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Animal Science > Animal Nutrition Lecture Exam > Flashcards

Animal Nutrition Lecture Exam Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q
  • deals with the transformation of nutrients from the diet into component of body tissues
A

Nutrition

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2
Q

In _______ concept,
Nutrition is the biggest factor that affects the genetics of animals and prolific phenotype and traits specially in dealing with economically important traits

A

breeding

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3
Q

any feed constituent or a group of feed constituents of the same general composition that aids in the support of life.

A

NUTRIENTS

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4
Q

According to _____, _____
NUTRIENTS – substances that, when taken into the digestive system, are digested, absorbed and utilized to sustain animal processes

A

Roxas, 2006

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5
Q

According to _____, _____

NUTRIENT is essential for one or more species of animals

A

Cheeke, 1999

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6
Q

used for energy production (ATP)

A

MACRONUTRIENTS

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7
Q

not preferred for energy source because of certain

negative effects

A

proteins

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8
Q

most efficient energy source (coconut oil)

A

lipids

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9
Q

-need trace amounts in the diet

A

MICRONUTRIENTS

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10
Q

What are the 6 nutrients?

A

Carbohydrates, protein, lipids, minerals, water, vitamins

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11
Q

– preparatory step prior to absorption

A

DIGESTION

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12
Q

What are under the Mechanical Processes

A

a. mastication

b. muscular contractions of GIT

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13
Q

What are under the chemical processes?

A
  • Acid hydrolysis

- enzyme hydrolysis

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14
Q

Transfer of substance from gastro-intestinal tract (GIT)

to the circulatory (blood or lymph) system

A

Absorption

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15
Q

Combination of anabolic and catabolic reactions

occurring in the body.

A

Metabolism

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16
Q

Constructive metabolism; build-up or synthesis of

complex molecules from smaller units.

A

Anabolism

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17
Q

Breakdown of large molecules into smaller units; usually

releases energy

A

Catabolism

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18
Q

3 Major Regions of Stomach

A

Cardiac Region,
Peptic Gland Region,
Pyloric Region

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19
Q

produces mucus that protects stomach lining

A

Cardiac Region

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20
Q

produces HCl, pepsin, mucus

A

Peptic Gland Region

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21
Q

produces mucus, regulates entry of food into the duodenum (pyloric sphincter)

A

Pyloric Region

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22
Q

– active site of digestion
– receives pancreatic secretions
– receives bile from gall bladder

A

Duodenum

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23
Q

PARTS OF LARGE INTESTINE

A

Cecum, Colon, Rectum

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24
Q

site of microbial fermentation in herbivorous

monogastrics

A

Cecum

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25
Q

involved in reabsorption of water
– length related to amount of water reabsorption
– temporary storage of feed prior to defecation

A

Colon

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26
Q

-last section

– temporary storage of feces

A

Rectum

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27
Q

What are the accessory glands?

A

Salivary glands, Pancreas, liver, gall bladder

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28
Q

What are the components of saliva?

A

Salivary amylase (ptyalin)
Bicarbonate salts
Mucin (to lubricate food)
Water (99%)

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29
Q

stores bile

A

gall bladder

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30
Q

manufactures bile

A

liver

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31
Q

Animals can lose most of its fats and carbohydrates, but ___% water loss is fatal

A

10%

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32
Q

– Matrix where organelles are suspended and where several chemical reactions take place

A

Intracellular water

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33
Q
  • Synovial fluid

- Cerebrospinal fluid

A

Extracellular water

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34
Q

formed by oxidation of foods and stored fats

inside the animal body

A

Metabolic water

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35
Q

Complete oxidation of 1-gram glucose will yield __-gram water

A

0.6

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36
Q

– excrete urea through urination

A

ureotelic

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37
Q

-excrete uric acid in nearly solid form

A

uricotelic

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38
Q

-mostly excrete ammonia directly from gills

A

ammonotelic

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39
Q

contains Polyhydroxy aldehydes or ketones in their structures

A

CARBOHYDRATES

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40
Q

CARBOHYDRATES is made up of Carbon (__), Hydrogen (___) and Oxygen (___) as a percent of molecular weight

A

40% C, 7% H,53% O

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41
Q

most abundant biomolecules on Earth

A

CARBOHYDRATES

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42
Q

CARBOHYDRATES constitutes ~___ of plant dry matter

A

75%

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43
Q

SACCHARIDE

-derived from Greek word ”________” meaning _______

A

sakcharon, sugar

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44
Q

What are the Classification (based on number of sugar molecules)

A
  • Monosaccharides
  • Disaccharides
  • Polysaccharides
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45
Q

glucose, fructose, galactose, mannose

A

hexoses (6C)

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46
Q

arabinose, xylose, ribose

A

pentoses (5C)

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47
Q

glucose + fructose

A

sucrose

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48
Q

glucose + glucose

A

maltose

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49
Q

galactose + glucose

A

lactose

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50
Q

glucose + glucose

A

cellobiose

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51
Q

glucose molecules in α-linkage

A

starch

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52
Q

glucose molecules in β-linkage

A

cellulose

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53
Q

mixed polysaccharides

A

hemicellulose, pectins

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54
Q

______ and ________ are both examples of ______________

which are polysaccharides composed of only one type of monosaccharide.

