Animal Nutrition Lecture Exam Flashcards
1
Q
- deals with the transformation of nutrients from the diet into component of body tissues
A
Nutrition
2
Q
In _______ concept,
Nutrition is the biggest factor that affects the genetics of animals and prolific phenotype and traits specially in dealing with economically important traits
A
breeding
3
Q
any feed constituent or a group of feed constituents of the same general composition that aids in the support of life.
A
NUTRIENTS
4
Q
According to _____, _____
NUTRIENTS – substances that, when taken into the digestive system, are digested, absorbed and utilized to sustain animal processes
A
Roxas, 2006
5
Q
According to _____, _____
NUTRIENT is essential for one or more species of animals
A
Cheeke, 1999
6
Q
used for energy production (ATP)
A
MACRONUTRIENTS
7
Q
not preferred for energy source because of certain
negative effects
A
proteins
8
Q
most efficient energy source (coconut oil)
A
lipids
9
Q
-need trace amounts in the diet
A
MICRONUTRIENTS
10
Q
What are the 6 nutrients?
A
Carbohydrates, protein, lipids, minerals, water, vitamins
11
Q
– preparatory step prior to absorption
A
DIGESTION
12
Q
What are under the Mechanical Processes
A
a. mastication
b. muscular contractions of GIT
13
Q
What are under the chemical processes?
A
- Acid hydrolysis
- enzyme hydrolysis
14
Q
Transfer of substance from gastro-intestinal tract (GIT)
to the circulatory (blood or lymph) system
A
Absorption
15
Q
Combination of anabolic and catabolic reactions
occurring in the body.
A
Metabolism
16
Q
Constructive metabolism; build-up or synthesis of
complex molecules from smaller units.
A
Anabolism
17
Q
Breakdown of large molecules into smaller units; usually
releases energy
A
Catabolism
18
Q
3 Major Regions of Stomach
A
Cardiac Region,
Peptic Gland Region,
Pyloric Region
19
Q
produces mucus that protects stomach lining
A
Cardiac Region
20
Q
produces HCl, pepsin, mucus
A
Peptic Gland Region
21
Q
produces mucus, regulates entry of food into the duodenum (pyloric sphincter)
A
Pyloric Region
22
Q
– active site of digestion
– receives pancreatic secretions
– receives bile from gall bladder
A
Duodenum
23
Q
PARTS OF LARGE INTESTINE
A
Cecum, Colon, Rectum
24
Q
site of microbial fermentation in herbivorous
monogastrics
A
Cecum
25
involved in reabsorption of water
– length related to amount of water reabsorption
– temporary storage of feed prior to defecation
Colon
26
-last section
| – temporary storage of feces
Rectum
27
What are the accessory glands?
Salivary glands, Pancreas, liver, gall bladder
28
What are the components of saliva?
Salivary amylase (ptyalin)
Bicarbonate salts
Mucin (to lubricate food)
Water (99%)
29
stores bile
gall bladder
30
manufactures bile
liver
31
Animals can lose most of its fats and carbohydrates, but ___% water loss is fatal
10%
32
– Matrix where organelles are suspended and where several chemical reactions take place
Intracellular water
33
- Synovial fluid
| - Cerebrospinal fluid
Extracellular water
34
formed by oxidation of foods and stored fats
| inside the animal body
Metabolic water
35
Complete oxidation of 1-gram glucose will yield __-gram water
0.6
36
– excrete urea through urination
ureotelic
37
-excrete uric acid in nearly solid form
uricotelic
38
-mostly excrete ammonia directly from gills
ammonotelic
39
contains Polyhydroxy aldehydes or ketones in their structures
CARBOHYDRATES
40
CARBOHYDRATES is made up of Carbon (__), Hydrogen (___) and Oxygen (___) as a percent of molecular weight
40% C, 7% H,53% O
41
most abundant biomolecules on Earth
CARBOHYDRATES
42
CARBOHYDRATES constitutes ~___ of plant dry matter
75%
43
SACCHARIDE
| -derived from Greek word ”________” meaning _______
sakcharon, sugar
44
What are the Classification (based on number of sugar molecules)
- Monosaccharides
- Disaccharides
- Polysaccharides
45
glucose, fructose, galactose, mannose
hexoses (6C)
46
arabinose, xylose, ribose
pentoses (5C)
47
glucose + fructose
sucrose
48
glucose + glucose
maltose
49
galactose + glucose
lactose
50
glucose + glucose
cellobiose
51
glucose molecules in α-linkage
starch
52
glucose molecules in β-linkage
cellulose
53
mixed polysaccharides
hemicellulose, pectins
54
______ and ________ are both examples of ______________
| which are polysaccharides composed of only one type of monosaccharide.
