
56
Why need a
transport system
in plants?
```
so that cells deep within
the plant tissues can
receive the nutrients they
need for cell processes
•In fact:
•roots can obtain water,
but not sugar,
•leaves can produce sugar,
but can’t get water from the
air
```
57
True of false.
| Sugars required for metabolism not all the time, but in all tissues
False
Sugars required for metabolism
all the time, in all tissues
58
Sugars produced only
by source tissues
| –in light period
59
Translocation occurs
–source to sink over short term
–from storage tissues to young
tissues over long term
60
The channeling of fixed carbon into various metabolic pathways within an organ or tissue
ALLOCATION
61
DISTRIBUTION of assimilates to competing sinks
PARTITIONING
62
True or false.
| Animals have chloroplast
False
63
act like a light “antenna” and
| absorb energy from sunlight
Chlorophyll molecules
64
____ molecule of CO2 fixed (or used to make glucose)= uses ___ATP and ___ NADPH
1,3,2
65
Meaning of Rubisco
Ribulose 1,5 bisphospate carboxylase/oxygenase
66
is the major enzyme involved in the
| fixation or carboxylation in the Calvin cycle.
Rubisco
67
it is common under tropical conditions, where high temp increase oxygen
Photorespiration
68
Rate of photorespiration is
| stimulated by four factors:
1) high light levels,
2) high O levels,
3) low CO2 levels and
4) high temperatures
69
because the first stable intermediate has three carbons (enter directly the Calvin cycle)
C3 plants
70
Examples of C3 plants
rice, wheat and soybeans
71
-first incorporate carbon dioxide into four carbon compounds before the Calvin cycle
C4 plants
72
This pathway is adaptive, because it enhances carbon fixation under conditions that
favor photorespiration, such as hot, arid environments .
C4 plants
73
True or false.
C4 pathway or Hatch
Slack Pathway photosynthetic reactions occur in separate cells (mesophyll and bundle sheath cells)
TRUE
74
in C4 plants have an additional enzyme which is:
phosphoenol pyruvate carboxylase (PEP
75
True or false.
Not all plants have both the light
dependent and light independent
(Calvin cycle) reactions
False
All plants have both the light
dependent and light independent
(Calvin cycle) reactions
76
-Light and dark reactions are separated in time (temporal separation)
CAM pathway
77
glucose is utilized in the presence of oxygen
| and broken down to carbon dioxide, water and energy
respiration
78
This process transforms chemical energy to heat energy
Respiration
79
Two Components of Respiration
1. Growth Respiration (Rg)
| 2. Maintenance Respiration (Rm)
80
Energy for converting products of photosynthesis into plant material
1. Growth Respiration
81
Energy comes from protein breakdown and respiratory processes to produce CO2
2. Maintenance Respiration
82
is the transport of water and nutrients from soil thru roots and xylem
TRANSPIRATION
83
- is principal photosynthetic product
- important storage sugar
- major form for translocation of carbon
Sucrose
84
: a part of the
plant that releases sucrose to
the phloem e.g. leaf
From Source
85
: a part of the plant that
removes sucrose from the
phloem e.g. root
To Sink
86
Plants are capable of making all necessary organic
compounds from inorganic compounds and
elements in the environment
autotrophic
87
Plants are required to obtain all other elements from
| the soil so in a sense plants act as
soil miners
88
•any substance that can be metabolized by an
organism to give energy and build tissue
•growth and development
•source of nourishment, especially a nourishing
ingredient in a food
•providing nourishment
Nutrient
89
important components of biomolecules (e.g. N, P, Ca, Mg, S)
Structural
90
as co factor of enzymes (e.g. most micronutrients)
Catalytic
91
regulation of cellular hydration (e.g. K)
Osmotic
92
-Nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, sulfur,
magnesium, oxygen, carbon, hydrogen
-These are examples of ________
Macronutrients:
93
Iron, boron, copper, zinc, manganese, molybdenum,
chloride
-These are examples of ________
Micronutrients
94
True or false.
-plants take up only
nutrients in IONIC
FORM
True
95
True or false
| Silicon, sodium, cobalt, and selenium are examples of beneficial elements
True
96
physical loss and displacement of the fertile topsoil
Soil erosion
97
Root growth favors a pH
| of ________
5.5 to 6.5
98
it occur when the concentration
| of a nutrient decreases below its typical range
Mineral nutrient deficiencies
99
or yellowing of the leaves due to chlorophyll degradation
| -nitrogen and magnesium applied
Chlorosis (uniform or interveinal)
100
or death of leaf tissue
Necrosis (tip, marginal, or interveinal)
101
which may result in death of terminal or axillary buds and leaves, dieback, or resetting
Lack of new growth
102
resulting in reddish coloration of leaf tissues
Accumulation of anthocyanin
103
with green, off green, or yellow color
Stunted leaf growth
104
Nutrients are redistributed via
| movement through the __________
phloem
105
If the deficiency is seen in old
| leaves = nutrient is _______
mobile
106
If the deficiency is seen in young
| leaves =nutrient is fixed or _______
immobile
