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Animal Science > LECTURE A & B > Flashcards

LECTURE A & B Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Agriculture came from a latin word agricultura which _____ means a field and _______ means cultivation

A

ager- a field

cultura- cultivation

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2
Q

basic human

need

A

Food

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3
Q

elements to start agriculture

A

plants
man
environment

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4
Q

encouragement of growth

A

Cultivation

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5
Q

selection of particularly useful plants by

man

A

Domestication

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6
Q

source of energy

A

Cereals

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7
Q

source of proteins

A

Legumes

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8
Q

Goals, are a universal call to action to end poverty, protect the planet and
ensure that all people enjoy peace and prosperity

A

Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) or Global Goals

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9
Q 
any of several
brassicas (as broccoli,
kale, brussels sprouts,
cabbage, cauliflower,
and kohlrabi) derived
from the same wild
cabbage (Brassica
oleracea
A

crucifers

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10
Q

refers to
the plants whose
fruit is enclosed in
a pod.

A

Legumes

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11
Q

refers only

to the dried seed

A

pulse

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12
Q

erect
perennial leafy-
stemmed bulbous
herbs

A

Lilies

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13
Q

fast-growing crops grown simultaneously with or growing crops

A

catch

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14
Q

provide ground cover to

improve soil properties,

A

cover

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15
Q

incorporated

into the soil to improve soil fertility

A

green manure

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16
Q

a crop planted in proximity to another due
to the benefits it confer to the other plant (insect repelling
qualities)

A

Companion

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17
Q

a plant grown to protect the main crop from biotic

and abiotic factors

A

Trap

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18
Q

forage crops which are cut when green and

succulent and are fed to livestock without curing

A

Soilage

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19
Q

crops harvested, processed and stored in

succulent condition for feeds to livestock

A

Silage

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20
Q 
A
discipline dealing with the
scientific approaches to
improve the quality of crops and
their management for
more economical production
A

crop science

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21
Q

two branches of crops science

A

agronomy & horticulture

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22
Q

Deals with the principles and practices of

managing field crops and soils

A

agronomy

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23
Q

AGRONOMY comes from the Greek word ‘agros ’ meaning _____

‘nomos ’ _________

A

field

to manage

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24
Q

Horticulture comes from Latin words ‘hortus ’ ______, derived from the Anglo saxon word gyrdan (to enclose) and
‘colere ’ ________

A

garden

to cultivate

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25
Q

implies a more intensive cultivation of crops as contrasted

to the extensive cultivation of field crops

A

horticulture

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26
Q

Study of parts and functions in organisms

A

Physiology

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27
Q

produce their own food (glucose) through

photosynthesis

A

Autotrophs

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28
Q

-small molecules combined

A

anabolic

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29
Q

-stores CHEMICAL energy

A

endergonic

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30
Q

The chloroplast has TWO

membranes

A

bi-layer

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31
Q

______ are sub organelles

where PS takes place

A

Thylakoids

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32
Q

The ______ is the space

surrounding the grana

A

stroma

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33
Q

stack of thylakoids

A

granum/ grana

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34
Q

Photosynthesis is most efficient in the ___ range (425 450 nm)
and ____ range (600 700 nm)

A

blue & red

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35
Q

clusters of thylakoid membranes (with

chlorophyll pigments) that harvest light energy

A

photosystem

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36
Q

________ produce energy and

reducing power that will be used in the Calvin cycle

A

Light (dependent) reactions

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37
Q

There are 3 major reactions in the Calvin Cycle

A
  1. fixation or carboxylation reaction
  2. reduction. conversion of sugar to different forms
  3. regeneration. use of energy to regenerate RUBP
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38
Q

is a process wherein Rubisco acts as an oxygenase to produce 1 molecule of 3 PG and 1 molecule of CO

A

Photorespiration

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39
Q

TWO STAGES OF PHOTSYTHESIS

A

Light Dependent Reactions & Light Independent Reactions/Calvin Cycle

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40
Q

occur inside the thylakoid within the chloroplast

A

Light Dependent Reactions

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41
Q

occur in the stroma of the chloroplast

A

Calvin Cycle

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42
Q

The enzymatic breakdown of glucose in the
presence of oxygen to produce cellular energy or
ATP

