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Animal Science > AGRI 31 Second Lecture Exam > Flashcards

AGRI 31 Second Lecture Exam Flashcards

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1
Q

The attainment of size by virtue of growth and

architectural style by morphogenesis

A

Development

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2
Q

the irreversible increase of cell number, and

essentially its dry mass or weight

A

Growth

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3
Q

The reflection of change in the cell’s biochemical program,

controlled by developmental genes

A

Differentiation

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4
Q

Reflects the orderly processes by which genetically identical
cells become different, forming specialized tissues and
organs

A

Differentiation

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5
Q

the reversal of the cell specialization

A

Dedifferentiation

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6
Q

Important in the repair of injury, where cell near damaged

sites become totipotent and reprogram their development

A

Dedifferentiation

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7
Q

orientation and integration of differentiated cells in

space together with regulated growth 🡪 whole plant

A

Organization

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8
Q

the orientation and integration of differentiated cells in
space together with regulated growth, and the consequent
attainment of form and structure of the complete organism.

A

Morphogenesis

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9
Q

Essential characteristics of organisms
-take up relatively________from environment and
synthesize these to ___________

A

simple substance

complex substances

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10
Q

Growth is restricted to certain embryonic regions called the

_________

A

meristems

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11
Q

♣Where plant growth occurs
♣Site of repeated cell division of unspecialised cells
♣Cells differentiate, and become specialised in relation to the
function they will perform

A

Meristems

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12
Q

Cotyledons, shoots and root apical meristems

A

Embryo

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13
Q
  • Shoot
  • Axillary root (apical and lateral)
  • Floral
  • Cambiums (cork, vascular)
A

Meristems

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14
Q

♥tips of roots and shoot

♥site of primary growth in a plant

A

Apical

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15
Q

♥side portions, arising from the cambium (base of nodes and stems),
♥responsible for secondary thickening of the stem and roots

A

Lateral

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16
Q

♥inserted between regions of differentiated tissues

A

Intercalary

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17
Q

Types of Growth

A
  1. Indeterminate (ricebean , winged bean)

2. Determinate (corn, rice, mungbean)

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18
Q

-apical meristems of the roots and stems remain permanently embryonic over long periods

A

Indeterminate

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19
Q

-other plant parts (leaves, flowers, fruits) are embryonic for limited
period before the plant reaches maturity, have precise morphology and
definite number of parts

A

Determinate

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20
Q

The regulatory effects exerted by one part of the plant on the
growth or development in another part

A

Correlation Effect

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21
Q

♥As shoot increases in bulk, the size of the root system becomes
proportionately larger
♥Reduction in vegetative growth when the plant is fruiting
♥Stimulation of fruit growth by hormones produced in the
developing seeds
♥Stimulating effects of buds/leaves on the rooting of stem cuttings

A

Organ Differentiation

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22
Q

•
Many aspects of plant behavior exhibit periodic oscillations that
appear to be controlled by an internal time measuring system:_____________________

A

the endogenous biological clock

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23
Q

The Biological Clock Manifestations

A

♥Diurnal rise and fall of leaves (sleep movements)

♥Photosynthesis is diurnal

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24
Q

Classifications of Biological Rhythms

A
  1. Circadian Rhythm
  2. Lunar rhythm
  3. Annual rhythm
  4. Ultradian rhythm
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25
Q

=day) = 24 hours eg bean
movement ( hyponasty, epinasty ) (example: Portulaca , Calathea, rain
tree or Fertility Tree of UPLB)

A

Circadian Rhythm ( about+diem =day) = 24 hours

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26
Q

= 28 days, between one full moon to the next

A

Lunar rhythm

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27
Q

––(flowering of fire trees, cherry blossoms

and kapok every summer)

A

Annual rhythm

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28
Q

= <24

hrs

A

Ultradian rhythm

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29
Q

result of differential growth within an organ or between 2 different
organs ( irreversible)

