LECTURE A & B Flashcards
Agriculture came from a latin word agricultura which _____ means a field and _______ means cultivation
ager- a field
cultura- cultivation
basic human
need
Food
elements to start agriculture
plants
man
environment
encouragement of growth
Cultivation
selection of particularly useful plants by
man
Domestication
source of energy
Cereals
source of proteins
Legumes
Goals, are a universal call to action to end poverty, protect the planet and
ensure that all people enjoy peace and prosperity
Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) or Global Goals
any of several brassicas (as broccoli, kale, brussels sprouts, cabbage, cauliflower, and kohlrabi) derived from the same wild cabbage (Brassica oleracea
crucifers
refers to
the plants whose
fruit is enclosed in
a pod.
Legumes
refers only
to the dried seed
pulse
erect
perennial leafy-
stemmed bulbous
herbs
Lilies
fast-growing crops grown simultaneously with or growing crops
catch
provide ground cover to
improve soil properties,
cover
incorporated
into the soil to improve soil fertility
green manure
a crop planted in proximity to another due
to the benefits it confer to the other plant (insect repelling
qualities)
Companion
a plant grown to protect the main crop from biotic
and abiotic factors
Trap
forage crops which are cut when green and
succulent and are fed to livestock without curing
Soilage
crops harvested, processed and stored in
succulent condition for feeds to livestock
Silage
A discipline dealing with the scientific approaches to improve the quality of crops and their management for more economical production
crop science
two branches of crops science
agronomy & horticulture
Deals with the principles and practices of
managing field crops and soils
agronomy
AGRONOMY comes from the Greek word ‘agros ’ meaning _____
‘nomos ’ _________
field
to manage
Horticulture comes from Latin words ‘hortus ’ ______, derived from the Anglo saxon word gyrdan (to enclose) and
‘colere ’ ________
garden
to cultivate
implies a more intensive cultivation of crops as contrasted
to the extensive cultivation of field crops
horticulture
Study of parts and functions in organisms
Physiology
produce their own food (glucose) through
photosynthesis
Autotrophs
-small molecules combined
anabolic
-stores CHEMICAL energy
endergonic
The chloroplast has TWO
membranes
bi-layer
______ are sub organelles
where PS takes place
Thylakoids
The ______ is the space
surrounding the grana
stroma
stack of thylakoids
granum/ grana
Photosynthesis is most efficient in the ___ range (425 450 nm)
and ____ range (600 700 nm)
blue & red
clusters of thylakoid membranes (with
chlorophyll pigments) that harvest light energy
photosystem
________ produce energy and
reducing power that will be used in the Calvin cycle
Light (dependent) reactions
There are 3 major reactions in the Calvin Cycle
- fixation or carboxylation reaction
- reduction. conversion of sugar to different forms
- regeneration. use of energy to regenerate RUBP
is a process wherein Rubisco acts as an oxygenase to produce 1 molecule of 3 PG and 1 molecule of CO
Photorespiration
TWO STAGES OF PHOTSYTHESIS
Light Dependent Reactions & Light Independent Reactions/Calvin Cycle
occur inside the thylakoid within the chloroplast
Light Dependent Reactions
occur in the stroma of the chloroplast
Calvin Cycle
The enzymatic breakdown of glucose in the
presence of oxygen to produce cellular energy or
ATP
Respiration or dark respiration
The main product of respiration is _____, the energy
currency that is required for cellular and
metabolic processes in the plant
ATP
THREE
Stages of Dark Respiration
- Glycolysis 2
- Kreb’s cycle, also known as: 2
a) Tricarboxylic acid cycle
b) Citric acid cycle - Electron transport system (ETS) 32
•Process where water moves in liquid form in plants, and
released in vapor form through aerial parts, but mostly in
leaves, to the atmosphere
-energy dependent process
TRANSPIRATION
Importance of ________
- Keeps cells ______
- Maintains ______ ____ _____ for the transport of nutrients absorbed by the roots from the soil
- ______ the plant
Transpiration
- hydrated
- favorable turgor pressure
- Cools
❑Loss of water through cuticle
❑5-10% of the water loss
Cuticular transpiration
❑Lenticels-pores in the outer layer of a woody plant stem
❑In deciduous species (trees which sheds off leaves) and in some fruits, water loss through lenticels may be quite substantial.
Lenticular transpiration
❑Through the stomata
❑As much as 90% of the water lost from plants.
❑Stomatal transpiration
actual water vapor in the air: water vapor pressure in leaf
Relative humidity (RH) (%)
Actual water vapor pressure at saturation at the same temperature
Vapor pressure deficit (VPD) ( pascal (Pa))
water moves through non living parts,
e.g. capillary spaces of the cell walls and intercellular spaces
Extracellular or apoplastic route
1) symplastic pathway- plasmodesmata
2) transmembrane or transcellular pathway-
vacuolar membrane (tonoplast)
and the plasma membranes
Intracellular route
Movement of water from root xylem to leaf xylem
transpiration cohesion adhesion theory
movement of assimilates ( sugars and other
chemicals) from the leaf through the phloem to other
areas for storage, utilization and consumption by the
plant
TRANSLOCATION
Why need a
transport system
in plants?
so that cells deep within the plant tissues can receive the nutrients they need for cell processes •In fact: •roots can obtain water, but not sugar, •leaves can produce sugar, but can’t get water from the air
True of false.
