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My board exam flashcards > Physio > Flashcards

Physio Flashcards

1
Q

GLUT RBC

A

GLUT 1 3

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2
Q

GLUT 2

A

1liver 2pancreas 3small intestine BasoLateral side 2 words

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3
Q

GLUT 4

A

1adipose 2SK ms

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4
Q

GLUT 5

A

small intestine L U M E N 5 letters

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5
Q

receptors SI lumen

A

SGLT1 and GLUT5

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6
Q

Osmolality formula

A

2Na PLUS Glucose div 18 PLUS urea div 2.8

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7
Q

Na K Atpase How many Na and K

A

toKen or twoKin Two K in

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8
Q

Location of NA K ATPase pump in most cells

A

basolateral except in choroid plexus

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9
Q

Give 2 brain tumors arising from dividing neurons of infants

A

1Neuroblastoma 2Retinoblastoma

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10
Q

Destruction of myelin sheath PNS

A

GBS schwann cell made

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11
Q

Destruction of myelin sheath CNS

A

MS oligodendrocyte made

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12
Q

Unmyelinated parts of axon

A

Nodes of Ranvier

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13
Q

Disaeses using retrograde axonal tansport dynein 2

A

1Tetanus 2Botulism

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14
Q

Term to describe collection of Neurons in PNS

A

ganglion

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15
Q

Term to describe collection of Neurons in CNS

A

Nucleus or Locus or Substantia

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16
Q

Axons connecting cerebrum and brainstem

A

Capsule

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17
Q

Collection of axons with common origin and destination

A

Tract

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18
Q

Bundle of axons in PNS

A

Nerve except optic nerve

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19
Q

Production of ACH

A

Nucleus Basalis of Meynert

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20
Q

3 substances made from Tryptophan

A

Niacin Melatonin Serotonin production requires B6

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21
Q

Parkinson drugs BALSA

A

Bromocriptine Amantadine Levi/carbidopa Selegilin Antimuscarinic bextropine

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22
Q

Converterd to Melatonin in PINEAL GLAND

A

Serotonin

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23
Q

Nitrous oxide vs Nitric oxide

A

N20 laughing gas while NO is vasodilatorand or inhibitor synthesized PRN

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24
Q

Precursor of NO

A

Arginine

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25
Q

Eponym of NO

A

endothelium derived relazing factor

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26
Q

Precursor of GABA

A

Derived from GLUTAMATE the excitatory NT

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27
Q

Enterochromaffin cell vs enterochromaffin like cells in stomach

A

Enterochromaffin cell SEROTONIN vs enterochromaffin like cells HISTAMINE

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28
Q

Histamine prodn in CNS

A

Tuberomamillary nucleus of hypothalamus

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29
Q

Purely excitatory NT

A

glutamate

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30
Q

Purely inhibitory NT 4

A

GABA Glycine Serotonin NO

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31
Q

excitatory of inihibitory NTs 4

A

aCh NorE Epi Dopamine

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32
Q

Char of action potential 3

A

1stereotypical size and shape 2propagating 3all or none

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33
Q

Na channel blocker of Neurona 2

A

1Tetrodotoxin from puffer fish AWAKE BUT PARALYZED 2Saxitoxin in Dinoflagellates eaten by tahong