A

Growth movements

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30
Q

Plant Movements

A
  • Growth movements

* Turgor movements

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31
Q

•
Results from volume changes in certain cells due to changes in
osmotic potential (water) pressure due to the influx or efflux of
ions which in turn cause water to move in and out of the cells
reversible, but not all the time)

A

Turgor movements

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32
Q

Result from differential growth of specific organs of a plant

A

Tropisms

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33
Q
  • the plant moves toward the stimulus

ex. bending toward light

A

♣Positive tropisms

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34
Q

movements away from the stimulus

A

♣Negative tropisms

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35
Q

movement in response to

light

A

Phototropism

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36
Q

Growth movements in response to gravity

A

Gravitropism

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37
Q

•negatively gravitropic, away from the center (
•plant shoots exhibit negative gravitropism because they
grow away from gravity

A

Shoots

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38
Q

•positively gravitropic, towards the earth’s center(+)

A

Roots

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39
Q

-directional response of a plant organ to touch or physical contact
with a solid object
-curling of threadlike
appendages in vines

A

Thigmotropism

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40
Q
  • changing position and facing normal to the sun throughout the day
  • the solar tracking of plant organs example: sunflowers
A

Heliotropism

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41
Q

Under Photoperiodism

A
  • Long day plants
  • Short day plants
  • Day neutral plants
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42
Q

-Flower when daylength is longer than a critical value

A

-Long day plants

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43
Q

-Flower when the daylength is shorter than a critical value

A

-Short day plants

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44
Q

-Flower when they become mature regardless of daylength

A

-Day neutral plants

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45
Q

-malunggay , aster, gladiola, fire tree, golden shower

A

-Long day plants

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46
Q

beans, poinsettia

A

-Short day plants

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47
Q

a slowdown in an organisms metabolic rate

A

Dormancy

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48
Q

-inability of viable seed s to germinate
given favorable conditions for germination.
•
Normally, a flower which is pollinated develops into a fruit,
containing seeds derived from the fertilized egg cell

A

Seed dormancy

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49
Q

fruit development without fertilization

A

Parthenocarpy

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50
Q

-the collective term for aging processes that lead to the death
of a plant or plant part

A

SENESCENCE

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51
Q 
•
-Organic substances other than nutrients
•Effective at low concentrations
•Naturally occuring
•Modify plant growth and development
(quantitative/qualitative)
More than one hormone is involved in the control of physiological
processes but only one tends to dominate the control process
A

Phytohormones

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52
Q

–organic substances effective at low concentrations that modify
plant growth and development
–produced naturally by plants

A

Hormones

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53
Q

–may be synthetic compounds (e.g., IBA and Cycocel ) that mimic
naturally occurring plant hormones, or
–may be natural hormones that were extracted from plant
tissue (e.g., IAA)

A

Plant Growth Regulators

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54
Q

•
synthesized in shoot apical meristems, young leaves, seeds
and fruits
•
promote growth in molar concentrations of 10^-3 to 10^-8

A

Auxins

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55
Q
  • Auxin produced chemically

- synthesized from indole or tryptophan

A

Indoleacetic Acid (IAA)

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56
Q

•

Promote lateral and adventitious root development

A

Auxins

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57
Q

fruit development in the absence of fertilization

A

parthenocarpy (fruit development in the absence of fertilization)

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58
Q

♣toxic in large concentrations
♣affect mostly dicots but not monocots
♣Monocots seem to be able to rapidly degrade the
synthetic auxins

A

Auxins

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59
Q

•phenyl urea derivatives of adenine, one of the molecules in
DNA
♣found in actively dividing tissues of seeds, fruits, leaves and
root tips, and wound tissue sites
♣transported through xylem to the rest of the plant

A

Cytokinin

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60
Q

are produced in roots and younger leaves,

with seeds having the highest concentration

A

Gibberellins

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61
Q

♥Reversal of genetic dwarfism GA
♥Bolting of biennials, to produce flowers during the first
growing season

A

Effects of Gibberellins

on Elongation

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62
Q

•commercial applications
in grape industry, where
grapes grow larger, and
with longer internodes

A

Gibberellins

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63
Q

♥inhibits growth activities in times of environmental stress
rather than by promoting growth
♥often serves as an antagonist to the other growth
promoting hormones in plants.

