AGRI 31 Second Lecture Exam Flashcards
1
Q
The attainment of size by virtue of growth and
architectural style by morphogenesis
A
Development
2
Q
the irreversible increase of cell number, and
essentially its dry mass or weight
A
Growth
3
Q
The reflection of change in the cell’s biochemical program,
controlled by developmental genes
A
Differentiation
4
Q
Reflects the orderly processes by which genetically identical
cells become different, forming specialized tissues and
organs
A
Differentiation
5
Q
the reversal of the cell specialization
A
Dedifferentiation
6
Q
Important in the repair of injury, where cell near damaged
sites become totipotent and reprogram their development
A
Dedifferentiation
7
Q
orientation and integration of differentiated cells in
space together with regulated growth 🡪 whole plant
A
Organization
8
Q
the orientation and integration of differentiated cells in
space together with regulated growth, and the consequent
attainment of form and structure of the complete organism.
A
Morphogenesis
9
Q
Essential characteristics of organisms
-take up relatively________from environment and
synthesize these to ___________
A
simple substance
complex substances
10
Q
Growth is restricted to certain embryonic regions called the
_________
A
meristems
11
Q
♣Where plant growth occurs
♣Site of repeated cell division of unspecialised cells
♣Cells differentiate, and become specialised in relation to the
function they will perform
A
Meristems
12
Q
Cotyledons, shoots and root apical meristems
A
Embryo
13
Q
- Shoot
- Axillary root (apical and lateral)
- Floral
- Cambiums (cork, vascular)
A
Meristems
14
Q
♥tips of roots and shoot
♥site of primary growth in a plant
A
Apical
15
Q
♥side portions, arising from the cambium (base of nodes and stems),
♥responsible for secondary thickening of the stem and roots
A
Lateral
16
Q
♥inserted between regions of differentiated tissues
A
Intercalary
17
Q
Types of Growth
A
- Indeterminate (ricebean , winged bean)
2. Determinate (corn, rice, mungbean)
18
Q
-apical meristems of the roots and stems remain permanently embryonic over long periods
A
Indeterminate
19
Q
-other plant parts (leaves, flowers, fruits) are embryonic for limited
period before the plant reaches maturity, have precise morphology and
definite number of parts
A
Determinate
20
Q
The regulatory effects exerted by one part of the plant on the
growth or development in another part
A
Correlation Effect
21
Q
♥As shoot increases in bulk, the size of the root system becomes
proportionately larger
♥Reduction in vegetative growth when the plant is fruiting
♥Stimulation of fruit growth by hormones produced in the
developing seeds
♥Stimulating effects of buds/leaves on the rooting of stem cuttings
A
Organ Differentiation
22
Q
•
Many aspects of plant behavior exhibit periodic oscillations that
appear to be controlled by an internal time measuring system:_____________________
A
the endogenous biological clock
23
Q
The Biological Clock Manifestations
A
♥Diurnal rise and fall of leaves (sleep movements)
♥Photosynthesis is diurnal
24
Q
Classifications of Biological Rhythms
A
- Circadian Rhythm
- Lunar rhythm
- Annual rhythm
- Ultradian rhythm
25
=day) = 24 hours eg bean
movement ( hyponasty, epinasty ) (example: Portulaca , Calathea, rain
tree or Fertility Tree of UPLB)
Circadian Rhythm ( about+diem =day) = 24 hours
26
= 28 days, between one full moon to the next
Lunar rhythm
27
––(flowering of fire trees, cherry blossoms
| and kapok every summer)
Annual rhythm
28
= <24
| hrs
Ultradian rhythm
29
result of differential growth within an organ or between 2 different
organs ( irreversible)
Growth movements
30
Plant Movements
* Growth movements
| * Turgor movements
31
•
Results from volume changes in certain cells due to changes in
osmotic potential (water) pressure due to the influx or efflux of
ions which in turn cause water to move in and out of the cells
reversible, but not all the time)
Turgor movements
32
Result from differential growth of specific organs of a plant
Tropisms
33
- the plant moves toward the stimulus
| ex. bending toward light
♣Positive tropisms
34
movements away from the stimulus
♣Negative tropisms
35
movement in response to
| light
Phototropism
36
Growth movements in response to gravity
Gravitropism
37
•negatively gravitropic, away from the center (
•plant shoots exhibit negative gravitropism because they
grow away from gravity
Shoots
38
•positively gravitropic, towards the earth’s center(+)
Roots
39
-directional response of a plant organ to touch or physical contact
with a solid object
-curling of threadlike
appendages in vines
Thigmotropism
40
* changing position and facing normal to the sun throughout the day
* the solar tracking of plant organs example: sunflowers
Heliotropism
41
Under Photoperiodism
- Long day plants
- Short day plants
- Day neutral plants
42
-Flower when daylength is longer than a critical value
-Long day plants
43
-Flower when the daylength is shorter than a critical value
-Short day plants
44
-Flower when they become mature regardless of daylength
-Day neutral plants
45
-malunggay , aster, gladiola, fire tree, golden shower
-Long day plants
46
beans, poinsettia
-Short day plants
47
a slowdown in an organisms metabolic rate
Dormancy
48
-inability of viable seed s to germinate
given favorable conditions for germination.