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34
Q

K channel blocker of Neuron

A

Tetraehylammonium from puffer fish

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35
Q

Anterograde amnesia

A

hippocampus

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36
Q

Retrograde amnesia

A

thalamus

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37
Q

REM sleep what wave

A

Beta wave

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38
Q

EEG awake with eyes closed

A

A wave

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39
Q

EEG awake eyes open

A

Beta wave also REM sleep EEG

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40
Q

Brain disorder

A

Theta wave

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41
Q

Infant EEG

A

delta wave

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42
Q

EEG petit mal seizure

A

Spike and wave

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43
Q

DOC status epilepticus

A

pedia phenytoin

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44
Q

DOC status epilepticus

A

adult Frenzodiazepins

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45
Q

smallest drug

A

lithium

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46
Q

% BS to brain

A

14 percent of CO

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47
Q

BP when autoregulation happens

A

60 to 140 mmHg

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48
Q

Afferent and efferent of Baroreceptors

A

Afferent CN 9 10 Efferent CN 10

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49
Q

CSF formed per day

A

500 ml at 0.5 ml per minute

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50
Q

No BBB

A

1area postrema 2 areas of hypothalamus 3pineal gland

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51
Q

SNS vs PNS pupil

A

SNS L1 mydriasis or dilate via radial ms PNS miosis or constrict via ciliary ms

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52
Q

SNS vs PNS HR

A

SNS B1 tachy PNS brady

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53
Q

SNS vs PNS heart

A

contractility SNS B1 inc PNS dec

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54
Q

SNS vs PNS Skin and splanchnic

A

SNS L1 constrict PNS no effect

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55
Q

SNS vs PNS Sk muscle

A

SNS B2 dilate

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56
Q

SNS vs PNS Bronchi

A

SNS B2 dilation PNS constrictiom

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57
Q

SNS vs PNS GIT Bladder walls

A

SNS B2 relaxation PNS contraction

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58
Q

SNS vs PNS GIT Bladder sphincters

A

SNS L1 contraction PNS realxation

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59
Q

SNS vs PNS GIT secretion

A

SNS no effect PNS inc

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60
Q

SNS vs PNS Uterus

A

SNS contraction L1 relaxation B2

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61
Q

SNS vs PNS Sweat glands

A

SNS muscarinic inc

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62
Q

SNS vs PNS liver

A

SNS gluconeogenesis glycogenolysis L B2 PNS glycogenesis

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63
Q

SNS vs PNS Fat cells

A

SNS B1 lipolysis PNS no effect

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64
Q

Kidney SNS vs PNS

A

SNS B1 input to macula densa INC renin PNS no effect

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65
Q

Dorsal colum nuclei in thalamus

A

VPL likod

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66
Q

Trigeminal pathway

A

VPM mukha

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67
Q

Anterolateral pathway

A

VPI

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68
Q

Pain NT 2

A

Glutamate and Substance P

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69
Q

Fast pain fiber and NT

A

A delta Glutamate ventrobasal complex

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70
Q

Slow pain fiber and NT

A

Type C Substance P intralaminar nucleus of thalamus

71
Q

Referred pain due to

A

sharing of 2nd order neurons in spinal cord of visceral and skin pain fibers

72
Q

Flow of aqueous humor

A

Clilary body TO posterior chamber TO anterior chamber angle TO pupil TO anterior chamber TO trabecular meshwork TO canal of schlemm TO uveoscleral veins