A

Abscisic Acid

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64
Q

ABA is also referred to as the _______________

A

stress activity hormone

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65
Q

♥Promotes flowering

♥promotes leaf senescense

A

Ethylene

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66
Q
  • Climatic (climate, weather)
  • Edaphic/Soil factors
  • Climatic stresses (drought, salinity, acidity, lahar, La Niña
  • El Niño, greenhouse effect ,global warming
A

Abiotic

67
Q

•Beneficial organisms (pollinators, decomposers, natural
enemies)
•Pests (arthropods, pathogens, weeds, vertebrate pests
•Allelopathy

A

Biotic

68
Q

the atmospheric conditions in any area at
any time, with regards to sun, cloud, temperature,
wind and rain, etc.(deviation from pattern)

A

Weather

69
Q

the long term weather pattern of an
area, including temperature, precipitation, and
wind or weather averaged over long period of
time (seasonal pattern)

A

Climate

70
Q

Rate at which a surface absorbs radiation (Watt/m2)

A
  1. Solar Radiation
71
Q

Direct effect on Photosynthesis

A

1.Photoenergetic effect

72
Q

effect on development of plants

A

2.Photocybernetic effect

73
Q

red and blue

A

Photosynthesis

74
Q

far red and red

A

Photoperiodism

75
Q 
-Amount of solar radiation that reaches the outer
limits of the earth’s atmosphere
-Solar constant = 2.0
cal /cm 2 /min (15%
fluctuation within the year)
A

Solar constant

76
Q

used by plants to fix CO2 during Photosynthesis

A

PAR-photosynthetically active radiation (PAR)

77
Q

Classification based on light intensity requirements

A
  • Heliophytes

- Sciophytes

78
Q

sun loving

A

Heliophytes

79
Q

shade loving

A

-Sciophytes

80
Q

reflected radiation/total incident light.
Reflects how fast and what degree surface is
heated

A

Albedo

81
Q

varies with latitude, different between day and night and
increases as latitude from equator increases
Flowering and germination are affected by __________

A

daylength

82
Q

Plant response as conditioned by daylength

A

Photoperiodism

83
Q

germination response with respect to daylength

A

Photoblastism

84
Q

Plants that grow in Cool season

A

cole crops

85
Q

Plants that grow in warm season

A

rice, banana

86
Q

Plants that grow in tropical

A

coconut

87
Q

Plants that grow in Sub-tropical

A

citrus

88
Q

= measurement of departure of the
daily mean temperature above the minimum
threshold temperature for the plant (base temp)

A

Degree day

89
Q

-Water in some form (Rain , drizzle, fog, mist,
snow, hail) falling out of the air, and settling
on the surface of the earth
-Precipitation is a condensation in the atmosphere.

A

Precipitation/Rainfall

90
Q

is condensation at the surface and thus is not a

form of precipitation

A

Dew

91
Q

Roles of water in plant growth

A

•Reactant in many biological processes
•Medium of transport of nutrients and
other substances
•Temperature regulation

92
Q

Classification based on need for moisture

A

Xerophytes
Hydrophytes
Mesophytes

93
Q

desert plants

A

Xerophytes

94
Q

aquatic plants

A

Hydrophytes

95
Q

land plants

A

Mesophytes

96
Q

affects seasonal distribution of precipitation

A

Air circulation

97
Q

affects amount and distribution of rainfall

A

Topography

98
Q

influences the phytogeographic distribution of plants

A

Moisture

99
Q

Rain formation requires:

A
  • High RH
  • Sufficient low temperature
  • Condensation nuclei
  • Sufficiently low pressure
100
Q

The electromagnetic radiation with wavelengths longer
than visible light and shorter than microwaves. It is felt
as heat.