Starch, cellulose
-homopolysaccharides
55
______________ or
| ___ __________have more than one type of monosaccharide units.
heteropolysaccharides/mixed polysaccharides
56
Starch has two types of glucose polymer: ________ and
| ___________
amylose, amylopectin
57
it has a linear structure and is composed
| of glucose units linked by alpha 1,4 glycosidic bonds.
Amylose
58
it has a linear portion,
also has a branched part where the glucose units are linked
by an alpha-1,6-glycosidic bond.
amylopectin
59
TRUE OR FALSE:
Both amylose and
amylopectin are digestible to animals even to monogastric.
TRUE
60
main form of carbohydrates circulating in the
| blood
Glucose
61
Complete oxidation of glucose yields ___ moles of ATP
38
62
serves as a component of
genetic materials DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) and RNA
(ribonucleic acid)
ribose
63
For lactating animals, ____ ______ is the precursor of both
| glucose and galactose, which are components of lactose.
blood glucose
64
Primary Functions of Carbohydrates
a. Source of energy
b. Source of heat.
c. Substrate for the synthesis of other body substances.
d. Stored energy in the animal body by converting to fats.
e. Involved in cellular communication
65
a condition wherein glucose accumulates in the blood
diabetes mellitus
66
macromolecules composed of one or more polypeptide
chains, each with a characteristic sequence of amino acids linked
by peptide bonds
Proteins
67
polypeptides with MW>10,000 (with 50 or more amino
| acids)
Proteins
68
refers to two or more amino acids covalently joined by
| peptide bonds
Peptide
69
Proteins are composed of ___, __, and __, with _______ as a regular additional element
C,H,O, nitrogen (N)
70
___ standard amino acids are involved in body protein formation.
20
71
These are the Essential Amino Acids
```
Tryptophan
Threonine
Arginine
Leucine
Isoleucine
Valine
Methionine
Lysine
Phenylalanine
Histidine
```
72
amino acids that are essential to the
animal but are normally synthesized in the body and need not be
supplemented.
Non-essential amino acids
73
amino acid is considered “essential” if it cannot be synthesized in
the body or it can be synthesized in the body but in an insufficient
amount relative to the requirement of the animal.
Essential Amino Acids
74
These are the NON-Essential Amino Acids
```
Glycine
Alanine
Tyrosine
Asparagine
Serine
Glutamate
Glutamine
Cysteine
Aspartate
Proline
```
75
refers to the amount and ratio of essential amino acids
| present in the protein.
Protein quality
76
A protein with a good balance of essential amino
| acids is described as
good quality protein
77
a protein deficient in
| one or more of the essential amino acid(s) is referred to as
low-quality
| protein
78
Classification of Proteins Based on Composition
Simple
| conjugated
79
Amino acids are the only components
Simple
80
Simple proteins combined w/ non-protein components such as
| lipoproteins, glycoproteins, and metalloproteins
Conjugated
81
Classification of Proteins Based on Solubility
- Globulin
- Prolamin
- Albumin
- Glutelin
82
- soluble in water
- high in lysine
- Example: Ovalbumin (storage protein in albumen)
Albumin
83
- soluble in a dilute salt solution
- high in methionine and cysteine
- Example: Legumin (storage protein in legume seeds)
Globulin
84
- soluble in dilute acid/base
- also high in lysine
- Example: Glutenin in wheat (responsible for baking properties
of bread wheat)
Glutelin
85
- soluble in 70-80% alcohol
- low in lysine
- Example: Zein in corn
Prolamin
86
Functions of protein and amino acid
a. Basic structural unit of the animal body
| b. Body metabolism
87
Protein and amino acid Deficiency Signs
-depresses most metabolic activities
-reduced growth rate and feed efficiency.