73
Q

most powerful structure of optical system

74
Q

center of vision

75
Q

enables lens to change shape

76
Q

middle vascular layer

78
Q

area without sensory cell

A

optic disc

79
Q

first part of brain to receive visual input

A

optic chiasm

80
Q

relay station of visual cortex

A

lateral geniculate body

81
Q

keeps image focused on the retina

82
Q

BS to retina

83
Q

where aqueous humor is produced

A

ciliary body

84
Q

occupational exposure decibel

A

greater than 85dB for 8 hours a day 10 years

85
Q

Ear pain and permanent damage

86
Q

Endolymph

A

scala MEDIA high K

87
Q

Perilymph

A

scala VESTIBULI and TYMPANI high in Na

88
Q

2 muscles of inner ear

A

Tensor tympany to malleus Stapedius to stapes

89
Q

High frequency sound

A

hair cells at BASE of basilar membrane

90
Q

Low frequency sound

A

hair cells at APEX of basilar membrane

91
Q

Linear acceleration

A

Utricle and Saccule using MACULA as sensory organ

92
Q

Angular acceleration

A

Semicircular canals Ant Post and Lat uses CRISTA AMPULARIS as sensor

93
Q

Noxious stimuli path

A

unmyelinated C fibers CNV

94
Q

Attachment of malleus and stapes

A

Malleus to tympanic membrane Stapes to oval window Incus attached to both

95
Q

Most anterior part of retina where light passes first

A

ganglion layer

96
Q

Sensory relay for axons of ganglion cells from eye

A

lateral geniculate body CNII

97
Q

Sensory relay for auditory system

A

medial geniculate body

98
Q

Concave lens DIVERGES or converges light

A

Concave diverge ConVEx conVErge

99
Q

Hair cells inner before outer depolarization

A

K entry NOT Na entry like other cells

100
Q

Photoreceptors when activated

A

HYPERpolarize rather than depolarize

101
Q

Sensory relay for axons of ganglion cells from eye movement CN III IV VI

A

Medial longitudinal fasciculus

102
Q

SV

A

EDV minus ESV or CO dvided by HR

103
Q

Ejection fraction

A

SV divided by EDV N is 55 percent

104
Q

Pulse pressure

A

Systole minus Diastole OR SV divided by complaince

105
Q

CVP

A

MAP minus ICP

106
Q

a wave

A

distal 1/3 of diastole . Time when atria contracts with slight inc in atrial pressure

107
Q

c wave

A

isovolumetric contraction.Ventricles contracting with closed valves. High pressure in atria not yet overcome.

108
Q

v wave

A

isovolumetric relaxation. Atrial filling.

109
Q

PR interval

A

duration of AV node conduction N 0.20

110
Q

QT interval

A

ventricular depolarization and repolarization

111
Q

BP control excitatory

A

MedulLATEX lateral portion is excitatory

112
Q

BP control inhibitory

A

Medulla medial portion is inhibitory

113
Q

Membranous ossification

A

M for Mukha bones of face and calvarium. The rest is by endochondral ossification.

114
Q

Several Parts Build a Diaphragm

A

1Septum transversum 2Pleuriperitoneal fold 3Body wall 4Dorsal mesentery of esophagus

115
Q

CO formula

A

SVC x HR or MAP divided by TPR

116
Q

Semilunar valves

A

Aortic and pulmonic valves

117
Q

Anatomic location kidney

118
Q

Renal circulation

A

Renal artery to Segmental artery to Interlobar artery to Arcuate artery to Interlobular artery inlcuding cortical radial or radial artery to Afferent arteriole to Glomerular capillaries to Efferent arteriole to Peritubular capillaries or vasa recta to Interlobular vein to Arcuate vein to Interlobar vein to Segmental vein to Renal vein

119
Q

EPO production

A

interstitial cells of the peritubilar capillaries

120
Q

CO going into Kidney

A

22 percent

121
Q

Normal GFR

A

125 ml per minute or 180 L per day but 20 percent lower in women

122
Q

Dopamine effects

A

LOW inc renal blood flow without affecting gfr MED B1 effects High L1 effects

123
Q

Elevated H levels effect on K and Ca

A

HYPERkalemia HYPERcalcemia

124
Q

Thirst center

A

Anteroventral wall of the 3rd Ventricle AND Preoptic nuclei

125
Q

Micturition center

126
Q

pH compatible with life

A

6.8 to 8.0

127
Q

Serum anion gap

A

2NA MINUS Cl plus HCO3 normal value 12 mas o menos 4

128
Q

MUDPILES of high anion gap metabolic acidosis

A

Methanol Uremia DKA Paraldehyde Phenformin Iron tablets INH Lactic acidosis Ethylene glycol Salicylates or ASA

129
Q

HARDUP of normal anion gap metabolic acidosis

A

Hyperalimentation Acetazolamide RTA Diarrhea Ureteroenteric fistula Pancreaticoduodenal fistula

130
Q

Sites of production RBC fetal to adult 4 YOUNG LIVER SYNTHESIZES BLOOD

A

Yolk sac to Liver and Spleen to Bone marrow in sternum iliac ribs and vertebrae

131
Q

RBC with nucleus

A

Orthochromatic erythroblast

132
Q

Bleeding time

A

1 to 6 min

133
Q

Clotting time

A

6 to 10 min

134
Q

Prothrombi time tests

A

Extrinsic pathway N 12s

135
Q

Lung volumes ITER

A

1Inspiratory reserve volume 2Tidal volume 3Expiratory reserve volume 4Residual volume

136
Q

Lung capacities sum of 2 or more lung volumes

A

Inspiratory capacity Functional residual capacity vital capacity Total lung capacity