A

Respiration or dark respiration

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43
Q

The main product of respiration is _____, the energy
currency that is required for cellular and
metabolic processes in the plant

A

ATP

44
Q

THREE

Stages of Dark Respiration

A
  1. Glycolysis 2
  2. Kreb’s cycle, also known as: 2
    a) Tricarboxylic acid cycle
    b) Citric acid cycle
  3. Electron transport system (ETS) 32
45
Q

•Process where water moves in liquid form in plants, and
released in vapor form through aerial parts, but mostly in
leaves, to the atmosphere
-energy dependent process

A

TRANSPIRATION

46
Q

Importance of ________

  1. Keeps cells ______
  2. Maintains ______ ____ _____ for the transport of nutrients absorbed by the roots from the soil
  3. ______ the plant
A

Transpiration

  1. hydrated
  2. favorable turgor pressure
  3. Cools
47
Q

❑Loss of water through cuticle

❑5-10% of the water loss

A

Cuticular transpiration

48
Q

❑Lenticels-pores in the outer layer of a woody plant stem
❑In deciduous species (trees which sheds off leaves) and in some fruits, water loss through lenticels may be quite substantial.

A

Lenticular transpiration

49
Q

❑Through the stomata

❑As much as 90% of the water lost from plants.

A

❑Stomatal transpiration

50
Q

actual water vapor in the air: water vapor pressure in leaf

A

Relative humidity (RH) (%)

51
Q

Actual water vapor pressure at saturation at the same temperature

A

Vapor pressure deficit (VPD) ( pascal (Pa))

52
Q

water moves through non living parts,

e.g. capillary spaces of the cell walls and intercellular spaces

A

Extracellular or apoplastic route

53
Q

1) symplastic pathway- plasmodesmata
2) transmembrane or transcellular pathway-
vacuolar membrane (tonoplast)
and the plasma membranes

A

Intracellular route

54
Q

Movement of water from root xylem to leaf xylem

A

transpiration cohesion adhesion theory

55
Q

movement of assimilates ( sugars and other
chemicals) from the leaf through the phloem to other
areas for storage, utilization and consumption by the
plant

A

TRANSLOCATION

56
Q

Why need a
transport system
in plants?

A 
so that cells deep within
the plant tissues can
receive the nutrients they
need for cell processes
•In fact:
•roots can obtain water,
but not sugar,
•leaves can produce sugar,
but can’t get water from the
air
57
Q

True of false.

Sugars required for metabolism not all the time, but in all tissues

A

False
Sugars required for metabolism
all the time, in all tissues

58
Q

Sugars produced only

A

by source tissues

–in light period

59
Q

Translocation occurs

A

–source to sink over short term
–from storage tissues to young
tissues over long term

60
Q

The channeling of fixed carbon into various metabolic pathways within an organ or tissue

A

ALLOCATION

61
Q

DISTRIBUTION of assimilates to competing sinks

A

PARTITIONING

62
Q

True or false.

Animals have chloroplast

A

False

63
Q

act like a light “antenna” and

absorb energy from sunlight

A

Chlorophyll molecules

64
Q

____ molecule of CO2 fixed (or used to make glucose)= uses ___ATP and ___ NADPH

A

1,3,2

65
Q

Meaning of Rubisco

A

Ribulose 1,5 bisphospate carboxylase/oxygenase

66
Q

is the major enzyme involved in the

fixation or carboxylation in the Calvin cycle.

A

Rubisco

67
Q

it is common under tropical conditions, where high temp increase oxygen

A

Photorespiration

68
Q

Rate of photorespiration is

stimulated by four factors:

A

1) high light levels,
2) high O levels,
3) low CO2 levels and
4) high temperatures

69
Q

because the first stable intermediate has three carbons (enter directly the Calvin cycle)

A

C3 plants

70
Q

Examples of C3 plants

A

rice, wheat and soybeans

71
Q

-first incorporate carbon dioxide into four carbon compounds before the Calvin cycle

A

C4 plants

72
Q

This pathway is adaptive, because it enhances carbon fixation under conditions that
favor photorespiration, such as hot, arid environments .

