Agri 31 Lecture D Flashcards
•study of the relationship between organisms and
their environment.
Ecology
unit of the biosphere in which the community of
organisms interacts with the environment
Ecosystem
model for the functioning of an agricultural
system with all its inputs and outputs
Agroecosystem
•application of ecological concepts and principles to the study, design and management
of agricultural systems
•seeks to evaluate the full effect of system inputs and outputs and to use this
knowledge to improve these systems
•Accounts for the need of both the ecosystem as a whole and the people within it
Agroecology
•interactive use of woody perennials with livestock and annual agricultural crops,
either sequentially or simultaneously
•to obtain greater outputs on a sustained basis
Agroforestry
- organisms that obtain nutrients from other organisms
* Heterotrophs (cannot synthesize their own food)
Consumers
live off the wastes and dead remains of other organism
Detritus feeders
•mainly of fungi and bacteria that are found in decaying organic material
•digest organic materials by secreting digestive enzymes into the environment then liberate
nutrients into the environment
Decomposers
-graphical representation of the energy contained in succeeding levels
-maximum energy at the base (producers) and steadily diminishing amounts at higher
levels.
Ecological pyramid
produce organic compounds from inorganic compounds
Producers (autotrophs)
•storage of energy at each trophic level •only 10 of the energy captured by organisms at one trophic level is converted into the bodies of the organisms in the next higher level
ECOLOGICAL
PYRAMID
•when human activities produce more nutrients than the natural cycles or local
ecosystems could absorb
•when humans release into the environment chemicals and other items injurious
to life forms
•overproduction of substances natural to ecosystems
POLLUTION
release of large quantities of human and livestock waste into bodies of water
Eutrophication
- combustion of fossil fuels and deforestation
* excessive release of carbon dioxide
Greenhouse effect/global warming
oxides of sulfur and nitrogen through burning of fossil fuels
Acid rain
mining and industrial processes
Heavy metal contamination
•Slope is less that 18
•Water is contained by levees or dikes
•Where most of the intensive cropping activities
are carried out
•In the Philippines, rice is the major crop
•3.5 million hectares rice land;
•50 % is rainfed
•Rainfed areas are planted to mungbean, corn,
vegetables, tobacco during prolonged drought
Lowland production systems
Problems with intensive cropping
systems
- resource degradation
- nutrient loading from fertilizers
- water contamination from pesticides and herbicides
- water logging
- soil salinization
solutions to/prevention of problems in intensive cropping systems
- biological pest management
- nutrient containment
- improved water management
•improve water movement through soil, aeration, water holding capacity, soil
aggregation and hydraulic conductivity
•decrease soil crusting and bulk density and hydraulic conductivity
organic matter augmentation
Sustaining the productivity of lowland areas
- proper choice of crop
- crop rotation
- organic matter augmentation
- deep fertilizer placement
- addition of organic matter to coincide with the crop nutrient demand
- reduction in the use of synthetic fertilizers
- proper water management
•improves the efficient use of plant nutrients and nutrient cycling
reduction in the use of synthetic fertilizers
- Slopes > 18%**
- Agriculture and forestry are practiced
- Increasing population
UPLANDS
•** the _________ are found in upland areas, but __________ utilizes lowland management system
rice terraces
rice production
- Vital support system for lowland and aquatic areas
- Watersheds provide water for irrigation, power, households
- Nutrients are brought by water to lowlands
- Abode to indigenous communities
- Source of plants/animals for food
- Large collection of genetic stocks with potentially useful traits
Importance of UPLANDS
Threats to upland areas
- Increased population
- Increased deforestation
- More than half of the uplands have been deforested
- Soil erosion a major problem
- Upland farmers are the poorest in the agricultural sector
- Need for technologies to improve fertility and productivity and conserve the topsoil
(SALT 1)
Sloping agricultural land technology
1
(SALT 2)
Simple agro
livestock technology 2
(SALT 3)
Sustainable Agroforest Land Technology
(SALT 4)
Small Agrofruit Livelihood Technology
_________ is a production system that
sustains the health of soils, ecosystems and people.
It relies on ecological processes, biodiversity and cycles adapted to local conditions, rather than the use of inputs with adverse effects.
combines tradition,
innovation and science to benefit the shared environment and promote fair relationships and a good quality of life for all involved.
Organic agriculture
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_is the idea that if you take the time to study the relationships between different natural systems you can design a way to use their ecosystem sustainably each year to produce a yield.
Permaculture
•total variability within all living organisms and the
ecological complexes they inhabit
•intraspecies variation in diversity or the variation of
diversity enclosed in one species
Biodiversity
- agricultural biodiversity
* genetic resources for food and agriculture
Agrobiodiversity
- variation of genes within species
* different traditional varieties of rice.
Genetic diversity
•variety of species within a given area or region •different species of vegetables raised in backyard gardens in the Philippine countryside (bahay kubo)
Species diversity
•boundaries of communities in association with species and
ecological system
•coastal ecosystem
•forest ecosystem
•rice ecosystemEcosystem biodiversity
•Source of food, medicine, fuel, construction
materials and other aesthetic, recreational, cultural
and research values
•Climate and water regulation
•Creation and protection of the soil
•Reduction of floods and soil erosion
•Natural control of agricultural pests
•Nutrient cycling and organic fertilizer source
IMPORTANCE OF AGROBIODIVERSITY
Benefits of Crop diversification/multiple cropping
- Soil fertility
- Efficient nutrient utilization
- Pest and weed management
- Examples: intercropping, relay cropping, alley cropping, multistorey cropping, crop rotation
- Integrated farming system
Advantages of animals in cropping systems
- source of food (meat, eggs, milk and honey)
- used during land preparation
- used for transporting produce to the market
- serve as capital reserve
- source of organic fertilizers
- to control pests (golden apple snail or golden kuhol)
Resource Conservation and
Regeneration
- Soil
- Water
- Genetic resources
Soil conservation /regeneration
1.Always keep the soil covered
2.Prevent soil erosion
3.Prevent the soil from being
chemically altered
4.Encourage health of beneficial
organisms
5.Grow leguminous crops
Water conservation
•Minimize use of ground water
•Maximize/optimize the use of soil and subsoil water
•Optimize the use of rain water
•Maximize rain water infiltration
•Decrease evapotranspiration, percolation, seepage
and run off
1.improving soil structure and storage capacity
2.decreasing evaporation/evapotranspiration
3.improving water infiltration
Genetic Resource Conservation in tissue culture
In vitro