A

Starch, cellulose

-homopolysaccharides

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55
Q

______________ or

___ __________have more than one type of monosaccharide units.

A

heteropolysaccharides/mixed polysaccharides

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56
Q

Starch has two types of glucose polymer: ________ and

___________

A

amylose, amylopectin

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57
Q

it has a linear structure and is composed

of glucose units linked by alpha 1,4 glycosidic bonds.

A

Amylose

58
Q

it has a linear portion,
also has a branched part where the glucose units are linked
by an alpha-1,6-glycosidic bond.

A

amylopectin

59
Q

TRUE OR FALSE:
Both amylose and
amylopectin are digestible to animals even to monogastric.

A

TRUE

60
Q

main form of carbohydrates circulating in the

blood

A

Glucose

61
Q

Complete oxidation of glucose yields ___ moles of ATP

A

38

62
Q

serves as a component of
genetic materials DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) and RNA
(ribonucleic acid)

A

ribose

63
Q

For lactating animals, ____ ______ is the precursor of both

glucose and galactose, which are components of lactose.

A

blood glucose

64
Q

Primary Functions of Carbohydrates

A

a. Source of energy
b. Source of heat.
c. Substrate for the synthesis of other body substances.
d. Stored energy in the animal body by converting to fats.
e. Involved in cellular communication

65
Q

a condition wherein glucose accumulates in the blood

A

diabetes mellitus

66
Q

macromolecules composed of one or more polypeptide
chains, each with a characteristic sequence of amino acids linked
by peptide bonds

A

Proteins

67
Q

polypeptides with MW>10,000 (with 50 or more amino

acids)

A

Proteins

68
Q

refers to two or more amino acids covalently joined by

peptide bonds

A

Peptide

69
Q

Proteins are composed of ___, __, and __, with _______ as a regular additional element

A

C,H,O, nitrogen (N)

70
Q

___ standard amino acids are involved in body protein formation.

A

20

71
Q

These are the Essential Amino Acids

A 
Tryptophan
Threonine
Arginine
Leucine
Isoleucine
Valine
Methionine
Lysine
Phenylalanine
Histidine
72
Q

amino acids that are essential to the
animal but are normally synthesized in the body and need not be
supplemented.

A

Non-essential amino acids

73
Q

amino acid is considered “essential” if it cannot be synthesized in
the body or it can be synthesized in the body but in an insufficient
amount relative to the requirement of the animal.

A

Essential Amino Acids

74
Q

These are the NON-Essential Amino Acids

A 
Glycine
Alanine
Tyrosine
Asparagine
Serine
Glutamate 
Glutamine 
Cysteine
Aspartate
Proline
75
Q

refers to the amount and ratio of essential amino acids

present in the protein.

A

Protein quality

76
Q

A protein with a good balance of essential amino

acids is described as

A

good quality protein

77
Q

a protein deficient in

one or more of the essential amino acid(s) is referred to as

A

low-quality

protein

78
Q

Classification of Proteins Based on Composition

A

Simple

conjugated

79
Q

Amino acids are the only components

A

Simple

80
Q

Simple proteins combined w/ non-protein components such as

lipoproteins, glycoproteins, and metalloproteins

A

Conjugated

81
Q

Classification of Proteins Based on Solubility

A
  • Globulin
  • Prolamin
  • Albumin
  • Glutelin
82
Q
  • soluble in water
  • high in lysine
  • Example: Ovalbumin (storage protein in albumen)
A

Albumin

83
Q
  • soluble in a dilute salt solution
  • high in methionine and cysteine
  • Example: Legumin (storage protein in legume seeds)
A

Globulin

84
Q
  • soluble in dilute acid/base
  • also high in lysine
  • Example: Glutenin in wheat (responsible for baking properties
    of bread wheat)
A

Glutelin

85
Q
  • soluble in 70-80% alcohol
  • low in lysine
  • Example: Zein in corn
A

Prolamin

86
Q

Functions of protein and amino acid

A

a. Basic structural unit of the animal body

b. Body metabolism

87
Q

Protein and amino acid Deficiency Signs

A

-depresses most metabolic activities
-reduced growth rate and feed efficiency.
-deamination of other amino acids, indicating inefficient
protein utilization

88
Q

organic substances, insoluble in water, but soluble in

organic solvents like petroleum ether, hexane, etc

A

Lipids

89
Q

high energy materials, supplying ____ times more energy than carbohydrates and proteins

A

Fats/oils, 2.25

90
Q

Classification of lipids.