-deamination of other amino acids, indicating inefficient
protein utilization
88
organic substances, insoluble in water, but soluble in
| organic solvents like petroleum ether, hexane, etc
Lipids
89
high energy materials, supplying ____ times more energy than carbohydrates and proteins
Fats/oils, 2.25
90
Classification of lipids.
a. Simple lipids
b. Compound lipids
c. Derived lipids
91
- Esters of fatty acids w/ various alcohols
| - Fats are composed of fatty acids and glycerol
Simple lipids
92
- Phospholipids
- Glycolipids
- Lipoproteins
- Sphingolipids
Compound lipids
93
- substances derived from the above groups by hydrolysis
| such as alcohols, sterols, and fatty acids
Derived lipids
94
Fatty acids are classified as
saturated or unsaturated
95
do not contain any double bond only fatty acids
Saturated
| fatty acids
96
_______ ______ and _____ _______ are essential fatty acids.
Linoleic acid, linolenic acid
97
referred to as “conditionally essential” fatty acid
| since it can be synthesized from linoleic acid.
arachidonic acid
98
TRUE OR FALSE
Arachidonic acid is only
essential if linoleic acid is sufficient.
FALSE.
Arachidonic acid is only
essential if linoleic acid is DEFICIENT.
99
Functions of Lipids
a. Dietary energy supply.
b. Source of heat, insulation, and protection for the animal body.
c. Source of essential fatty acids.
d. Serves as a carrier for the absorption of fat-soluble vitamins.
100
Deficiency Signs Lipids
Skin lesions,
hair loss,
reduced growth rate
101
Commonly Used Fat Sources in Feeds
Oil bearing plants
| Animal fat
102
ex of Oil bearing plants:
Coco oil,
soybean oil,
palm oil
103
ex of Animal fat
- Lard – pork fat
| - Tallow – beef fat
104
inorganic solid, crystalline chemical elements, which make
| up to 5% of the animal body on a dry weight basis.
Minerals
105
Macrominerals
```
Ca,
P,
Na,
Cl,
K,
Mg,
S,
```
106
refer to those present at low levels in the animal body or
| needed in a very small amount in the diet
Trace
| minerals
107
These are the trace minerals
Cu, Zn, Co, F, I, Fe, Mn, Se
108
-Bone and teeth formation
- Needed for normal blood clotting process.
Bone and teeth formation
- Needed for normal blood clotting process
- Various enzyme activation
- Milk production and eggshell formation
Calcium
109
characterized by
enlarged joints of the long bones and soft bones that bend out
of shape due to the weight and activity of the animal
rickets in young animals
| osteomalacia in older animals
110
calcium deficiency signs
drop in milk production,
reduced egg production, presence of thin-or soft-shelled eggs,
lowered hatchability.
111
- Bone formation and maintenance
- Development of teeth
- Milk secretion
- Building muscle tissue
- Component of nucleic acids (RNA and DNA), which are
important in genetic transmission and control of cellular
metabolism
Phosphorus
112
Phosphorus Deficiency Signs
General weakness,
loss of appetite, depraved appetite (pica),
muscle weakness, demineralization of bone, loss of calcium,
breeding problems, reduced egg production
113
- Constituent of bones and teeth
- An essential element of cellular metabolism, often as an
activator of enzymes involved in phosphorylated
compounds and of high-energy phosphate transfer for ADP
and ATP
- Crucial in the proper functioning of the nervous system
Magnesium
114
Magnesium Deficiency Signs
-cause grass tetany
characterized by
twitching of muscles (usually of head and neck),
head held high,
accelerated respiration, high temperature, grinding of the teeth
abundant salivation
115
-Involved in the maintenance of proper acid-base balance
and the transfer of nutrients in and out of cells
- Relaxes the heart muscle - action opposite to that of
calcium, which is stimulatory
- Required for various enzyme reactions
Potassium
116
Potassium Deficiency Signs
```
growth retardation, unsteady gait,
general muscle weakness,
pica (depraved appetite), diarrhea,
distention of the abdomen,
emaciation (loss of flesh), hypertrophy (enlargement) of the
heart and kidneys,
eventually death
```
117
- As a component of thiamin and insulin, it is important in
carbohydrate metabolism
- Primary component of hair, wool, and feathers
Sulfur
118
Sulfur Deficiency Signs
-Retarded growth, primarily due to not meeting the sulfur amino
acid requirement for protein synthesis.