A

Infrared Radiation

101
Q

The most important greenhouse gases are:

A
  • CO 2 Carbon Dioxide
  • CH 4 methane
  • N 2 O nitrous oxide
  • Chloroflourocarbons (CFC)
102
Q

Levels of greenhouse gases have increased by about ______ since large scale industrialization began around
150 years ago

A

25 percent

103
Q

•Rising concentrations of greenhouse gases produce an increase in the
average surface temperature of the Earth over time
•Rising temperatures may, in turn, produce changes in precipitation
patterns, storm severity, and sea level commonly referred to as

A

Climate Change

104
Q 
The movement (“flux”) of carbon between the atmosphere
and the land and oceans dominated by natural processes,
eg PS.
A

Carbon Cycle

105
Q

positive imbalance between greenhouse gas
emissions and absorption resulting in the continuing
increase in atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases

A

Net effect

106
Q

what are the Air Pollutants

A
  • Carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide
  • Particles dust, soot, heavy metals
  • Sulfur dioxide
  • Flourides
  • Phytochemical smog O 3 , PAN, N2O
107
Q

Ozone occurs naturally in the Earth’s upper
atmosphere 6 to 30 miles above the Earth’s surface where it
forms a protective layer that shields us from the sun’s harmful
ultraviolet rays

A

Good Ozone.

108
Q

In the Earth’s lower atmosphere, near ground
level, ozone is formed when pollutants emitted by cars, power
plants, industrial boilers, refineries, chemical plants, and other
sources react chemically in the presence of sunlight

A

Bad Ozone.

109
Q
  • Based on precipitation and temperature

* PHL is classified as tropical and rainy

A

•Koppen’s classification

110
Q

•Based on the difference between the mean

A

Thornthwaite’s classification

111
Q
  • based on precipitation

* PHL has four basic types of climate

A

Modified Corona classification

112
Q

Climate Classifications

A

Koppen’s classification
Thornthwaite’s classification
Modified Corona classification

113
Q
  • Two pronounced seasons

* Dry from Nov to Apr (less than 50mm rain/ mo

A

Type 1

114
Q
  • No dry season
  • Very pronounced maximum rains during Nov to Jan
  • No single dry month in regions of this type
A

Type 2

115
Q
  • Intermediate of Types 1&2, resembles more of type 1
  • Seasons not very pronounced
  • Dry season: 1 3 months
A

Type 3

116
Q
  • Intermediate of Types 1&2, resembles more of type 2

* Rainfall more or less evenly distributed

A

Type 4

117
Q

totality of the genetic make-up of an organism; affected by environment to produce the phenotype

A

Genotype

118
Q
  • group of plants within a particular cultivated species

- distinguished by a character or group of characters

A

Variety

119
Q
  • a distinct variant selected by someone who believed it was uniquely different from any plant already in cultivation
A

Cultivar (cultivated variety)

120
Q

-cultivars that are propagated by vegetative means

A

Clones

121
Q

propagated by seeds

A

Lines

122
Q
  • plants of actual or potential value for the present and the future generations;
  • raw materials for plant breeding;
  • component of biodiversity.
A

Plant genetic resources

123
Q

variability in all living things, life on earth

A

Biodiversity

124
Q

-wild species, weedy races, traditional varieties, obsolete varieties, products of plant breeding, GMOs

A

Genetic resources of crops

125
Q

SOIL

PROPERTIES

A
  • Physical
  • Chemical
  • Biological
126
Q

size and relative proportions of

various size groups in a given soil

A

Texture

127
Q

arrangement of soil particles into

groups or aggregates

A

Structure

128
Q

top and sub soil

A

Soil Depth

129
Q

physical configuration of the soil

surface (drainage, run off, erosion)

A

Topography

130
Q

-refers to the grouping of particles of sand, silt,
and clay into larger aggregates of various sizes
and shapes

A

Soil Structure

131
Q

Movement of air, water, and plant roots through a soil

is affected by

A

Soil Structure

132
Q

Result in a network of soil pores that allow rapid
exchange of air and water with plant roots.
Plant growth depends on rapid rates of exchange.