A

a. Simple lipids
b. Compound lipids
c. Derived lipids

91
Q
  • Esters of fatty acids w/ various alcohols

- Fats are composed of fatty acids and glycerol

A

Simple lipids

92
Q
  • Phospholipids
  • Glycolipids
  • Lipoproteins
  • Sphingolipids
A

Compound lipids

93
Q
  • substances derived from the above groups by hydrolysis

such as alcohols, sterols, and fatty acids

A

Derived lipids

94
Q

Fatty acids are classified as

A

saturated or unsaturated

95
Q

do not contain any double bond only fatty acids

A

Saturated

fatty acids

96
Q

_______ ______ and _____ _______ are essential fatty acids.

A

Linoleic acid, linolenic acid

97
Q

referred to as “conditionally essential” fatty acid

since it can be synthesized from linoleic acid.

A

arachidonic acid

98
Q

TRUE OR FALSE
Arachidonic acid is only
essential if linoleic acid is sufficient.

A

FALSE.
Arachidonic acid is only
essential if linoleic acid is DEFICIENT.

99
Q

Functions of Lipids

A

a. Dietary energy supply.
b. Source of heat, insulation, and protection for the animal body.
c. Source of essential fatty acids.
d. Serves as a carrier for the absorption of fat-soluble vitamins.

100
Q

Deficiency Signs Lipids

A

Skin lesions,
hair loss,
reduced growth rate

101
Q

Commonly Used Fat Sources in Feeds

A

Oil bearing plants

Animal fat

102
Q

ex of Oil bearing plants:

A

Coco oil,
soybean oil,
palm oil

103
Q

ex of Animal fat

A
  • Lard – pork fat

- Tallow – beef fat

104
Q

inorganic solid, crystalline chemical elements, which make

up to 5% of the animal body on a dry weight basis.

A

Minerals

105
Q

Macrominerals

A 
Ca, 
P, 
Na,
 Cl, 
K, 
Mg, 
S,
106
Q

refer to those present at low levels in the animal body or

needed in a very small amount in the diet

A

Trace

minerals

107
Q

These are the trace minerals

A

Cu, Zn, Co, F, I, Fe, Mn, Se

108
Q

-Bone and teeth formation
- Needed for normal blood clotting process.
Bone and teeth formation
- Needed for normal blood clotting process
- Various enzyme activation
- Milk production and eggshell formation

A

Calcium

109
Q

characterized by
enlarged joints of the long bones and soft bones that bend out
of shape due to the weight and activity of the animal

A

rickets in young animals

osteomalacia in older animals

110
Q

calcium deficiency signs

A

drop in milk production,
reduced egg production, presence of thin-or soft-shelled eggs,
lowered hatchability.

111
Q
  • Bone formation and maintenance
  • Development of teeth
  • Milk secretion
  • Building muscle tissue
  • Component of nucleic acids (RNA and DNA), which are
    important in genetic transmission and control of cellular
    metabolism
A

Phosphorus

112
Q

Phosphorus Deficiency Signs

A

General weakness,
loss of appetite, depraved appetite (pica),
muscle weakness, demineralization of bone, loss of calcium,
breeding problems, reduced egg production

113
Q
  • Constituent of bones and teeth
  • An essential element of cellular metabolism, often as an
    activator of enzymes involved in phosphorylated
    compounds and of high-energy phosphate transfer for ADP
    and ATP
  • Crucial in the proper functioning of the nervous system
A

Magnesium

114
Q

Magnesium Deficiency Signs

A

-cause grass tetany
characterized by
twitching of muscles (usually of head and neck),
head held high,
accelerated respiration, high temperature, grinding of the teeth
abundant salivation

115
Q

-Involved in the maintenance of proper acid-base balance
and the transfer of nutrients in and out of cells
- Relaxes the heart muscle - action opposite to that of
calcium, which is stimulatory
- Required for various enzyme reactions

A

Potassium

116
Q

Potassium Deficiency Signs

A 
growth retardation, unsteady gait, 
general muscle weakness,
pica (depraved appetite), diarrhea, 
distention of the abdomen,
emaciation (loss of flesh), hypertrophy (enlargement) of the
heart and kidneys, 
 eventually death
117
Q
  • As a component of thiamin and insulin, it is important in
    carbohydrate metabolism
  • Primary component of hair, wool, and feathers
A

Sulfur

118
Q

Sulfur Deficiency Signs

A

-Retarded growth, primarily due to not meeting the sulfur amino
acid requirement for protein synthesis.
-reduced wool growth (wool contains approximately 4%
sulfur).