137
Q

Minute respiratory volume

138
Q

Alveolar ventilation per minute

A

RR x difference of Vt 500ml and physiologic dead space 150ml

139
Q

Highest ventilation

140
Q

Highest perfusion

141
Q

Highest Ventilation Perfusion ratio

142
Q

Carboxyhemoglobin

A

CO plus Hgb

143
Q

Carbaminohemoglobin

A

CO2 plus Hgb

144
Q

Haldane effeect

A

Inc O2 will cause CO2 to unload fr Hgb

145
Q

Bohr effect

A

Inc Hydrogen ions will cause O2 to unload from Hgb

146
Q

Center of respiration

A

Medulla DRG If exercising overdrive mechanism used VRG

147
Q

Central chemoreceptors

148
Q

Modifies respiratory rhythm

149
Q

Peripheral chemoreceptors of respiration

A

Carotid bodies CN IX Aortic bodies CN X activated P02 less than 70mmHg

150
Q

Chief cells 2 kinds

A

1 PARATHYROID chief cells PTH 2 STOMACH chief cells Pepsinogen

151
Q

Innervation of Parotid gland

152
Q

Innervation of Submandibular and Sublingual

153
Q

Bile pathway

A

Hepatocytes to Bile canaliculi to Interlobular septa to Terminal bile ducts to Hepatic duct to Common hepatic duct to Cystic duct to Gallbladder

154
Q

Sperm formation

A

semineferous tubules

155
Q

sperm motility

A

epididymis

156
Q

sperm storage

A

vas deferens

157
Q

secretion of fructose and prostaglandins

A

seminal vesicle

158
Q

makes semen alkaline

A

prostate gland

159
Q

Path of semen SEVEn UP

A

1 Seminiferous tubules 2 epididymis 3 vas deferens 4 ejaculatory ducts 5 Urethra 6 Penis

160
Q

Where did the acrosome come from

A

Golgi body

161
Q

where is the mitochondria of the sperm

A

in the body of TAIL

162
Q

Activation of sperm happens when

A

it gets in contact with Female genital tract

163
Q

Released in duodenum and jejunum by I cells

A

Cholecystokinin

Inc secretion of pancreatic enzymes and bicarbonate
Inhibit gastric emptying

164
Q

Produced by S cells in duodenum. What is its function.

A

Secretin

Increase HCO3 secretion of pancrease and gallbladder
Decrease gastric secretion

165
Q

Calcium absorption sites in kidney 3

A

1 proximal tubule - co transport with Na reabsorption
2 distal tubule - reabsorption controlled by parathyroid hormone
3 thick ascending loop of henle - Na/K/2Cl creates gradient for calcium reabsorption. Normally follows reabsorption of Na, K and Cl.

166
Q

Action of prostaglandin on kidneys

A

Prostaglandin DILATE the afferent arteriole therefore
Increase RPF and Increse GFR

Note: NSAIDs inhibit prostaglandin so decrease renal perfusion and GFR

167
Q

Action of Angiotensin II on kidney

A

Constrics afferent < efferent arteriole with overall effect of DECrease RPF and INCrease GFR

168
Q

What would increase renal blood flow

A

Stimulation of renal DOPAMINE and bradykinin receptors.

Both are vasodilators of the arterioles

169
Q

Released in duodenum and jejunum by I cells

A

Cholecystokinin

Inc secretion of pancreatic enzymes and bicarbonate
Inhibit gastric emptying

170
Q

Produced by S cells in duodenum. What is its function.

A

Secretin

Increase HCO3 secretion of pancrease and gallbladder
Decrease gastric secretion

171
Q

Calcium absorption sites in kidney 3

A

1 proximal tubule - co transport with Na reabsorption
2 distal tubule - reabsorption controlled by parathyroid hormone
3 thick ascending loop of henle - Na/K/2Cl creates gradient for calcium reabsorption. Normally follows reabsorption of Na, K and Cl.

172
Q

Action of prostaglandin on kidneys

A

Prostaglandin DILATE the afferent arteriole therefore
Increase RPF and Increse GFR

Note: NSAIDs inhibit prostaglandin so decrease renal perfusion and GFR

173
Q

Action of Angiotensin II on kidney

A

Constrics afferent < efferent arteriole with overall effect of DECrease RPF and INCrease GFR

174
Q

What would increase renal blood flow

A

Stimulation of renal DOPAMINE and bradykinin receptors.

Both are vasodilators of the arterioles

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