Sugars required for metabolism not all the time, but in all tissues
False
Sugars required for metabolism
all the time, in all tissues
Sugars produced only
by source tissues
–in light period
Translocation occurs
–source to sink over short term
–from storage tissues to young
tissues over long term
The channeling of fixed carbon into various metabolic pathways within an organ or tissue
ALLOCATION
DISTRIBUTION of assimilates to competing sinks
PARTITIONING
True or false.
Animals have chloroplast
False
act like a light “antenna” and
absorb energy from sunlight
Chlorophyll molecules
____ molecule of CO2 fixed (or used to make glucose)= uses ___ATP and ___ NADPH
1,3,2
Meaning of Rubisco
Ribulose 1,5 bisphospate carboxylase/oxygenase
is the major enzyme involved in the
fixation or carboxylation in the Calvin cycle.
Rubisco
it is common under tropical conditions, where high temp increase oxygen
Photorespiration
Rate of photorespiration is
stimulated by four factors:
1) high light levels,
2) high O levels,
3) low CO2 levels and
4) high temperatures
because the first stable intermediate has three carbons (enter directly the Calvin cycle)
C3 plants
Examples of C3 plants
rice, wheat and soybeans
-first incorporate carbon dioxide into four carbon compounds before the Calvin cycle
C4 plants
This pathway is adaptive, because it enhances carbon fixation under conditions that
favor photorespiration, such as hot, arid environments .
C4 plants
True or false.
C4 pathway or Hatch
Slack Pathway photosynthetic reactions occur in separate cells (mesophyll and bundle sheath cells)
TRUE
in C4 plants have an additional enzyme which is:
phosphoenol pyruvate carboxylase (PEP
True or false.
Not all plants have both the light
dependent and light independent
(Calvin cycle) reactions
False
All plants have both the light
dependent and light independent
(Calvin cycle) reactions
-Light and dark reactions are separated in time (temporal separation)
CAM pathway
glucose is utilized in the presence of oxygen
and broken down to carbon dioxide, water and energy
respiration
This process transforms chemical energy to heat energy
Respiration
Two Components of Respiration
- Growth Respiration (Rg)
2. Maintenance Respiration (Rm)
Energy for converting products of photosynthesis into plant material
- Growth Respiration
Energy comes from protein breakdown and respiratory processes to produce CO2
- Maintenance Respiration
is the transport of water and nutrients from soil thru roots and xylem
TRANSPIRATION
- is principal photosynthetic product
- important storage sugar
- major form for translocation of carbon
Sucrose
: a part of the
plant that releases sucrose to
the phloem e.g. leaf
From Source
: a part of the plant that
removes sucrose from the
phloem e.g. root
To Sink
Plants are capable of making all necessary organic
compounds from inorganic compounds and
elements in the environment
autotrophic
Plants are required to obtain all other elements from
the soil so in a sense plants act as
soil miners
•any substance that can be metabolized by an
organism to give energy and build tissue
•growth and development
•source of nourishment, especially a nourishing
ingredient in a food
•providing nourishment
Nutrient
important components of biomolecules (e.g. N, P, Ca, Mg, S)
Structural
as co factor of enzymes (e.g. most micronutrients)
Catalytic
regulation of cellular hydration (e.g. K)
Osmotic
-Nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, sulfur,
magnesium, oxygen, carbon, hydrogen
-These are examples of ________
Macronutrients:
Iron, boron, copper, zinc, manganese, molybdenum,
chloride
-These are examples of ________
Micronutrients
True or false.
-plants take up only
nutrients in IONIC
FORM
True
True or false
Silicon, sodium, cobalt, and selenium are examples of beneficial elements
True
physical loss and displacement of the fertile topsoil
Soil erosion
Root growth favors a pH
of ________
5.5 to 6.5
it occur when the concentration
of a nutrient decreases below its typical range
Mineral nutrient deficiencies
or yellowing of the leaves due to chlorophyll degradation
-nitrogen and magnesium applied
Chlorosis (uniform or interveinal)
or death of leaf tissue
Necrosis (tip, marginal, or interveinal)
which may result in death of terminal or axillary buds and leaves, dieback, or resetting
Lack of new growth
resulting in reddish coloration of leaf tissues
Accumulation of anthocyanin
with green, off green, or yellow color
Stunted leaf growth
Nutrients are redistributed via
movement through the __________
phloem
If the deficiency is seen in old
leaves = nutrient is _______
mobile
If the deficiency is seen in young
leaves =nutrient is fixed or _______
immobile