119
Q
  • As a constituent of pancreatic juice, bile, sweats, and tears
  • Involved in glucose absorption in various organs; some
    glucose transporters are sodium dependent
A

Sodium

120
Q

Sodium Deficiency Signs

A

Loss of appetite, reduced growth and efficiency of feed
utilization in growing animals,
reduced milk production and
weight loss in adults, lowered reproduction (infertility in males,
and delayed sexual maturity in females), craving for sodium as
evidenced by drinking urine

121
Q

plays a major role in the regulation of osmotic

pressure, water balance, and acid-base balance

A

Chlorine

122
Q

Chlorine Deficiency Signs

A 
Severe deficiencies of chloride may result in alkalosis (an
excess of alkali in the blood),
 characterized by slow and shallow
breathing,
 listlessness, 
muscle cramps, 
and occasionally,
convulsions
123
Q
  • Component of the glucose tolerance factor (GTF), which
    enhances the effect of insulin
  • Activator of certain enzymes,
A

Chromium

124
Q
  • An integral part of Vitamin B12, an essential factor in the
    formation of red blood cells
A

Cobalt

125
Q

Cobalt Deficiency Signs

A 
produces symptoms
similar to a deficiency of Vitamin B12 such as rough hair coat,
scaly skin, 
abnormal estrus, abortion, 
low milk production,
loss of appetite, 
rapid loss of weight, emaciation, 
anemia.
Continued deficiency may eventually cause death.
126
Q
  • Facilitates the absorption of iron from the intestinal tract
  • Essential for the formation of hemoglobin, although it is not
    a part of hemoglobin as such
  • A constituent of several enzyme systems
  • Required for normal pigmentation of the hair and wool
A

Copper

127
Q
  • Constitutes 0.02 to 0.05% of the bones and teeth.

- Necessary for sound bones and teeth.

A

Fluorine

128
Q

Fluorine Deficiency Signs

A 
Deformed teeth and bones, softening, mottling, 
irregular
wear of the teeth; rough hair coat, 
delayed maturity; 
less efficient utilization of feed
129
Q

For the synthesis of iodine-containing hormones (thyroid
hormones), thyroxin and triiodothyronine, secreted by the
thyroid gland

A

Iodine

130
Q

Iodine Deficiency Signs

A

enlarged thyroid gland (called goiter or “ big

neck” in calves),

131
Q

-For the synthesis of hemoglobin, an iron-containing
compound in red blood cells that transports oxygen to cells
and tissues of the body
- An essential part of a variety of enzymes such as
cytochrome oxidase, catalase, and peroxidase

A

Iron

132
Q

Iron Deficiency Signs

A

low number of red
blood cells and less than normal amount of hemoglobin, and (b)
paleness of mucous membranes

133
Q

As component of the enzyme glutathione peroxidase, the
metabolic role of which is to protect against oxidation of
polyunsaturated fatty acids

A

Selenium

134
Q

Selenium Deficiency Signs

A

In calves, the condition is called white muscle disease. In

lambs, it is called stiff lamb disease

135
Q

Needed for normal development of skin, bones, hair, and
feathers
- As a component of several different enzyme systems which
are involved in digestion and respiration
-For wound and burn healing

A

Zinc

136
Q

They are essential for the development of normal tissues
necessary for metabolic activity but do not enter into the structural
portion of the body.

A

VITAMINS

137
Q
  • Helps maintain normal vision in dim light - prevents night

blindness.

A

Vitamin A

138
Q

Aids in assimilation and utilization of calcium and

phosphorus.

A

Vitamin D

139
Q
  • As an antioxidant that retards the rancidification of fats in
    plant sources and in the digestive tract of animals; protects body cells from toxic substances formed from the
    oxidation of unsaturated fatty acids.
A

Vitamin E

140
Q

Controls blood coagulation by converting precursor proteins
to the active blood clotting factors.
Vitamin K is also known as:

A

Vitamin K

141
Q

list of some nutrients present in feeds

A 
Protein
Starch 
Cellulose 
Sucrose 
Lactose 
Lipids
Minerals 
Vitamins
142
Q

occurs only after the basic units of the nutrients have been

absorbed into the blood

A

Metabolism

Animal Science (20 decks)

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