Animal Nutrition Lecture Exam Flashcards
- deals with the transformation of nutrients from the diet into component of body tissues
Nutrition
In _______ concept,
Nutrition is the biggest factor that affects the genetics of animals and prolific phenotype and traits specially in dealing with economically important traits
breeding
any feed constituent or a group of feed constituents of the same general composition that aids in the support of life.
NUTRIENTS
According to _____, _____
NUTRIENTS – substances that, when taken into the digestive system, are digested, absorbed and utilized to sustain animal processes
Roxas, 2006
According to _____, _____
NUTRIENT is essential for one or more species of animals
Cheeke, 1999
used for energy production (ATP)
MACRONUTRIENTS
not preferred for energy source because of certain
negative effects
proteins
most efficient energy source (coconut oil)
lipids
-need trace amounts in the diet
MICRONUTRIENTS
What are the 6 nutrients?
Carbohydrates, protein, lipids, minerals, water, vitamins
– preparatory step prior to absorption
DIGESTION
What are under the Mechanical Processes
a. mastication
b. muscular contractions of GIT
What are under the chemical processes?
- Acid hydrolysis
- enzyme hydrolysis
Transfer of substance from gastro-intestinal tract (GIT)
to the circulatory (blood or lymph) system
Absorption
Combination of anabolic and catabolic reactions
occurring in the body.
Metabolism
Constructive metabolism; build-up or synthesis of
complex molecules from smaller units.
Anabolism
Breakdown of large molecules into smaller units; usually
releases energy
Catabolism
3 Major Regions of Stomach
Cardiac Region,
Peptic Gland Region,
Pyloric Region
produces mucus that protects stomach lining
Cardiac Region
produces HCl, pepsin, mucus
Peptic Gland Region
produces mucus, regulates entry of food into the duodenum (pyloric sphincter)
Pyloric Region
– active site of digestion
– receives pancreatic secretions
– receives bile from gall bladder
Duodenum
PARTS OF LARGE INTESTINE
Cecum, Colon, Rectum
site of microbial fermentation in herbivorous
monogastrics
Cecum
involved in reabsorption of water
– length related to amount of water reabsorption
– temporary storage of feed prior to defecation
Colon
-last section
– temporary storage of feces
Rectum
What are the accessory glands?
Salivary glands, Pancreas, liver, gall bladder
What are the components of saliva?
Salivary amylase (ptyalin)
Bicarbonate salts
Mucin (to lubricate food)
Water (99%)
stores bile
gall bladder
manufactures bile
liver
Animals can lose most of its fats and carbohydrates, but ___% water loss is fatal
10%
– Matrix where organelles are suspended and where several chemical reactions take place
Intracellular water
- Synovial fluid
- Cerebrospinal fluid
Extracellular water
formed by oxidation of foods and stored fats
inside the animal body
Metabolic water
Complete oxidation of 1-gram glucose will yield __-gram water
0.6
– excrete urea through urination
ureotelic
-excrete uric acid in nearly solid form
uricotelic
-mostly excrete ammonia directly from gills
ammonotelic
contains Polyhydroxy aldehydes or ketones in their structures
CARBOHYDRATES
CARBOHYDRATES is made up of Carbon (__), Hydrogen (___) and Oxygen (___) as a percent of molecular weight
40% C, 7% H,53% O
most abundant biomolecules on Earth
CARBOHYDRATES
CARBOHYDRATES constitutes ~___ of plant dry matter
75%
SACCHARIDE
-derived from Greek word ”________” meaning _______
sakcharon, sugar
What are the Classification (based on number of sugar molecules)
- Monosaccharides
- Disaccharides
- Polysaccharides
glucose, fructose, galactose, mannose
hexoses (6C)
arabinose, xylose, ribose
pentoses (5C)
glucose + fructose
sucrose
glucose + glucose
maltose
galactose + glucose
lactose
glucose + glucose
cellobiose
glucose molecules in α-linkage
starch
glucose molecules in β-linkage
cellulose
mixed polysaccharides
hemicellulose, pectins
______ and ________ are both examples of ______________
which are polysaccharides composed of only one type of monosaccharide.
Starch, cellulose
-homopolysaccharides
______________ or
___ __________have more than one type of monosaccharide units.
heteropolysaccharides/mixed polysaccharides
Starch has two types of glucose polymer: ________ and
___________
amylose, amylopectin
it has a linear structure and is composed
of glucose units linked by alpha 1,4 glycosidic bonds.
Amylose
it has a linear portion,
also has a branched part where the glucose units are linked
by an alpha-1,6-glycosidic bond.
amylopectin
TRUE OR FALSE:
Both amylose and
amylopectin are digestible to animals even to monogastric.