•
Normally, a flower which is pollinated develops into a fruit,
containing seeds derived from the fertilized egg cell
Seed dormancy
49
fruit development without fertilization
Parthenocarpy
50
-the collective term for aging processes that lead to the death
of a plant or plant part
SENESCENCE
51
```
•
-Organic substances other than nutrients
•Effective at low concentrations
•Naturally occuring
•Modify plant growth and development
(quantitative/qualitative)
More than one hormone is involved in the control of physiological
processes but only one tends to dominate the control process
```
Phytohormones
52
–organic substances effective at low concentrations that modify
plant growth and development
–produced naturally by plants
Hormones
53
–may be synthetic compounds (e.g., IBA and Cycocel ) that mimic
naturally occurring plant hormones, or
–may be natural hormones that were extracted from plant
tissue (e.g., IAA)
Plant Growth Regulators
54
•
synthesized in shoot apical meristems, young leaves, seeds
and fruits
•
promote growth in molar concentrations of 10^-3 to 10^-8
Auxins
55
- Auxin produced chemically
| - synthesized from indole or tryptophan
Indoleacetic Acid (IAA)
56
•
| Promote lateral and adventitious root development
Auxins
57
fruit development in the absence of fertilization
parthenocarpy (fruit development in the absence of fertilization)
58
♣toxic in large concentrations
♣affect mostly dicots but not monocots
♣Monocots seem to be able to rapidly degrade the
synthetic auxins
Auxins
59
•phenyl urea derivatives of adenine, one of the molecules in
DNA
♣found in actively dividing tissues of seeds, fruits, leaves and
root tips, and wound tissue sites
♣transported through xylem to the rest of the plant
Cytokinin
60
are produced in roots and younger leaves,
| with seeds having the highest concentration
Gibberellins
61
♥Reversal of genetic dwarfism GA
♥Bolting of biennials, to produce flowers during the first
growing season
Effects of Gibberellins
| on Elongation
62
•commercial applications
in grape industry, where
grapes grow larger, and
with longer internodes
Gibberellins
63
♥inhibits growth activities in times of environmental stress
rather than by promoting growth
♥often serves as an antagonist to the other growth
promoting hormones in plants.
Abscisic Acid
64
ABA is also referred to as the _______________
stress activity hormone
65
♥Promotes flowering
| ♥promotes leaf senescense
Ethylene
66
* Climatic (climate, weather)
* Edaphic/Soil factors
* Climatic stresses (drought, salinity, acidity, lahar, La Niña
* El Niño, greenhouse effect ,global warming
Abiotic
67
•Beneficial organisms (pollinators, decomposers, natural
enemies)
•Pests (arthropods, pathogens, weeds, vertebrate pests
•Allelopathy
Biotic
68
the atmospheric conditions in any area at
any time, with regards to sun, cloud, temperature,
wind and rain, etc.(deviation from pattern)
Weather
69
the long term weather pattern of an
area, including temperature, precipitation, and
wind or weather averaged over long period of
time (seasonal pattern)
Climate
70
Rate at which a surface absorbs radiation (Watt/m2)
1. Solar Radiation
71
Direct effect on Photosynthesis
1.Photoenergetic effect
72
effect on development of plants
2.Photocybernetic effect
73
red and blue
Photosynthesis
74
far red and red
Photoperiodism
75
```
-Amount of solar radiation that reaches the outer
limits of the earth’s atmosphere
-Solar constant = 2.0
cal /cm 2 /min (15%
fluctuation within the year)
```
Solar constant
76
used by plants to fix CO2 during Photosynthesis
PAR-photosynthetically active radiation (PAR)
77
Classification based on light intensity requirements
- Heliophytes
| - Sciophytes
78
sun loving
Heliophytes
79
shade loving
-Sciophytes
80
reflected radiation/total incident light.