A

C4 plants

73
Q

True or false.
C4 pathway or Hatch
Slack Pathway photosynthetic reactions occur in separate cells (mesophyll and bundle sheath cells)

A

TRUE

74
Q

in C4 plants have an additional enzyme which is:

A

phosphoenol pyruvate carboxylase (PEP

75
Q

True or false.
Not all plants have both the light
dependent and light independent
(Calvin cycle) reactions

A

False
All plants have both the light
dependent and light independent
(Calvin cycle) reactions

76
Q

-Light and dark reactions are separated in time (temporal separation)

A

CAM pathway

77
Q

glucose is utilized in the presence of oxygen

and broken down to carbon dioxide, water and energy

A

respiration

78
Q

This process transforms chemical energy to heat energy

A

Respiration

79
Q

Two Components of Respiration

A
  1. Growth Respiration (Rg)

2. Maintenance Respiration (Rm)

80
Q

Energy for converting products of photosynthesis into plant material

A
  1. Growth Respiration
81
Q

Energy comes from protein breakdown and respiratory processes to produce CO2

A
  1. Maintenance Respiration
82
Q

is the transport of water and nutrients from soil thru roots and xylem

A

TRANSPIRATION

83
Q
  • is principal photosynthetic product
  • important storage sugar
  • major form for translocation of carbon
A

Sucrose

84
Q

: a part of the
plant that releases sucrose to
the phloem e.g. leaf

A

From Source

85
Q

: a part of the plant that
removes sucrose from the
phloem e.g. root

A

To Sink

86
Q

Plants are capable of making all necessary organic
compounds from inorganic compounds and
elements in the environment

A

autotrophic

87
Q

Plants are required to obtain all other elements from

the soil so in a sense plants act as

A

soil miners

88
Q

•any substance that can be metabolized by an
organism to give energy and build tissue
•growth and development
•source of nourishment, especially a nourishing
ingredient in a food
•providing nourishment

A

Nutrient

89
Q

important components of biomolecules (e.g. N, P, Ca, Mg, S)

A

Structural

90
Q

as co factor of enzymes (e.g. most micronutrients)

A

Catalytic

91
Q

regulation of cellular hydration (e.g. K)

A

Osmotic

92
Q

-Nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, sulfur,
magnesium, oxygen, carbon, hydrogen
-These are examples of ________

A

Macronutrients:

93
Q

Iron, boron, copper, zinc, manganese, molybdenum,
chloride
-These are examples of ________

A

Micronutrients

94
Q

True or false.
-plants take up only
nutrients in IONIC
FORM

A

True

95
Q

True or false

Silicon, sodium, cobalt, and selenium are examples of beneficial elements

A

True

96
Q

physical loss and displacement of the fertile topsoil

A

Soil erosion

97
Q

Root growth favors a pH

of ________

A

5.5 to 6.5

98
Q

it occur when the concentration

of a nutrient decreases below its typical range

A

Mineral nutrient deficiencies

99
Q

or yellowing of the leaves due to chlorophyll degradation

-nitrogen and magnesium applied

A

Chlorosis (uniform or interveinal)

100
Q

or death of leaf tissue

A

Necrosis (tip, marginal, or interveinal)

101
Q

which may result in death of terminal or axillary buds and leaves, dieback, or resetting

A

Lack of new growth

102
Q

resulting in reddish coloration of leaf tissues

A

Accumulation of anthocyanin

103
Q

with green, off green, or yellow color

A

Stunted leaf growth

104
Q

Nutrients are redistributed via

movement through the __________

A

phloem

105
Q

If the deficiency is seen in old

leaves = nutrient is _______

A

mobile

106
Q

If the deficiency is seen in young

leaves =nutrient is fixed or _______

A

immobile

Animal Science (20 decks)

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