TRUE
main form of carbohydrates circulating in the
blood
Glucose
Complete oxidation of glucose yields ___ moles of ATP
38
serves as a component of
genetic materials DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) and RNA
(ribonucleic acid)
ribose
For lactating animals, ____ ______ is the precursor of both
glucose and galactose, which are components of lactose.
blood glucose
Primary Functions of Carbohydrates
a. Source of energy
b. Source of heat.
c. Substrate for the synthesis of other body substances.
d. Stored energy in the animal body by converting to fats.
e. Involved in cellular communication
a condition wherein glucose accumulates in the blood
diabetes mellitus
macromolecules composed of one or more polypeptide
chains, each with a characteristic sequence of amino acids linked
by peptide bonds
Proteins
polypeptides with MW>10,000 (with 50 or more amino
acids)
Proteins
refers to two or more amino acids covalently joined by
peptide bonds
Peptide
Proteins are composed of ___, __, and __, with _______ as a regular additional element
C,H,O, nitrogen (N)
___ standard amino acids are involved in body protein formation.
20
These are the Essential Amino Acids
Tryptophan Threonine Arginine Leucine Isoleucine Valine Methionine Lysine Phenylalanine Histidine
amino acids that are essential to the
animal but are normally synthesized in the body and need not be
supplemented.
Non-essential amino acids
amino acid is considered “essential” if it cannot be synthesized in
the body or it can be synthesized in the body but in an insufficient
amount relative to the requirement of the animal.
Essential Amino Acids
These are the NON-Essential Amino Acids
Glycine Alanine Tyrosine Asparagine Serine Glutamate Glutamine Cysteine Aspartate Proline
refers to the amount and ratio of essential amino acids
present in the protein.
Protein quality
A protein with a good balance of essential amino
acids is described as
good quality protein
a protein deficient in
one or more of the essential amino acid(s) is referred to as
low-quality
protein
Classification of Proteins Based on Composition
Simple
conjugated
Amino acids are the only components
Simple
Simple proteins combined w/ non-protein components such as
lipoproteins, glycoproteins, and metalloproteins
Conjugated
Classification of Proteins Based on Solubility
- Globulin
- Prolamin
- Albumin
- Glutelin
- soluble in water
- high in lysine
- Example: Ovalbumin (storage protein in albumen)
Albumin
- soluble in a dilute salt solution
- high in methionine and cysteine
- Example: Legumin (storage protein in legume seeds)
Globulin
- soluble in dilute acid/base
- also high in lysine
- Example: Glutenin in wheat (responsible for baking properties
of bread wheat)
Glutelin
- soluble in 70-80% alcohol
- low in lysine
- Example: Zein in corn
Prolamin
Functions of protein and amino acid
a. Basic structural unit of the animal body
b. Body metabolism
Protein and amino acid Deficiency Signs
-depresses most metabolic activities
-reduced growth rate and feed efficiency.
-deamination of other amino acids, indicating inefficient
protein utilization
organic substances, insoluble in water, but soluble in
organic solvents like petroleum ether, hexane, etc
Lipids
high energy materials, supplying ____ times more energy than carbohydrates and proteins
Fats/oils, 2.25
Classification of lipids.
a. Simple lipids
b. Compound lipids
c. Derived lipids
- Esters of fatty acids w/ various alcohols
- Fats are composed of fatty acids and glycerol
Simple lipids
- Phospholipids
- Glycolipids
- Lipoproteins
- Sphingolipids
Compound lipids
- substances derived from the above groups by hydrolysis
such as alcohols, sterols, and fatty acids
Derived lipids
Fatty acids are classified as
saturated or unsaturated
do not contain any double bond only fatty acids
Saturated
fatty acids
_______ ______ and _____ _______ are essential fatty acids.
Linoleic acid, linolenic acid
referred to as “conditionally essential” fatty acid
since it can be synthesized from linoleic acid.
arachidonic acid
TRUE OR FALSE
Arachidonic acid is only
essential if linoleic acid is sufficient.
FALSE.
Arachidonic acid is only
essential if linoleic acid is DEFICIENT.
Functions of Lipids
a. Dietary energy supply.
b. Source of heat, insulation, and protection for the animal body.
c. Source of essential fatty acids.
d. Serves as a carrier for the absorption of fat-soluble vitamins.
Deficiency Signs Lipids
Skin lesions,
hair loss,
reduced growth rate
Commonly Used Fat Sources in Feeds
Oil bearing plants
Animal fat
ex of Oil bearing plants:
Coco oil,
soybean oil,
palm oil
ex of Animal fat
- Lard – pork fat
- Tallow – beef fat
inorganic solid, crystalline chemical elements, which make
up to 5% of the animal body on a dry weight basis.
Minerals
Macrominerals
Ca, P, Na, Cl, K, Mg, S,
refer to those present at low levels in the animal body or
needed in a very small amount in the diet
Trace
minerals
These are the trace minerals
Cu, Zn, Co, F, I, Fe, Mn, Se
-Bone and teeth formation
- Needed for normal blood clotting process.
Bone and teeth formation
- Needed for normal blood clotting process
- Various enzyme activation
- Milk production and eggshell formation
Calcium
characterized by
enlarged joints of the long bones and soft bones that bend out
of shape due to the weight and activity of the animal
rickets in young animals
osteomalacia in older animals
calcium deficiency signs
drop in milk production,
reduced egg production, presence of thin-or soft-shelled eggs,
lowered hatchability.