Reflects how fast and what degree surface is
heated
Albedo
81
varies with latitude, different between day and night and
increases as latitude from equator increases
Flowering and germination are affected by __________
daylength
82
Plant response as conditioned by daylength
Photoperiodism
83
germination response with respect to daylength
Photoblastism
84
Plants that grow in Cool season
cole crops
85
Plants that grow in warm season
rice, banana
86
Plants that grow in tropical
coconut
87
Plants that grow in Sub-tropical
citrus
88
= measurement of departure of the
daily mean temperature above the minimum
threshold temperature for the plant (base temp)
Degree day
89
-Water in some form (Rain , drizzle, fog, mist,
snow, hail) falling out of the air, and settling
on the surface of the earth
-Precipitation is a condensation in the atmosphere.
Precipitation/Rainfall
90
is condensation at the surface and thus is not a
| form of precipitation
Dew
91
Roles of water in plant growth
•Reactant in many biological processes
•Medium of transport of nutrients and
other substances
•Temperature regulation
92
Classification based on need for moisture
Xerophytes
Hydrophytes
Mesophytes
93
desert plants
Xerophytes
94
aquatic plants
Hydrophytes
95
land plants
Mesophytes
96
affects seasonal distribution of precipitation
Air circulation
97
affects amount and distribution of rainfall
Topography
98
influences the phytogeographic distribution of plants
Moisture
99
Rain formation requires:
* High RH
* Sufficient low temperature
* Condensation nuclei
* Sufficiently low pressure
100
The electromagnetic radiation with wavelengths longer
than visible light and shorter than microwaves. It is felt
as heat.
Infrared Radiation
101
The most important greenhouse gases are:
* CO 2 Carbon Dioxide
* CH 4 methane
* N 2 O nitrous oxide
* Chloroflourocarbons (CFC)
102
Levels of greenhouse gases have increased by about ______ since large scale industrialization began around
150 years ago
25 percent
103
•Rising concentrations of greenhouse gases produce an increase in the
average surface temperature of the Earth over time
•Rising temperatures may, in turn, produce changes in precipitation
patterns, storm severity, and sea level commonly referred to as
Climate Change
104
```
The movement (“flux”) of carbon between the atmosphere
and the land and oceans dominated by natural processes,
eg PS.
```
Carbon Cycle
105
positive imbalance between greenhouse gas
emissions and absorption resulting in the continuing
increase in atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases
Net effect
106
what are the Air Pollutants
* Carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide
* Particles dust, soot, heavy metals
* Sulfur dioxide
* Flourides
* Phytochemical smog O 3 , PAN, N2O
107
Ozone occurs naturally in the Earth's upper
atmosphere 6 to 30 miles above the Earth's surface where it
forms a protective layer that shields us from the sun's harmful
ultraviolet rays
Good Ozone.
108
In the Earth's lower atmosphere, near ground
level, ozone is formed when pollutants emitted by cars, power
plants, industrial boilers, refineries, chemical plants, and other
sources react chemically in the presence of sunlight
Bad Ozone.
109
* Based on precipitation and temperature
| * PHL is classified as tropical and rainy
•Koppen’s classification
110
•Based on the difference between the mean
Thornthwaite’s classification
111
* based on precipitation
| * PHL has four basic types of climate
Modified Corona classification
112
Climate Classifications
Koppen’s classification
Thornthwaite’s classification
Modified Corona classification
113
* Two pronounced seasons
| * Dry from Nov to Apr (less than 50mm rain/ mo
Type 1
114
- No dry season
- Very pronounced maximum rains during Nov to Jan
- No single dry month in regions of this type
Type 2
115
* Intermediate of Types 1&2, resembles more of type 1
* Seasons not very pronounced
* Dry season: 1 3 months
Type 3
116
* Intermediate of Types 1&2, resembles more of type 2
| * Rainfall more or less evenly distributed
Type 4
117
totality of the genetic make-up of an organism; affected by environment to produce the phenotype
Genotype
118
- group of plants within a particular cultivated species
| - distinguished by a character or group of characters
Variety
119
- a distinct variant selected by someone who believed it was uniquely different from any plant already in cultivation
Cultivar (cultivated variety)
120
-cultivars that are propagated by vegetative means
Clones
121
propagated by seeds
Lines
122
- plants of actual or potential value for the present and the future generations;
- raw materials for plant breeding;
- component of biodiversity.