-reduced wool growth (wool contains approximately 4%
sulfur).
119
- As a constituent of pancreatic juice, bile, sweats, and tears
- Involved in glucose absorption in various organs; some
glucose transporters are sodium dependent
Sodium
120
Sodium Deficiency Signs
Loss of appetite, reduced growth and efficiency of feed
utilization in growing animals,
reduced milk production and
weight loss in adults, lowered reproduction (infertility in males,
and delayed sexual maturity in females), craving for sodium as
evidenced by drinking urine
121
plays a major role in the regulation of osmotic
| pressure, water balance, and acid-base balance
Chlorine
122
Chlorine Deficiency Signs
```
Severe deficiencies of chloride may result in alkalosis (an
excess of alkali in the blood),
characterized by slow and shallow
breathing,
listlessness,
muscle cramps,
and occasionally,
convulsions
```
123
- Component of the glucose tolerance factor (GTF), which
enhances the effect of insulin
- Activator of certain enzymes,
Chromium
124
- An integral part of Vitamin B12, an essential factor in the
formation of red blood cells
Cobalt
125
Cobalt Deficiency Signs
```
produces symptoms
similar to a deficiency of Vitamin B12 such as rough hair coat,
scaly skin,
abnormal estrus, abortion,
low milk production,
loss of appetite,
rapid loss of weight, emaciation,
anemia.
Continued deficiency may eventually cause death.
```
126
- Facilitates the absorption of iron from the intestinal tract
- Essential for the formation of hemoglobin, although it is not
a part of hemoglobin as such
- A constituent of several enzyme systems
- Required for normal pigmentation of the hair and wool
Copper
127
- Constitutes 0.02 to 0.05% of the bones and teeth.
| - Necessary for sound bones and teeth.
Fluorine
128
Fluorine Deficiency Signs
```
Deformed teeth and bones, softening, mottling,
irregular
wear of the teeth; rough hair coat,
delayed maturity;
less efficient utilization of feed
```
129
For the synthesis of iodine-containing hormones (thyroid
hormones), thyroxin and triiodothyronine, secreted by the
thyroid gland
Iodine
130
Iodine Deficiency Signs
enlarged thyroid gland (called goiter or “ big
| neck” in calves),
131
-For the synthesis of hemoglobin, an iron-containing
compound in red blood cells that transports oxygen to cells
and tissues of the body
- An essential part of a variety of enzymes such as
cytochrome oxidase, catalase, and peroxidase
Iron
132
Iron Deficiency Signs
low number of red
blood cells and less than normal amount of hemoglobin, and (b)
paleness of mucous membranes
133
As component of the enzyme glutathione peroxidase, the
metabolic role of which is to protect against oxidation of
polyunsaturated fatty acids
Selenium
134
Selenium Deficiency Signs
In calves, the condition is called white muscle disease. In
| lambs, it is called stiff lamb disease
135
Needed for normal development of skin, bones, hair, and
feathers
- As a component of several different enzyme systems which
are involved in digestion and respiration
-For wound and burn healing
Zinc
136
They are essential for the development of normal tissues
necessary for metabolic activity but do not enter into the structural
portion of the body.
VITAMINS
137
- Helps maintain normal vision in dim light - prevents night
| blindness.
Vitamin A
138
Aids in assimilation and utilization of calcium and
| phosphorus.
Vitamin D
139
- As an antioxidant that retards the rancidification of fats in
plant sources and in the digestive tract of animals; protects body cells from toxic substances formed from the
oxidation of unsaturated fatty acids.
Vitamin E
140
Controls blood coagulation by converting precursor proteins
to the active blood clotting factors.
Vitamin K is also known as:
Vitamin K
141
list of some nutrients present in feeds
```
Protein
Starch
Cellulose
Sucrose
Lactose
Lipids
Minerals
Vitamins
```
142
occurs only after the basic units of the nutrients have been
| absorbed into the blood
Metabolism