A

Stable Aggregates

133
Q

How to maintain Good Soil Structure:

A
  • crop rotation
  • organic matter addition
  • timely tillage practices
134
Q

-difficult to maintain aggregate stability due to
low organic matter, clay content and resistance
of sand particles to cementing processes

A

Sandy Soils

135
Q

Refers to the thickness of soil materials which provide

structural support, nutrients, and water for plants

A

Soil Depth

136
Q

is a measure of the ability of air

and water to move through it

A

Soil’s permeability

137
Q

-“lay of the land” or physical configuration of soil
surface
-impact on whether a field can be irrigated

A

Topography

138
Q

component of topography that refers to the
difference in height between the hills and depressions
in the field
-affects the type of irrigation system to be used,
the water conveyance system (ditches or pipes),
drainage requirements and water erosion control
practices

A

Relief

139
Q

A measure of the acidity or alkalinity of a

soil

A

Soil pH

140
Q

= 7.0

A

Neutral

141
Q

< 7.0

A

Acidic

142
Q

> 7.0

A

Alkaline

143
Q

is a measure of the quantity of cations that can be adsorbed and held by a soil
- is dependent upon the amount of organic
matter and clay in soils and on the types of clay

A 
Cation
Exchange Capacity (CEC)
144
Q

Mice, moles, etc.; Earthworms and other worms; Ants,

beetles, termites, spiders

A

Macrofauna

145
Q

: Nematodes, arthropods (mites, centipedes, and springtails),
mollusks

A

Mesofauna

146
Q

: Protozoa

A

Microfauna

147
Q
  • Most numerous in soil
  • Most diverse metabolism
  • Can be aerobic or anaerobic
  • Optimal growth at pH 6 8
A

Bacteria

148
Q

Allelopathy
allelon–_________________
pathos–means “____”

A

“of each other”

to suffer

149
Q

refers to the chemical inhibition of one species by another.
The “inhibitory” chemical is released into the environment where it affects
the development and growth of neighboring plants

A

Allelopathy

150
Q

insufficiency of rainfall/moisture

A

Drought

151
Q

29 consecutive days without

rainfall of at least 0.25 mm

A

Absolute drought

152
Q

15 consecutive days without

rainfall of at least 0.25mm

A

Partial drought

153
Q

Methods of Conservation

A

ex situ

in situ

154
Q

conservation outside the natural habitat

ex. seed & field genebanks

A

ex situ

155
Q

conservation in the natural habitat

A

in situ

156
Q

Sources of variation

A

▪Mutation
▪Migration
▪Recombination

157
Q

selecting the best looking plants/seeds and
saving them
to plant for the next year’s crop

A

▪

Selection

158
Q

modifying the genetic composition of plants by making
crosses and selecting new superior genotype
combinations

A

Traditional plant breeding

159
Q

-
a new type of genetic modification, involving the purposeful
addition of a foreign gene or genes to the genome of an
organism.

A

Genetic engineering

160
Q

use of living organisms or their parts to
make or modify products, or improve plants,
animals and microorganisms

A

Biotechnology

161
Q

…allows direct introduction of genes from
one species to another through DNA
manipulation (recombinant DNA)

A

Modern biotechnology

162
Q

… refers to specific gene transfer from the
same or related or unrelated species
resulting in gene expression and production
of new trait(s) in an organism

A

Genetic Engineering

163
Q

the warming of water in

the Pacific Ocean

A

El Nino

164
Q

the cooling of water in

the Pacific Ocean

A

La Nina

Animal Science (20 decks)

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