Plant genetic resources
123
variability in all living things, life on earth
Biodiversity
124
-wild species, weedy races, traditional varieties, obsolete varieties, products of plant breeding, GMOs
Genetic resources of crops
125
SOIL
| PROPERTIES
* Physical
* Chemical
* Biological
126
size and relative proportions of
| various size groups in a given soil
Texture
127
arrangement of soil particles into
| groups or aggregates
Structure
128
top and sub soil
Soil Depth
129
physical configuration of the soil
| surface (drainage, run off, erosion)
Topography
130
-refers to the grouping of particles of sand, silt,
and clay into larger aggregates of various sizes
and shapes
Soil Structure
131
Movement of air, water, and plant roots through a soil
| is affected by
Soil Structure
132
Result in a network of soil pores that allow rapid
exchange of air and water with plant roots.
Plant growth depends on rapid rates of exchange.
Stable Aggregates
133
How to maintain Good Soil Structure:
* crop rotation
* organic matter addition
* timely tillage practices
134
-difficult to maintain aggregate stability due to
low organic matter, clay content and resistance
of sand particles to cementing processes
Sandy Soils
135
Refers to the thickness of soil materials which provide
| structural support, nutrients, and water for plants
Soil Depth
136
is a measure of the ability of air
| and water to move through it
Soil's permeability
137
-"lay of the land" or physical configuration of soil
surface
-impact on whether a field can be irrigated
Topography
138
component of topography that refers to the
difference in height between the hills and depressions
in the field
-affects the type of irrigation system to be used,
the water conveyance system (ditches or pipes),
drainage requirements and water erosion control
practices
Relief
139
A measure of the acidity or alkalinity of a
| soil
Soil pH
140
= 7.0
Neutral
141
< 7.0
Acidic
142
> 7.0
Alkaline
143
is a measure of the quantity of cations that can be adsorbed and held by a soil
- is dependent upon the amount of organic
matter and clay in soils and on the types of clay
```
Cation
Exchange Capacity (CEC)
```
144
Mice, moles, etc.; Earthworms and other worms; Ants,
| beetles, termites, spiders
Macrofauna
145
: Nematodes, arthropods (mites, centipedes, and springtails),
mollusks
Mesofauna
146
: Protozoa
Microfauna
147
* Most numerous in soil
* Most diverse metabolism
* Can be aerobic or anaerobic
* Optimal growth at pH 6 8
Bacteria
148
Allelopathy
allelon--_________________
pathos--means "____"
"of each other"
| to suffer
149
refers to the chemical inhibition of one species by another.
The "inhibitory" chemical is released into the environment where it affects
the development and growth of neighboring plants
Allelopathy
150
insufficiency of rainfall/moisture
Drought
151
29 consecutive days without
| rainfall of at least 0.25 mm
Absolute drought
152
15 consecutive days without
| rainfall of at least 0.25mm
Partial drought
153
Methods of Conservation
ex situ
| in situ
154
conservation outside the natural habitat
| ex. seed & field genebanks
ex situ
155
conservation in the natural habitat
in situ
156
Sources of variation
▪Mutation
▪Migration
▪Recombination
157
selecting the best looking plants/seeds and
saving them
to plant for the next year’s crop
▪
| Selection
158
modifying the genetic composition of plants by making
crosses and selecting new superior genotype
combinations
Traditional plant breeding
159
-
a new type of genetic modification, involving the purposeful
addition of a foreign gene or genes to the genome of an
organism.
Genetic engineering
160
use of living organisms or their parts to
make or modify products, or improve plants,
animals and microorganisms
Biotechnology
161
…allows direct introduction of genes from
one species to another through DNA
manipulation (recombinant DNA)
Modern biotechnology
162
… refers to specific gene transfer from the
same or related or unrelated species
resulting in gene expression and production
of new trait(s) in an organism
Genetic Engineering
163
the warming of water in
| the Pacific Ocean
El Nino
164
the cooling of water in
| the Pacific Ocean
La Nina