- Bone formation and maintenance
- Development of teeth
- Milk secretion
- Building muscle tissue
- Component of nucleic acids (RNA and DNA), which are
important in genetic transmission and control of cellular
metabolism
Phosphorus
Phosphorus Deficiency Signs
General weakness,
loss of appetite, depraved appetite (pica),
muscle weakness, demineralization of bone, loss of calcium,
breeding problems, reduced egg production
- Constituent of bones and teeth
- An essential element of cellular metabolism, often as an
activator of enzymes involved in phosphorylated
compounds and of high-energy phosphate transfer for ADP
and ATP - Crucial in the proper functioning of the nervous system
Magnesium
Magnesium Deficiency Signs
-cause grass tetany
characterized by
twitching of muscles (usually of head and neck),
head held high,
accelerated respiration, high temperature, grinding of the teeth
abundant salivation
-Involved in the maintenance of proper acid-base balance
and the transfer of nutrients in and out of cells
- Relaxes the heart muscle - action opposite to that of
calcium, which is stimulatory
- Required for various enzyme reactions
Potassium
Potassium Deficiency Signs
growth retardation, unsteady gait, general muscle weakness, pica (depraved appetite), diarrhea, distention of the abdomen, emaciation (loss of flesh), hypertrophy (enlargement) of the heart and kidneys, eventually death
- As a component of thiamin and insulin, it is important in
carbohydrate metabolism - Primary component of hair, wool, and feathers
Sulfur
Sulfur Deficiency Signs
-Retarded growth, primarily due to not meeting the sulfur amino
acid requirement for protein synthesis.
-reduced wool growth (wool contains approximately 4%
sulfur).
- As a constituent of pancreatic juice, bile, sweats, and tears
- Involved in glucose absorption in various organs; some
glucose transporters are sodium dependent
Sodium
Sodium Deficiency Signs
Loss of appetite, reduced growth and efficiency of feed
utilization in growing animals,
reduced milk production and
weight loss in adults, lowered reproduction (infertility in males,
and delayed sexual maturity in females), craving for sodium as
evidenced by drinking urine
plays a major role in the regulation of osmotic
pressure, water balance, and acid-base balance
Chlorine
Chlorine Deficiency Signs
Severe deficiencies of chloride may result in alkalosis (an excess of alkali in the blood), characterized by slow and shallow breathing, listlessness, muscle cramps, and occasionally, convulsions
- Component of the glucose tolerance factor (GTF), which
enhances the effect of insulin - Activator of certain enzymes,
Chromium
- An integral part of Vitamin B12, an essential factor in the
formation of red blood cells
Cobalt
Cobalt Deficiency Signs
produces symptoms similar to a deficiency of Vitamin B12 such as rough hair coat, scaly skin, abnormal estrus, abortion, low milk production, loss of appetite, rapid loss of weight, emaciation, anemia. Continued deficiency may eventually cause death.
- Facilitates the absorption of iron from the intestinal tract
- Essential for the formation of hemoglobin, although it is not
a part of hemoglobin as such - A constituent of several enzyme systems
- Required for normal pigmentation of the hair and wool
Copper
- Constitutes 0.02 to 0.05% of the bones and teeth.
- Necessary for sound bones and teeth.
Fluorine
Fluorine Deficiency Signs
Deformed teeth and bones, softening, mottling, irregular wear of the teeth; rough hair coat, delayed maturity; less efficient utilization of feed
For the synthesis of iodine-containing hormones (thyroid
hormones), thyroxin and triiodothyronine, secreted by the
thyroid gland
Iodine
Iodine Deficiency Signs
enlarged thyroid gland (called goiter or “ big
neck” in calves),
-For the synthesis of hemoglobin, an iron-containing
compound in red blood cells that transports oxygen to cells
and tissues of the body
- An essential part of a variety of enzymes such as
cytochrome oxidase, catalase, and peroxidase
Iron
Iron Deficiency Signs
low number of red
blood cells and less than normal amount of hemoglobin, and (b)
paleness of mucous membranes
As component of the enzyme glutathione peroxidase, the
metabolic role of which is to protect against oxidation of
polyunsaturated fatty acids
Selenium
Selenium Deficiency Signs
In calves, the condition is called white muscle disease. In
lambs, it is called stiff lamb disease
Needed for normal development of skin, bones, hair, and
feathers
- As a component of several different enzyme systems which
are involved in digestion and respiration
-For wound and burn healing
Zinc
They are essential for the development of normal tissues
necessary for metabolic activity but do not enter into the structural
portion of the body.
VITAMINS
- Helps maintain normal vision in dim light - prevents night
blindness.
Vitamin A
Aids in assimilation and utilization of calcium and
phosphorus.
Vitamin D
- As an antioxidant that retards the rancidification of fats in
plant sources and in the digestive tract of animals; protects body cells from toxic substances formed from the
oxidation of unsaturated fatty acids.
Vitamin E
Controls blood coagulation by converting precursor proteins
to the active blood clotting factors.
Vitamin K is also known as:
Vitamin K
list of some nutrients present in feeds
Protein Starch Cellulose Sucrose Lactose Lipids Minerals Vitamins
occurs only after the basic units of the nutrients have been
absorbed into the blood
Metabolism
