Animal Breeding Lab Flashcards
improvement of animals by changing
their genetic abilities for economically important traits such as the quantity,
quality, efficiency, and value of their products.
Animal breeding
specification of the
traits to be improved including the emphasis given to each trait; it gives the direction in which we want to improve the population.
breeding goal or objective
systematic
measurement of various indicators of animal performance and the use of that information in decision-making process.
Animal Performance Recording (APR)
core component of any animal recording system;
all animals measured
and recorded should be identifiable.
Animal identification system (AIS)
Classification of Breeds based on Origin
- Native or indigenous
- Exotic or introduced
Classification of Breeds based on Geographical Availability
- Local
- Transboundary
A distinguishing characteristic or a particular feature, typically belonging to an individual,
Trait
Classification of Quantitative Traits
- reproduction
- production
- product quality
- type and conformation
- adaptation and robustness
determine the
number and viability of the progenies
Reproduction Traits
performance of
the animal in productive terms but must be defined as to
the period of time involved;
Production Traits
affects the acceptability and economic value of the animal product.
Product Quality Traits
aesthetic nature where personal preference is important with/without bearing on animal performance.
Type and Conformation Traits
animal more fit under the conditions of its
environment.
Adaptation and Robustness traits
described by a mean (x) and measures of variation. To describe the variation, sample standard deviation (σ), sample variance (σ2) and coefficient of variation (CV) can be used.
Population Measures
_______ usually refers to the
differences among animals within a population and it is the source
of genetic improvement.
variation
standard deviation by the mean. It is useful for comparing the degree of variation from one trait to another, even if the units are different.
Coefficient of Variation
process in which some individuals are chosen over
others as parents of the next generation.
Selection
-form of outbreeding
-mating of animals
belonging to different genetic groups.
crossbreeding
performance of the crossbred
offspring is better than the average of the parental breeds
hybrid vigor
or heterosis.
Improvement of
performance due to mating systems depend on ______ or _______ of the animals in the breeding population.
heterozygosity or
homozygosity
adjusting animal performance records based on known environmental, non-genetic (e.g., age) factors to avoid computational biases.
-used in selection.
Standardization of Animal Performance Records
The best method for selecting for more than one trait is
selection index
Strategies for mating animals selected to be parents is called
Mating Systems
genotype or performance of ancestors
and/or collateral relatives of an individual
Pedigree
depends on gene combination / interaction
Non-additive gene action
independent effect of each gene
-half can be
transmitted to the next generation.
additive
gene action
measure of the level of inbreeding in
an individual.
Inbreeding coefficient (FX)
less closely related than
the average of population form
Outbreeding
-most common type of outbreeding
-takes advantage of
heterosis and breed complementarity.
Crossbreeding
a breed that excels in maternal traits
Maternal breed
trait especially important in breeding females
-Examples include fertility, freedom from dystocia, milk production, mothering ability, and other reproductive traits.
Maternal traits
a breed that excels in paternal traits
Paternal breed
a traits especially important in market offspring. Examples are growth and production traits, and meat quality traits.
Paternal traits
two breeds to produce a crossbred
progeny with a breed composition
Two-breed crossing
crossing the female progeny of a two-breed
crossing with one of the parent purebreds.
Backcrossing
two-breed cross female is mated to
another purebred producing a progeny with a breed composition
Three-breed crossing
this crossing utilizes four breeds, and the breeder may develop two specialized crosses: one line is specialized in paternal traits while the other line is specialized in maternal traits.
Four-breed crossing (Topcrossing)
- amount of genetic progress
- depends upon heritability, selection differential and generation interval
Response to Selection
refer to the portion of the phenotypic differences
that is due to genetics. For
Heritability estimates
measured superiority of the selected
animals over the average of the population.
Selection differential
age of the parents when their
offspring are born.
Generation interval
- increase the reproductive rate of the animal
- alternative to natural mating to produce offspring
Reproductive Biotechnologies
-candidate genes or regions
in the genome associated with animal productivity
-DNA segments
Molecular Genetic Technologies
all possible
information available can be used to predict the breeding value of
the animal with high accuracy
Advances in Statistics, Biocomputing and Computer Science
this is a technology in transgenics, whereby the pronucleus of a newly fertilized egg in injected with a foreign DNA.
Pronuclear microinjection
which is
scattered in the whole genome, making it possible to get the
“genotype” of the whole genome
High density SNP genotyping
utilizes a hormonal treatment to enable the female to ovulate
several ova than it usually does
Multiple ovulation and embryo transfer (MOET)
